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Su H, Karin M. Collagen architecture and signaling orchestrate cancer development. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:764-773. [PMID: 37400314 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) controls tumor progression and maintenance. Accordingly, tumor-centric cancer treatment must adjust to being more holistic and TME-centric. Collagens are the most abundant TME proteins, and their dynamic remodeling profoundly affects both TME architecture and tumor development. Recent evidence shows that in addition to being structural elements, collagens are an important source of nutrients and decisive growth controlling and immunoregulatory signals. This review focuses on macropinocytosis-dependent collagen support of cancer cell metabolism and the role of collagen fiber remodeling and trimer heterogeneity in control of tumor bioenergetics, growth, progression, and response to therapy. If properly translated, these basic advances may alter the future of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Su
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Tang J, Tan M, Liao S, Pang M, Li J. Recent progress in the biology and physiology of BMP-8a. Connect Tissue Res 2023; 64:219-228. [PMID: 36594156 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2022.2160326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE BMP-8a is a member of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and plays a regulatory role in human growth and development as a transcription regulator. This review aims to summarize the current research on the impact and mechanism of BMP-8a in female and male reproduction, formation and eruption of teeth, bone and cartilage development, tissue differentiation, disease occurrence, progression and prognosis. METHODS The phrases "BMP-8a," "BMPs," "regulator," "mechanism," "osteoblast," "cartilage," "cancer," "disease," and "inflammation" were searched in the PubMed database. The abstracts were evaluated, and a series of original publications and reviews were examined. RESULTS According to the search, BMP-8a affects the development of the uterus by inhibiting luteinization and plays an important role in late spermatogenesis. It is highly expressed in osteogenesis and differentially expressed in chondrogenesis. Furthermore, BMP-8a has a significant impact on the occurrence, development and prognosis of various diseases. CONCLUSIONS BMP-8a regulates important factors and pathways, such as SMAD2/3 and SMAD1/5/8, to promote or inhibit the developmental processes of human reproductive organs. BMP-8a is also a member of the BMP family of proteins that regulates chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. In addition to its osteoinductive capabilities, BMP-8a is involved in the progression of diverse cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Tang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Miao Tan
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siqi Liao
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengwei Pang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Ghosh A. Monograph on Tympanosclerosis-Clinico-Pathological Corelation and Surgical Outcome: A Retrospective Study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74:4059-4064. [PMID: 36742543 PMCID: PMC9895308 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-021-02805-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary ENT care hospital with following aims, methodology and results: (1) To know the incidence of tympanosclerosis. (2) To classify tympanosclerosis surgically as well as histologically. (3) To know the long term hearing outcome of Tympanosclerosis surgery. It is a retrospective study at an ENT Hospital Centre in eastern India. Hospital ethical board clearance was duly obtained. All cases of tympanosclerosis were documented with special reference to surgical procedure, areas of involvement and postoperative hearing outcome. In this study, 90 cases of tympanosclerosis was found in 1880 cases of tympanomastoidectomies in 8 years and had been divided into (1) Myringosclerosis (60 cases, 66.6%), (2) Ossicular Tympanosclerosis without involvement of footplate (23 cases, 25.6%), (3) Ossicular Tympanosclerosis with involvement of footplate (7 cases, 7.8%). Treatment options included osssicular mobilization keeping ossicular integrity and mobility, Total or partial ossicular prosthesis after removal of incus & stapes suprastructure, stapedectomy with Long malleus-footplate piston. Overall good hearing outcome (i.e., postoperative air-bone gap less than 20 dB) was noticed in 85.5% of cases of Tympanosclerosis. Removal of tympanosclerosis with keeping the osssicular chain intact is the key to success; results are not favourable if footplate is totally fixed with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Ghosh
- Hope Nursing Home, A/88 N.S.B Road, Paschim Bardhaman, Raniganj, West Bengal 713358 India
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Islam ST, Kurashige Y, Minowa E, Yoshida K, Paudel D, Uehara O, Okada Y, Bolortsetseg D, Sakakibara S, Abiko Y, Saitoh M. Analysis of the cells isolated from epithelial cell rests of Malassez through single-cell limiting dilution. Sci Rep 2022; 12:382. [PMID: 35013397 PMCID: PMC8748770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell rests of Malassez (ERM) are essential in preventing ankylosis between the alveolar bone and the tooth (dentoalveolar ankylosis). Despite extensive research, the mechanism by which ERM cells suppress ankylosis remains uncertain; perhaps its varied population is to reason. Therefore, in this study, eighteen unique clones of ERM (CRUDE) were isolated using the single-cell limiting dilution and designated as ERM 1-18. qRT-PCR, ELISA, and western blot analyses revealed that ERM-2 and -3 had the highest and lowest amelogenin expression, respectively. Mineralization of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLF) was reduced in vitro co-culture with CRUDE ERM, ERM-2, and -3 cells, but recovered when an anti-amelogenin antibody was introduced. Transplanted rat molars grown in ERM-2 cell supernatants produced substantially less bone than those cultured in other cell supernatants; inhibition was rescued when an anti-amelogenin antibody was added to the supernatants. Anti-Osterix antibody staining was used to confirm the development of new bones. In addition, next-generation sequencing (NGS) data were analysed to discover genes related to the distinct roles of CRUDE ERM, ERM-2, and ERM-3. According to this study, amelogenin produced by ERM cells helps to prevent dentoalveolar ankylosis and maintain periodontal ligament (PDL) space, depending on their clonal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Taufiqul Islam
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kurashige
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Erika Minowa
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Koki Yoshida
- Division of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Durga Paudel
- Division of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
- Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Osamu Uehara
- Division of Disease Control and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Yunosuke Okada
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Dembereldorj Bolortsetseg
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sakakibara
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Abiko
- Division of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Masato Saitoh
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan.
