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Adamou A, Barkas F, Milionis H, Ntaios G. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Int J Stroke 2024:17474930241253988. [PMID: 38676552 DOI: 10.1177/17474930241253988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients surviving stroke, approximately 15% and 60% exhibit concurrent diabetes mellitus and overweight/obesity, respectively, necessitating heightened secondary prevention efforts. Despite glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) demonstrating improved outcomes for those with diabetes mellitus or obesity, their underutilization persists among eligible individuals. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the impact of GLP-1 RAs on stroke risk. The findings aim to optimize the implementation of this therapeutic strategy in patients surviving stroke with diabetes mellitus or obesity. METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we systematically reviewed MEDLINE and Scopus until 15 November 2023. Eligible studies included randomized cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) with individuals, with or without type 2 diabetes, randomized to either GLP-1 RA or placebo. The outcomes were total strokes, non-fatal strokes, and fatal strokes. Analyses were conducted using RevMan 5.4.1. RESULTS Among 1369 screened studies, 11 were eligible, encompassing 82,140 participants (34.6% women) with a cumulative follow-up of 247,596 person-years. In the GLP-1 RAs group, the stroke rate was significantly lower compared to placebo (RR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.77-0.93; NNT: 200), showing no heterogeneity or interaction with administration frequency (daily vs weekly). In addition, the GLP-1 RAs group exhibited a significantly lower rate of non-fatal strokes compared to placebo (RR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.79-0.95; NNT: 250), with no heterogeneity or interaction based on administration frequency, route (oral vs subcutaneous), or diabetes presence. CONCLUSION In this meta-analysis of 11 CVOTs with 82,140 participants, GLP-1 RAs demonstrated a 16% relative reduction in stroke risk compared to placebo. This finding may increase implementation of GLP-1 RAs by stroke specialists in individuals with stroke and comorbid diabetes mellitus or obesity. DATA ACCESS STATEMENT The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Adamou
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fotios Barkas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Haralampos Milionis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - George Ntaios
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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Schousboe JT, Landsteiner A, Drake T, Sultan S, Langsetmo L, Kaka A, Anthony M, Billington CJ, Kalinowski C, Ullman K, Wilt TJ. Cost-Effectiveness of Newer Pharmacologic Treatments in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Cost-Effectiveness Studies for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2024; 177:633-642. [PMID: 38639547 DOI: 10.7326/m23-1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, costs of antidiabetes medications exceed $327 billion. PURPOSE To systematically review cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) of newer antidiabetes medications for type 2 diabetes. DATA SOURCES Bibliographic databases from 1 January 2010 through 13 July 2023, limited to English. STUDY SELECTION Nonindustry-funded CEAs, done from a U.S. perspective that estimated cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained for newer antidiabetic medications. Two reviewers screened the literature; disagreements were resolved with a third reviewer. DATA EXTRACTION Cost-effectiveness analyses were reviewed for treatment comparisons, model inputs, and outcomes. Risk of bias (RoB) of the CEAs was assessed using Drummond criteria and certainty of evidence (CoE) was assessed using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluations). Certainty of evidence was determined using cost per QALY thresholds predetermined by the American College of Physicians Clinical Guidelines Committee; low (>$150 000), intermediate ($50 to $150 000), or high (<$50 000) value per QALY compared with the alternative. DATA SYNTHESIS Nine CEAs were eligible (2 low, 1 high, and 6 some concerns RoB), evaluating glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists (GLP1a), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i), sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide agonist (GIP/GLP1a), and insulin. Comparators were metformin, sulfonylureas, neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, and others. Compared with metformin, GLP1a and SGLT2i are low value as first-line therapy (high CoE) but may be of intermediate value when added to metformin or background therapy compared with adding nothing (low CoE). Insulin analogues may be similarly effective but more expensive than NPH insulin (low CoE). The GIP/GLP1a value is uncertain (insufficient CoE). LIMITATIONS Cost-effectiveness analyses varied in methodological approach, assumptions, and drug comparisons. Risk of bias and GRADE method for CEAs are not well established. CONCLUSION Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists and SGLT2i are of low value as first-line therapy but may be of intermediate value when added to metformin or other background therapy compared with adding nothing. Other drugs and comparisons are of low or uncertain value. Results are sensitive to drug effectiveness and cost assumptions. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE American College of Physicians. (PROSPERO: CRD42022382315).
