Mortality Rate and Years of Life Lost Due to Prostate Cancer in Yazd Province, Iran: A 10-year study

Trend Analysis of Leukemia Mortality and Years of Life Lost (YLL) from 2004 to 2019 in the Fars Province, Iran

BACKGROUND

Although the incidence of leukemia's is not high, many of these cancers lead to death over a short period. This is a cross-sectional study on leukemia deaths in southern Iran.

METHODS

All deaths due to leukemia in the Fars province were obtained from the population-based electronic death registration system (EDRS). Crude and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), YLL, and YLL rate data were calculated, and joinpoint regression was used to examine the trend.

RESULTS

Totally, 3141 deaths from leukemia occurred in the Fars province during the study period (2004-2019). Of these, 61.5% (1933 cases) pertained to men. The crude mortality rate was 6.1 (95% CI: 5.8 to 6.4) in men and 3.9 (95% CI: 3.7 to 4.2) in women. Also, ASMR was 6.6 (95% CI: 6.3 to 6.9) and 4.2 (95% CI: 4.0 to 4.4) in men and women, respectively. The total YLLs due to leukemia were 32804 in men and 23064 in women. The joinpoint regression analysis demonstrated that the trend of YLL rate due to premature mortality was stable: the annual percent change (APC) was -1.2% (95% CI: -2.5 to 0.2, P=0.090) for males, and -1.0% (95% CI: -2.9 to 0.9, P=0.274) for females.

CONCLUSION

The mortality and YLL due to leukemia had a stable trend. However, this trend has been decreasing or increasing in some age groups. Determining and controlling essential risk factors, especially the environmental factors of leukemia, may reduce its burden in the Fars province.

Trend analysis of asthma mortality and years of life lost from 2004 to 2019 in Southern Iran

Objective

Asthma is a globally important non-communicable disease with major public health consequences. The aim of this study was to determine the mortality rate and years of life lost (YLL) due to asthma in southern Iran.

Methods

All deaths due to asthma in Fars province from the electronic population-based death registration system (EDRS) were obtained. Crude mortality rate, age-standardized mortality rate, YLL and YLL rate data were calculated. The JoinPoint Regression method was used to examine the trend.

Results

During the 16-year study period (2004-2019), 1167 deaths due to asthma occurred in Fars province among which 54.7% (638 cases) were men and 29.6% (346 cases) were in the age group of 70-79 years. Crude mortality rate of asthma had decreased by 121% and 84% in males and females, respectively from 2004 to 2019. The total years of life lost due to asthma during the 16-year study period were 7697 (0.24 per 1000 people) in men, 6882 (0.22 per 1000 people) in women. According to the join point regression analysis, the 16-year trend of YLL rate due to premature mortality was decreasing: the annual percent change (APC) was -5.6% (95% CI -8.2 to -2.9, P = 0.001) for males, -4.4% (95% CI -7.3 to -1.4, P = 0.008) for females.

Conclusion

The trend of mortality and years of life lost due to asthma has decreased significantly during the years of study, although in some age groups, especially the age group of 45-59 years which has the highest number of years of life lost, this trend has been constant and unchanged. It is necessary to conduct other studies to investigate the possible reasons for this unchanged trend in vulnerable age groups.

Mortality Rate and Years of Life Lost Due to Road Traffic Accidents in Fars Province, 2004-2019

Background

Traffic accidents are one of the most critical health problems and the ninth leading cause of death globally. We aimed to determine the Mortality rate and the number of Years of Life Lost (YLL) due to road traffic accidents.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, mortality rate and YLL due to road traffic accidents were examined in Fars province, central Iran during the years 2004-2019. Mortality statistics were collected through death registration of ministry of health and medical education for Fars Province. Age Standardized mortality Rate (ASR) was calculated and join point regression analysis carried out to examine the trend of YLL rate. Data were analyzed using Excel spreadsheet version 2016 and Join point Regression Program 4.9.0.0.