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Ponomarenko OV, Sergeeva LN, Khristenko TA. METHODS FOR QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF COLLAGEN ACCUMULATION PROCESSES IN DAMAGED TRAUMATIC INTEGUMENTARY TISSUES. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2022; 75:1331-1336. [PMID: 35758454 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202205219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: To study the level of expression of type I, III collagen under conditions of traumatic damage to integumentary tissues and to develop quantitative criteria for collagen formation processes for choosing the volume of reconstruction of a wound defect. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: Studies were performed for 62 victims. Clinical group 1 (n = 16) - patients with wound surface sizes of the body surface area, group 2 (n = 32) consisted of patients who received integumentary tissue defects due to or together with damage osteoarticular apparatus of the limb, group 3 (n = 14) - patients with combined trauma. RESULTS Results: In the skin samples of patients of groups 1 and 2 of the affected groups, a statistically significant difference was established between the indicators of the relative accumulation area of type I, type III collagen (W = 675, p = 0.01 and W = 697, p = 0.03, respectively). In patients of groups 2 and 3, when analyzing relationships, a direct moderate strength was observed between the areas of collagen deposition of type I, type III (rs = 0.52 and 0.54). Collagen deposition coefficient (Кd) was used as a quantitative criterion for assessing the prognosis of the results of restoration of integumentary tissues according to the proposed scale, which made it possible to obtain postoperative complications in only 3.2 % of cases. CONCLUSION Conclusions: A positive treatment result taking into account the quantitative criterion (Kd) was obtained in 96.8 % of the examined patients.
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Li Y, Liang Z, Liang Z, Yang X, Xia H, Yu H. Abnormal PIWI-interacting RNA profile and its association with the deformed extracellular matrix of oocytes from recurrent oocyte maturation arrest patients. Fertil Steril 2021; 115:1318-1326. [PMID: 33622565 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To depict the PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) profile in oocytes from patients with recurrent oocyte maturation arrest (ROMA) and explore the piRNA candidates associated with the disease. DESIGN An observational study. SETTING Academic research unit. PATIENT(S) Sixteen ROMA patients who provided 140 immature oocytes that arrested at metaphase I, and 146 control patients who provided 420 oocytes for in vitro culture that were collected at the stages of germinal vesicle (GV), metaphase I (MI), and MII. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Expression profiles of piRNA and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) validating data of piR-hsa-17139 and its target genes. RESULT(S) After the piRNA profile was established using piRNA sequencing and hierarchical clustering, the target genes of the piRNA were predicted by bioinformatics databases and matched with mRNA sequencing data. The piRNA expression profiles showed a greater quantity of differentially expressed piRNAs in the older-stage oocytes compared with the early-stage oocytes. The piRNA and mRNA sequencing data indicated that the most affected genes were mainly concentrated in the extracellular matrix (ECM) pathway. Based on the comparison of the piRNA and mRNA sequencing data, four differentially expressed piRNAs were associated with modulation of those ECM pathway genes. The qRT-PCR validation confirmed that piR-hsa-17139 was the only up-regulated piRNA, and its target ECM genes were suppressed in ROMA oocytes. The expression level of piR-hsa-17139 declined slightly while the expression of its target ECM genes plunged dramatically during the development of normal oocytes. CONCLUSION(S) As the important genome monitors in gametogenesis, abnormally expressed piRNAs may affect the expression of ECM modulating genes, which subsequently contributes to ROMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenjie Liang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongkun Liang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huayang Xia
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yu
- Urological Surgery Department, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Yildiz S, Balık AÖ, Zer Toros S. Is ossicular chain fixation predictable for tympanosclerosis on preoperative temporal bone computed tomography? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278:2789-2794. [PMID: 32944833 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the predictability of ossicular chain (OC) fixation on preoperative temporal bone computed tomography (TBCT) in chronic otitis media (COM) with tympanosclerosis (TS). METHODS Fifty-six patients who had surgery for COM in our ear, nose and throat clinic between 2015 and 2017 were included in this retrospective case-control study. The patients were equally divided into two groups as those with TS and without TS. The complaint of preoperative otorrhea, values of incudostapedial joint (ISJ) angulation on preoperative TBCT scans, postoperative long-term hearing results, and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference between the ISJ angulations of the operated and healthy sides in the COM group with TS (102.27 ± 7.92 and 91.90 ± 5.59 degrees, respectively, p < 0.001). However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the ISJ angulation of the operated and healthy sides in the COM group without TS (95.04 ± 4.86 and 94.35 ± 4.57 degrees, respectively, p > 0.05). In addition, when the ISJ angulations of the operated sides of the two groups were compared, it was statistically significantly higher for the TS group compared to the non-TS group (102.27 ± 7.92 and 95.04 ± 4.86 degrees, respectively, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Increased ISJ angulation may indicate OC fixation. COM cases with TS can be predicted by the measurement of ISJ angulation on preoperative TBCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selçuk Yildiz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Tıbbiye Street Nu:23, Üsküdar, 34668, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayşe Özlem Balık