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Schousboe
- Park Nicollet Clinic and HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, and Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (J.T.S.)
| | | | - Tyler Drake
- Department of Medicine, VA Health Care System, and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (T.D., A.K., C.J.B.)
| | - Shahnaz Sultan
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, and Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research, VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.S.)
| | - Lisa Langsetmo
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research, VA Health Care System, and Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (L.L.)
| | - Anjum Kaka
- Department of Medicine, VA Health Care System, and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (T.D., A.K., C.J.B.)
| | - Maylen Anthony
- Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research, VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.A., C.K., K.U.)
| | - Charles J Billington
- Department of Medicine, VA Health Care System, and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (T.D., A.K., C.J.B.)
| | - Caleb Kalinowski
- Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research, VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.A., C.K., K.U.)
| | - Kristen Ullman
- Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research, VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.A., C.K., K.U.)
| | - Timothy J Wilt
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Department of Medicine and Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research, VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota (T.J.W.)
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AlRuthia Y, Hani Aburisheh K, Ata S, Bin Salleeh R, Alqudhibi SB, Alqudhibi RB, Alkraidis Z, Humood Alkhalaf H, Abdullah Almogirah A, Mujammami M, Al Khalifah R. Cost consequence analysis of adding semaglutide to treatment regimen for patients with Type II diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102057. [PMID: 38601976 PMCID: PMC11004995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Semaglutide, a Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1 RA), is often prescribed for managing type 2 diabetes, particularly in cases unresponsive to other hypoglycemic agents. Despite its popularity, the real-world efficacy and cost-effectiveness of Semaglutide relative to other treatments remain understudied. Objective This study aimed to examine the direct medical cost and consequences of adding Semaglutide to the treatment regimen for patients with type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Methods We conducted a single-center, retrospective review of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) for adults with type 2 diabetes. Patients who had been on Semaglutide for at least three months were matched with those receiving alternative hypoglycemic therapies. Exclusions were made for patients with cancer, incomplete EMRs, or lacking prescription data. Investigated outcomes included changes in HbA1C levels and weight, and the direct costs comprised medications, clinic visits, and emergency care. Baseline adjustments were made through inverse probability treatment weighting, and uncertainty was assessed via bootstrapping with 10,000 replications. Results Out of 350 patients meeting the criteria, 116 were on Semaglutide. Predominantly females (62%), the cohort had an average age of 60 and a disease duration of 22 years. The difference in HbA1C (%) reductions between Semaglutide and non-Semaglutide users over 3,6, and 12 months were 0.154 (95% CI: -0.452-0.483), -0.031(95% CI: -0.754-0.239), -0.16(95% CI: -1.425-0.840), respectively. Semaglutide users did experience modest weight reductions ranging from 0.42 kg to 1.16 kg. The annual additional direct medical cost for Semaglutide was USD 4,086.82 (95% CI: $3,710.85 - $4,294.99). Conclusion Although Semaglutide induced modest weight reductions, it did not offer significant advantages in lowering HbA1C levels compared to other hypoglycemic treatments. These findings suggest the need for further research involving larger and more diverse cohorts to corroborate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazed AlRuthia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacoeconomics Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Hani Aburisheh
- University Diabetes Center, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sondus Ata
- Department of Pharmacy, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad Bin Salleeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Ziad Alkraidis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Muhammad Mujammami
- University Diabetes Center, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Al Khalifah
- University Diabetes Center, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Laursen HVB, Jørgensen EP, Vestergaard P, Ehlers LH. A Systematic Review of Cost-Effectiveness Studies of Newer Non-Insulin Antidiabetic Drugs: Trends in Decision-Analytical Models for Modelling of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2023; 41:1469-1514. [PMID: 37410277 PMCID: PMC10570198 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-023-01268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We performed a systematic overview of the cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) comparing Non-insulin antidiabetic drugs (NIADs) with other NIADs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), using decision-analytical modelling (DAM), focusing on both the economic results and the underlying methodological choices. METHODS Eligible studies were CEAs using DAM to compare NIADs within the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) receptor agonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor classes with other NIADs within those classes for the treatment of T2DM. The PubMed, Embase and Econlit databases were searched from 1 January 2018 to 15 November 2022. Two reviewers screened the studies for relevance by titles and abstracts and then for eligibility via full-text screening, extracted the data from the full texts and appendices, and then stored the data in a spreadsheet. RESULTS The search yielded 890 records and 50 