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Fareed Z, Rana A, Hadi SA, Geluk A, Hope JC, Khalid H. A one health-focused literature review on bovine and zoonotic tuberculosis in Pakistan from the past two decades: challenges and way forward for control. One Health 2024; 18:100763. [PMID: 38846704 PMCID: PMC11153871 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), is a globally prevalent zoonotic infectious disease. World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) estimates indicate that up to 10% of the total human TB cases in developing countries are attributed to M. bovis. Pakistan ranks 4th in global milk production with a livestock population of over 212 million animals. Over 8 million families are involved in raising these animals as a means of livelihood. To date, there is an absence of national-level data on the prevalence of bTB and an effective control program is still lacking. The multifaceted impacts and substantial economic losses render addressing bTB a daunting, but highly important challenge. In this review, we summarise all the freely available literature on M. bovis infection from Pakistan using Google scholar and PubMed databases. A total of 40 animal studies were identified using search terms: "bovine tuberculosis in Pakistan, bTB, Pakistan, Mycobacterium bovis in Pakistan, M. bovis in Pakistan"; while seven human studies were identified using the terms: zoonotic tuberculosis in Pakistan', 'M. bovis in humans Pakistan', 'zTB in TB patients in Pakistan". We have summarized all these studies to identify critical risk factors involved in transmission of bTB among animals and humans. Despite lack of comprehensive and geographically representative studies, the literature suggests a varying prevalence of bTB in animals, ranging from as low as 2% to as high as 19%. Regarding zTB prevalence in humans, estimates range from 1.5% to 13% in high-risk group of farm and abattoir workers, with notably higher percentages in extra-pulmonary TB cases. The review also addresses the challenges that Pakistan faces in formulating an effective policy for the control and eradication of bTB. We conclude with one-health based recommendations as a way forward for controlling TB caused by M. bovis in cattle and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Fareed
- Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Aysha Rana
- Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Anum Hadi
- Consultant-Technical Coordinator, Health Security Partners, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jayne C. Hope
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Hamza Khalid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
- Center for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Maqsood R, Duffy SC, Bin Rashid H, Gill SS, Jabeen C, Arshad N, Umbreen G, Behr MA, Kapur V, Chaudhry M. Molecular detection and characterization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex subspecies responsible for bovine tuberculosis in Punjab, Pakistan. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0269223. [PMID: 38226805 PMCID: PMC10846167 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02692-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), traditionally associated with Mycobacterium bovis, presents significant public health and economic challenges worldwide. This study investigated the causative agents of bTB in slaughtered cattle and buffalo in Lahore, Pakistan. Of the 3,581 animals screened, 34 were identified with gross TB-like lesions. The lesions were processed for culture, PCR, and Sanger sequencing to identify the causative agents of the disease. The results identified 10 Mycobacterium orygis and 8 Mycobacterium tuberculosis sensu stricto isolates. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on two M. orygis isolates, and the sequences were phylogenetically compared to 93 publicly available M. orygis sequences. The results also demonstrated that the JB21 and JB22 primers, which have been previously commonly applied to detect M. bovis in Pakistan, are unable to distinguish between M. tuberculosis complex subspecies. The identification of M. orygis and M. tuberculosis as causative agents of bTB in this slaughterhouse in Punjab may have important implications in identifying cases of zoonotic TB in humans and applying appropriate molecular tools to identify the prevalence of the disease. The data from this study align with recent findings suggesting M. orygis is the predominant cause of bTB in South Asia.IMPORTANCEThe study findings hold significant relevance to the Journal of Clinical Microbiology, as they directly impact the field. The first-time identification of Mycobacterium orygis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the predominant causative agents of bovine tuberculosis in Lahore, Pakistan underscores the urgent need for enhanced diagnostic methods. The study emphasizes the importance of improved assays for the accurate detection and differentiation of Mycobacterium subspecies. Additionally, the research addresses zoonotic risk assessment and public health implications, advocating for a multidisciplinary approach that integrates clinical microbiology with veterinary and human health sectors. These insights contribute to clinical microbiology knowledge, shaping effective strategies for disease prevention, surveillance, and control. The study's potential to advance the field makes it well suited for publication in the Microbiology Spectrum journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubab Maqsood
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Institute of Continuing Education and Extension, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Pattoki, Pakistan
| | - Shannon C. Duffy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- The Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hamad Bin Rashid
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Pet Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shakera Sadiq Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Chanda Jabeen