Results

During the 16-year study period, 25,858 deaths due to road traffic accidents occurred in the province. 79.2% (20483 cases) were in men, and 33.7% (8703 cases) were aged 15-29 years. Total YLL during the 16-year study period were 458,975 (14.6 per 1000 people) in men, 117,999 (3.8 per 1000 people) in women. According to the join point regression, the 16- year trend of YLL rate due to premature mortality was decreasing: AAPC was -4.9% (95% CI: -8.8 to -0.9; P=0.018) for male, and -3.5% (95% CI: -6.3 to-0.5; P=0.011) for female.

Conclusion

Considering that the number of deaths, mortality rate and YLL has decreased in Fars province during the 16 years under study. Therefore, because the mortality rate due to road traffic accidents in Iran is higher than the global average, the need for training programs for drivers, compliance with standards and retrofitting of vehicles, road safety, driving supervision and the use of seat belts are essential.

Mortality Rate and Years of Life Lost Due to Burns in Southern Iran During 2004-2019: A Population-Based Study

BACKGROUND

Burns constitute one of the most important etiologies of infection and mortality worldwide, with the most significant number of cases in low- and middle-income countries. This is a cross-sectional study on deaths due to burns in southern Iran.

METHODS

In this study, data on all deaths due to burns in southern Iran between 2004 and 2019 was extracted from the population-based Electronic Death Registry System (EDRS). The Joinpoint Regression method was used to examine the trend of crude mortality rate, standardized mortality rate, and years of life lost (YLL) rate. In order to measure YLL, the number of deaths and life expectancy for different age and gender groups were used, for which the standard life table was considered.

RESULTS

During this study, 2175 deaths due to burns occurred, 50.6% (1106 cases) of which were in men and 38.7% (841 cases) were in the 15-29 age group. The crude and the standardized mortality rate had a decreasing trend during the study years. The total number of YLL was 25260 (0.8 per 1000) in men, 25,785 (0.8 per 1000) in women, and 51,045 (0.8 per 1000) in both genders during the 16 years of the study.

CONCLUSION

Considering the high mortality rate in the 15-29 age group, which consists of the active and productive labor force, necessary actions are needed in order to improve safety equipment and to make the workplace safe.

Trend of Mortality Rate and Years of Life Lost due to Cerebrovascular Diseases in Fars Province, Iran (2004-2019)

BACKGROUND

According to the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD), cerebrovascular diseases are the second leading cause of death in the world. This is a cross-sectional study on deaths due to cerebrovascular diseases in southern Iran.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, data on all deaths caused by cerebrovascular diseases in the Fars province between 2004 and 2019 was extracted from the Electronic Death Registry System (EDRS). To eliminate or minimize the influence of age composition, standardized mortality rate was used based on the 2013 Segi standard populations of low- and middle-income countries. In order to measure the years of life lost (YLL) from cerebrovascular diseases, the standardized life table was considered. The Joinpoint Regression method was used to examine the trend of the crude and standardized mortality rate and the YLL rate.

RESULTS

Over the study period, 24,051 deaths occurred due to cerebrovascular diseases in Fars with 12,586 cases in men (52.3%). The trend of standardized mortality rate in males and females was decreasing (P value=0.001 and<0.001 for males and females, respectively). All YLL due to premature mortality from cerebrovascular disease during the 16-year study period were 119,436 (3.8 per 1000 persons) in men, and 111,172 (3.6 per 1000 persons) in women. Based on the joinpoint regression, the 16-year trend of YLL rate due to premature death was decreasing: annual percent change (APC) was -1.6% (95% CI -3.4 to 0.3, P=0.098) for males, and -2.0% (95% CI -3.6 to -0.4, P=0.017) for females.

CONCLUSION

The trend of mortality rate and YLL caused by cerebrovascular diseases has decreased in our study. Necessary measures, mainly primary and secondary prevention, should be taken to continue the diminishing trend of cerebrovascular diseases.