studies were eligible for inclusion. The studies were mainly based on a European setting (60%). Industry sponsorship was found in 82% of studies. The CORE diabetes model was used in 48% of the studies. GLP1 and SGLT2 products were the main comparators in 31 and 16 studies, respectively, while one study had DPP4 and two had no easily discernible main comparator. Direct comparison between SGLT2 and GLP1 occurred in 19 studies. At a class level, SGLT2 dominated GLP1 in six studies and was cost effective against GLP1 once as part of a treatment pathway. GLP1 was cost effective in nine studies and not cost effective against SGLT2 in three studies. At a product level, oral and injectable semaglutide, and empagliflozin, were cost effective against other within-class products. Injectable and oral semaglutide were more frequently found cost effective in these comparisons, with some conflicting results. Most of the modelled cohorts and treatment effects were sourced from randomised controlled trials. The following model assumptions varied depending on the class of the main comparator: choice of and reasoning behind risk equations, the time until the treatment switch, and how often the comparators were discontinued. Diabetes-related complications were emphasised on par with quality-adjusted life-years as model outputs. The main quality issues were regarding the description of alternatives, the perspective of analysis, the measurement of costs and consequences, and patient subgroups. CONCLUSION The included CEAs using DAMs have limitations that hinder their ability to inform decision makers on the cost-effective choice: lack of updated reasoning behind the choice of key model assumptions, over-reliance on risk equations based on older treatment practices, and sponsorship bias. The question of which NIAD is cost effective for the treatment of which T2DM patient is a pressing one and the answer remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Vitus Bering Laursen
- Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
- Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | | | - Peter Vestergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Dadwani RS, Wan W, Skandari MR, Huang ES. Expected Health Benefits of SGLT-2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Older Adults. MDM Policy Pract 2023; 8:23814683231187566. [PMID: 37492502 PMCID: PMC10363885 DOI: 10.1177/23814683231187566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Older and sicker adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) were underrepresented in randomized trials of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor-agonist (GLP1RA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2I), and thus, health benefits are uncertain in this population. Objective. To assess the impact of age, health status, and life expectancy in older adults with T2D on health benefits of GLP1RA and SGLT2I. Design. We used the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) model to simulate lifetime health outcomes. We calibrated the UKPDS model to improve mortality prediction in older adults using a common geriatric prognostic index. Participants. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2018 participants 65 y and older with T2D, eligible for GLP1RA or SGLT2I according to American Diabetes Association guidelines. Interventions. GLP1RA or SGLT2I use versus no additional medication. Main Measures. Lifetime complications and weighted life-years (LYs) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) across overall treatment arms and life expectancies. Key Results. The overall older adult population was predicted to experience significant health benefits from GLP1RA (+0.29 LY [95% confidence interval: 0.27, 0.31], +0.15 QALYs [0.14, 0.16]) and SGLT2I (+0.26 LY [0.24, 0.28], +0.13 QALYs [0.12, 0.14]) as compared with no added medication. However, expected benefits declined in subgroups with shorter life expectancies. Participants with <4 y of life expectancy had minimal gains of <0.05 LY and <0.03 QALYs from added medication. Accounting for injection-related disutility, GLP1RA use reduced QALYs (-0.03 QALYs [-0.04, -0.02]). Conclusions. While GLP1RA and SGLT2I have substantial health benefits for many older adults with type 2 diabetes, benefits are not clinically significant in patients with <4 y of life expectancy. Life expectancy and patient preferences are important considerations when prescribing newer diabetes medications. Highlights On average, older adults benefit significantly from SGLT2I and GLP1RA use. However, the benefits of these drugs are not clinically significant among older patients with life expectancy less than 4 y.There is potential harm in injectable GLP1RA use in the oldest categories of adults with type 2 diabetes.Heterogeneity in life expectancy and patient preferences for injectable versus oral medications are important to consider when prescribing newer diabetes medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S. Dadwani
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wen Wan
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M. Reza Skandari
- Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elbert S. Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Gastaldi G, Lucchini B, Thalmann S, Alder S, Laimer M, Brändle M, Wiesli P, Lehmann R. Swiss recommendations of the Society for Endocrinology and Diabetes (SGED/SSED) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (2023). Swiss Med Wkly 2023; 153:40060. [PMID: 37011604 DOI: 10.57187/smw.2023.40060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As a first step, the authors emphasise lifestyle changes (increased physical activity, stopping smoking), blood pressure control, and lowering cholesterol). The initial medical treatment should always be a combination treatment with metformin and a sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor or a glucagon-like 1 peptide (GLP-1) receptor agonist. Metformin is given first and up-titrated, followed by SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists. In persons with type 2 diabetes, if the initial double combination is not sufficient, a triple combination (SGLT-2 inhibitor, GLP-1 receptor agonist, and metformin) is recommended. This triple combination has not been officially tested in