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nimra Arshad
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gulshan Umbreen
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Marcel A. Behr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- The Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mamoona Chaudhry
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Hussain R, Jamal A, Ahmed Z, Mohamed BB, Siddique AB, Khan I, Mansoor MK, Du X, Khan A. Pathological, Histological, and Molecular Based Investigations Confirm Novel Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Boselaphus tragocamelus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7601463. [PMID: 35692585 PMCID: PMC9184207 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7601463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) being the main cause of animal tuberculosis is a complex infectious agent and can be a cause of zoonotic tuberculosis zoonosis in public health. To date, the uncommon infection in public health due to M. bovis still is a great challenge to both veterinary and medical professions and requires a careful diagnosis and confirmation of the bacterium. Therefore, this study for the first time reports the clinical, gross, histopathological, and molecular based confirmation of M. bovis infection in wildlife animals (nilgai). Prior to death, the morbid animal showed severe pneumonic ailments like moist cough, thick nasal exudates, and dyspnoea. At necropsy, enlargement of mandibular cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes was observed. Different macroscopic lesions such as congestion and hyperaemia, creamy white and catarrhal exudates in trachea, consolidation, grey and red hepatisation of lungs, and micro- and macrogranulomatous tubercles containing caseous materials in lungs were observed. The heart of morbid animal showed congestions, myocarditis, and a copious amount of straw-colored fluid in the pericardial sac. At the microscopic level, lungs indicated granulomatous inflammatory response, presence of multinucleated giant cells, fibrosis, and punctuation of alveoli with chronic inflammatory cells. Histopathological examination of various sections of the heart of the infected animal showed chronic inflammatory response consisting of chronic inflammatory cells like monocyte, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts along with noncalcified eosinophilic materials. At the molecular level, M. bovis infection was confirmed in various tissues like the heart, lungs, cervical, and mesenteric lymph nodes in morbid animals. In conclusion, based on our results, it can be suggested that more molecular based epidemiological studies are crucial to know the exact cause of pulmonary and cervical tuberculosis in wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riaz Hussain
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Adil Jamal
- Sciences and Research, College of Nursing, Umm Al Qura University, 715 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zulfiqar Ahmed
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | | | - Abu Baker Siddique
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Iahtasham Khan
- Section of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Sub-Campus Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalid Mansoor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur-63100, Pakistan
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang 261061, China
| | - Ahrar Khan
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang 261061, China
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
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Sanou A, Dicko A, Sow KR, Djibougou A, Kabore A, Diarra B, Ouedraogo AK, Zingue D, Nouctara M, Tarnagda Z. Epidemiology and microscopic diagnosis of tuberculosis in pigs and small ruminants slaughtered at Bobo-Dioulasso abattoir, Burkina Faso. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2021; 88:e1-e6. [PMID: 34879685 PMCID: PMC8678950 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v88i1.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic, infectious, chronic and contagious disease, caused by Mycobacterium bovis that mainly affects cattle. This pathology has a negative impact on animals and animal products trade. Unfortunately, in Burkina Faso where agriculture and livestock sectors represent around 80% of the socio-economic activities, the real situation of the disease is not well known especially in small ruminants and swine. Thus, our study focused on both the epidemiology and the microbiological diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in small ruminants and pigs slaughtered at Bobo-Dioulasso abattoir. A prospective study was conducted between August 2017 and December 2017. Epidemiological data collection was performed during routine meat inspection; moreover, samples were taken and transported to the Bacteriology laboratory of Centre Muraz for microbiological analyses. This diagnosis consisted in search of Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) using the hot Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Out of a total of 14 648 small ruminants and 2430 pigs slaughtered during the study period, 156 and 17 had lesions suggestive of bTB with prevalence of 1.07% and 0.7%, respectively. Females and those between 2 and 4 years old were mainly infected. The most affected organs were: lungs, liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Finally, microscopy revealed 43.35% (75/173) of positive cases for AFB. These results confirm the presence of bTB in small ruminants and pigs in Burkina Faso. Efforts must still be made in the fight against this zoonosis in order to limit its economic and public health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama Sanou
- Department of Biomedical, Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; and, Training and Research Unit in Science and Technology, Nazi BONI University, Bobo-Dioulasso.
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