Mortality Rate and Years of Life Lost due to Hypertension in the South of Iran between 2004 and 2019: A Population-Based Study

INTRODUCTION

Hypertension is known worldwide as a preventable significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and their mortality. This study was designed to determine the mortality rate and years of life lost (YLL) due to hypertension in Fars Province.

METHOD

In this cross-sectional study, we extracted all death reports due to hypertension based on age, gender, and the year of death based on ICD-10 from the EDRS system (Electronic Death Registration System). The YLL analysis due to premature death related to hypertension was executed by the 2015 YLL template from WHO in EXCEL 2016 software. To examine the trend of crude and standardized mortality rates and YLL rates for different years, joinpoint regression was used based on the log-linear model.

RESULTS

In the 16 years that the study was done (2004-2019), 13443 death cases occurred in the Fars Province, 51.0% of which (6859 cases) were in females and 48.5% (6515 cases) of which were in the 80+ age group. Total YLL due to hypertension in these 16 years of study was 61,344 (1.9 per 1000) in males, 64,903 (2.1 per 1000) in females, and 126,247 (2.0 in 1000) in both genders. According to the joinpoint regression analysis, the 16-year trend of YLL rate due to premature mortality was increasing: the average annual percent change (AAPC) was 4.9% (95% CI -2.6 to 12.85, p value=0.205) for males and 8.4% (95% CI 5.2 to 11.7, p value <0.001) for females.

CONCLUSION

Considering the increasing trend in crude and standardized mortality rates and YLL due to hypertension, it is important for policymakers and decision makers of Health Policy Centers to promote and inform people about the importance of hypertension control and to familiarize them with proper, preventive interventions such as the importance of a healthy diet, routine physical activity, and routine learning programs for different groups in the society especially for people at a higher risk of hypertension.

Novel Strategies for Targeting Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a worldwide issue, with a rapid increase in its occurrence and mortality. Over the years, various strategies have been implemented to overcome the hurdles that exist in the treatment of PCa. Consistently, there is a change in opinion about the methodologies in clinical trial that have engrossed towards the treatment of PCa. Currently, there is a need to resolve these newly recognized challenges by developing newer rational targeting systems. The ongoing clinical protocol for the therapy using different targeting systems is undertaken followed by local targeting to cancer site. A number of new drug targeting systems like liposomes, nanoemulsions, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), solid lipid nanoparticles, drug-peptide conjugate systems, drug-antibody conjugate systems, epigenetic and gene therapy approaches, and therapeutic aptamers are being developed to suit this protocol. Recent advancements in the treatment of PCa with various nanocarriers have been reported with respect to newly identified biological barriers and intended to solve the contexts. This review encompasses the input of nanotechnology in particular targeting of PCa which might escape the lifethreatening side effects and potentially contribute to bring fruitful clinical outcomes.

Years of life lost due to asthma in a population-based 10-year study in Yazd, Iran

INTRODUCTION

Asthma is a prevalent disease in both children and adults. Significant progress in the management of asthma and prevention of asthmatic attacks resulted in a reduction of asthma deaths, but there is a variation among different regions based on health-care access and environmental factors. We aimed to investigate the trend of asthma mortality during a 10-year period in Yazd Province, a region in the center of Iran.

METHODS

We obtained our data from the death registry of Yazd health center. This registry collects data from hospitals, clinics, forensic medicine department, and cemeteries. All deaths due to asthma from 2002 to 2011 were included in our study. We used the remaining life expectancy of each person at death and sex group to calculate the years of life lost (YLL) due to asthma.

RESULTS

Nearly 10,371 years of life was lost due to asthma in our study (M/F ratio of 1.29). Asthma mortality rate increased with age, rising sharply after age 50. Average YLL per death was 18.6 years. Asthma mortality rate decreased from 6.66/100,000 in 2002 to 3.97 in 2011. YLL from asthma among men decreased from 796 in 2002 to 338 in 2011, but among women, it showed an increase from 335 to 534 at the same time.

CONCLUSION

The trend of reduction in asthma mortality is not similar between different age and gender groups. Further studies are needed to determine the cause of increasing trend among more vulnerable groups.