- Department of Radiology, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Zer Toros
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Tıbbiye Street Nu:23, Üsküdar, 34668, Istanbul, Turkey
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Makuszewska M, Bonda T, Cieślińska M, Bialuk I, Winnicka MM, Niemczyk K. Expression of collagen type III in healing tympanic membrane. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 136:110196. [PMID: 32622252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Type III collagen plays significant role in skin wound healing, forming provisional matrix guiding the inflammatory cells and fibroblasts into the wound site. Our preliminary study performed on rat's tympanic membrane (TM) using Rat Wound Healing RT2 Profiler PCR Array revealed up-regulated expression of collagen type III α1 chain mRNA also during healing of TM. This study was undertaken to confirm and evaluate collagen type III protein expression and distribution during TM healing process. METHODS Sixty rats were used, of which 10 served as controls and the others had their TM perforated. The experimental animals were divided into five subgroups on the basis of time points (03, 06, 09, 14, 20 day after injury). Videootoscopy and histology were employed to assess morphology of the healing process. The expression of collagen type III was evaluated using Western blot analysis and its tissue localization was determined by the immunohistochemical method. RESULTS The expression of collagen type III remained on the same level as in control TM up to day 06. On day 09 abrupt (p = 0.01) increase of the collagen type III expression was observed and it maintained on the same level to the end of observation period. In perforated TM collagen type III was detected in the healing area along the perforation border and around dilated blood vessels. On day 14 and 20 collagen type III was found in the connective tissue filling up the TM previous defect. CONCLUSIONS Taking into consideration our recent and previous data, as well as results obtained by other authors, is seems possible that the increase of collagen type III expression in the late stage of TM healing contributes to proper scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Makuszewska
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banach 1a, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - T Bonda
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222, Białystok, Poland
| | - M Cieślińska
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222, Białystok, Poland
| | - I Bialuk
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222, Białystok, Poland
| | - M M Winnicka
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222, Białystok, Poland
| | - K Niemczyk
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banach 1a, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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Zyśk M, Sakowicz-Burkiewicz M, Pikul P, Kowalski R, Michno A, Pawełczyk T. The Impact of Acetyl-CoA and Aspartate Shortages on the N-Acetylaspartate Level in Different Models of Cholinergic Neurons. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060522. [PMID: 32545833 PMCID: PMC7346116 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylaspartate is produced by neuronal aspartate N-acetyltransferase (NAT8L) from acetyl-CoA and aspartate. In cholinergic neurons, acetyl-CoA is also utilized in the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle and in acetylcholine production pathways. While aspartate has to be shared with the malate–aspartate shuttle, another mitochondrial machinery together with the tricarboxylic acid cycle supports the electron transport chain turnover. The main goal of this study was to establish the impact of toxic conditions on N-acetylaspartate production. SN56 cholinergic cells were exposed to either Zn2+ overload or Ca2+ homeostasis dysregulation and male adult Wistar rats’ brains were studied after 2 weeks of challenge with streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia or daily theophylline treatment. Our results allow us to hypothesize that the cholinergic neurons from brain septum prioritized the acetylcholine over N-acetylaspartate production. This report provides the first direct evidence for Zn2+-dependent suppression of N-acetylaspartate synthesis leading to mitochondrial acetyl-CoA and aspartate shortages. Furthermore, Zn2+ is a direct concentration-dependent inhibitor of NAT8L activity, while Zn2+-triggered oxidative stress is unlikely to be significant in such suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Zyśk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (M.S.-B.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-5834-927-70
| | - Monika Sakowicz-Burkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (M.S.-B.); (T.P.)
| | - Piotr Pikul
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Science, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
- Clinical Laboratory University Clinical Center in Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Robert Kowalski
- Clinical Laboratory University Clinical Center in Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Anna Michno
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-2011 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Tadeusz Pawełczyk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (M.S.-B.); (T.P.)
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