cardiovascular outcome trials, but there is more and more real-world experience in Europe and in the USA that proves that the triple combination with metformin, SGLT-2 inhibitor, and GLP-1 receptor agonist is the best treatment to reduce 3-point MACE, total mortality, and heart failure as compared to other combinations. The treatment with sulfonylurea is no longer recommended because of its side effects and higher mortality compared to the modern treatment with SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists. If the triple combination is not sufficient to reduce the HbA1c to the desired target, insulin treatment is necessary. A quarter of all patients with type 2 diabetes (sometimes misdiagnosed) require insulin treatment. If insulin deficiency is the predominant factor at the outset of type 2 diabetes, the order of medications has to be reversed: insulin first and then cardio-renal protective medications (SGLT-2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Gastaldi
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Lucchini
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Regional Hospital Locarno, Locarno, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Markus Laimer
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Brändle
- Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wiesli
- Internal Medicine and Endocrinology and Diabetes, Cantonal Hospital Frauenfeld, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
| | - Roger Lehmann
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Hammerman A, Moore CM, Aboalhasan E, Azuri J, Arbel R. Oral versus subcutaneous semaglutide for prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events: cost per outcome analysis of SUSTAIN-6 and PIONEER-6. Postgrad Med 2022; 134:654-658. [PMID: 35701876 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2022.2090794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP1a), reduces the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). An oral version of semaglutide is now available, and patients may prefer it over the subcutaneous form. Our objective was to compare the value for money of the two modalities by assessing the cost needed to treat (CNT) to prevent MACE. METHODS The CNT to prevent MACE was figured by multiplying the one-year number needed to treat (NNT) with either oral or subcutaneous semaglutide by the annual cost of therapy. Efficacy estimates and the resulting NNT figures were extracted from the published results of the SUSTAIN-6 and the PIONEER-6 trials for the injectable and oral versions of semaglutide, respectively. Drug costs were estimated as 75% of the United States national average drug acquisition cost listing in June 2021. We performed a scenario analysis to mitigate the primary differences between the populations in the two trials. Sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of price changes of the interventions. RESULTS The CNT to prevent one MACE with subcutaneous semaglutide in SUSTAIN-6 was $966,693 ($594,888-$5,035,302) compared to $948,689 ($463,465-∞) with oral semaglutide in PIONEER-6. The scenario analysis demonstrated a 17% lower CNT for oral semaglutide. The difference between CNTs was sensitive to price fluctuations of the two interventions. CONCLUSIONS Oral and subcutaneous semaglutide prescribed to prevent MACE in patients with T2DM provide similar value for money. The choice between both therapies should be guided mainly by patient preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Hammerman
- Community Medical Services, Clalit Health Services Headquarters, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Candace Makeda Moore
- Research Software department, Netherlands eScience Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enis Aboalhasan
- Maximizing Health Outcomes Research Lab, Sapir College, Sderot, Israel
| | - Joseph Azuri
- Maccabi Healthcare Services, Diabetes Clinic, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronen Arbel
- Community Medical Services, Clalit Health Services Headquarters, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Maximizing Health Outcomes Research Lab, Sapir College, Sderot, Israel
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Nikitin D, Lin GA, Campbell JD, Hansen RN, Brouwer E, Chen Y, Herron-Smith S, Agboola F, Pearson SD. The effectiveness and value of tirzepatide for type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2022; 28:680-684. [PMID: 35621725 PMCID: PMC10373002 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2022.28.6.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Grace A Lin
- Institute for Clinical and Economic Review, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine and Philip R Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Ryan N Hansen
- CHOICE Institute, Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Elizabeth Brouwer
- CHOICE Institute, Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Yilin Chen
- CHOICE Institute, Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle
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Guzauskas GF, Hansen RN. THE AUTHORS RESPOND. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2021; 27:1141. [PMID: 34337997 PMCID: PMC10391291 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2021.27.8.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F Guzauskas
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ryan N Hansen
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle
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Kohli-Lynch CN, Ruiz-Negrón N, Beal A, Bellows BK. A RESPONSE TO: "COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF ORAL SEMAGLUTIDE ADDED TO CURRENT ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC TREATMENT FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES". J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2021; 27:1140-1141. [PMID: 34337999 PMCID: PMC10394429 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2021.27.8.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran N Kohli-Lynch
- Northwestern University Center for Health Services & Outcomes Research Chicago, IL
| | - Natalia Ruiz-Negrón
- University of Utah Department of Pharmacotherapy L. S. Skaggs Pharmacy Institute Salt Lake City, UT
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