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Adhikari S, Nath P, Das A, Datta A, Baildya N, Duttaroy AK, Pathak S. A review on metal complexes and its anti-cancer activities: Recent updates from in vivo studies. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116211. [PMID: 38290253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Research into cancer therapeutics has uncovered various potential medications based on metal-containing scaffolds after the discovery and clinical applications of cisplatin as an anti-cancer agent. This has resulted in many metallodrugs that can be put into medical applications. These metallodrugs have a wider variety of functions and mechanisms of action than pure organic molecules. Although platinum-based medicines are very efficient anti-cancer agents, they are often accompanied by significant side effects and toxicity and are limited by resistance. Some of the most studied and developed alternatives to platinum-based anti-cancer medications include metallodrugs based on ruthenium, gold, copper, iridium, and osmium, which showed effectiveness against many cancer cell lines. These metal-based medicines represent an exciting new category of potential cancer treatments and sparked a renewed interest in the search for effective anti-cancer therapies. Despite the widespread development of metal complexes touted as powerful and promising in vitro anti-cancer therapeutics, only a small percentage of these compounds have shown their worth in vivo models. Metallodrugs, which are more effective and less toxic than platinum-based drugs and can treat drug-resistant cancer cells, are the focus of this review. Here, we highlighted some of the most recently developed Pt, Ru, Au, Cu, Ir, and Os complexes that have shown significant in vivo antitumor properties between 2017 and 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. Degree Collage, Dharmanagar, Tripura (N) 799253, India.
| | - Priyatosh Nath
- Department of Human Physiology, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, West Tripura 799022, India
| | - Alakesh Das
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | - Abhijit Datta
- Department of Botany, Ambedkar College, Fatikroy, Unakoti 799290, Tripura, India
| | - Nabajyoti Baildya
- Department of Chemistry, Milki High School, Milki, Malda 732209, India
| | - Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
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2
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Enhanced antitumor effect of L-buthionine sulfoximine or ionizing radiation by copper complexes with 2,2´-biquinoline and sulfonamides on A549 2D and 3D lung cancer cell models. J Biol Inorg Chem 2022; 27:329-343. [PMID: 35247094 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two ternary copper(II) complexes with 2,2'-biquinoline (BQ) and with sulfonamides: sulfamethazine (SMT) or sulfaquinoxaline (SDQ) whose formulae are Cu(SMT)(BQ)Cl and Cu(SDQ)(BQ)Cl·CH3OH, in what follows SMTCu and SDQCu, respectively, induced oxidative stress by increasing ROS level from 1.0 μM and the reduction potential of the couple GSSG/GSH2. The co-treatment with L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which inhibits the production of GSH, enhanced the effect of copper complexes on tumor cell viability and on oxidative damage. Both complexes generated DNA strand breaks given by-at least partially-the oxidation of pyrimidine bases, which caused the arrest of the cell cycle in the G2/M phase. These phenomena triggered processes of apoptosis proven by activation of caspase 3 and externalization of phosphatidylserine and loss of cell integrity from 1.0 μM. The combination with BSO induced a marked increase in the apoptotic population. On the other hand, an improved cell proliferation effect was observed when combining SDQCu with a radiation dose of 2 Gy from 1.0 μM or with 6 Gy from 1.5 μM. Finally, studies in multicellular spheroids demonstrated that even though copper(II) complexes did not inhibit cell invasion in collagen gels up to 48 h of treatment at the higher concentrations, multicellular resistance outperformed several drugs currently used in cancer treatment. Overall, our results reveal an antitumor effect of both complexes in monolayer and multicellular spheroids and an improvement with the addition of BSO. However, only SDQCu was the best adjuvant of ionizing radiation treatment.
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Jiang GB, Zhang WY, He M, Gu YY, Bai L, Wang YJ, Yi QY, Du F. Systematic evaluation of the antitumor activity of three ruthenium polypyridyl complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 225:111616. [PMID: 34555601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium-containing complexes have emerged as good alternative to the currently used platinum-containing drugs for malignant tumor therapy. In this work, cytotoxic effects of recently synthesized ruthenium polypyridyl complexes [Ru(bpy)2(CFPIP)](ClO4)2 (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, CFPIP = (E)-2-(4-fluorostyryl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline, Ru(II)-1), [Ru(phen)2(CFPIP)](ClO4)2 (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, Ru(II)-2) and [Ru(dmb)2(CFPIP)](ClO4)2 (dmb = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, Ru(II)-3) toward different tumor cells were investigated in vitro and compared with cisplatin, the most widely used chemotherapeutic drug against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2). The results demonstrate that target complexes show excellent cytotoxicity against HepG-2 cells with low IC50 value of 21.4 ± 1.5, 18.0 ± 2.1 and 22.3 ± 1.7 μM, respectively. It was important noting that target Ru(II) complexes exhibited better antitumor activity than cisplatin (IC50 = 28.5 ± 2.4 μM) against HepG-2 cells, and has no obvious toxicity to normal cell LO2. DNA binding results suggest that Ru(II)-1, Ru(II)-2 and Ru(II)-3 interact with CT DNA (calf thymus DNA) through intercalative mode. Complexes exerted its antitumor activity through increasing anti-migration and inducing cell cycle arrest at the S phase. In addition, the apoptosis was tested by AO (acridine orange)/EB (ethidium bromide) staining and flow cytometry. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and colocalization tests were also evaluated by ImageXpress Micro XLS system. Overall, the results show that the ruthenium polypyridyl complexes induce apoptosis in HepG-2 cells through ROS-mediated mitochondria dysfunction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Bin Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Wen-Yao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Miao He
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yi-Ying Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lan Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yang-Jie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qiao-Yan Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Fan Du
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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4
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Ucar A, Findik M, Kuzu M, Pehlivanoglu S, Sayin U, Sayin Z, Akgemci EG. Cytotoxic effects, microbiological analysis and inhibitory properties on carbonic anhydrase isozyme activities of 2-hydroxy-5-methoxyacetophenone thiosemicarbazone and its Cu(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II) complexes. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-020-04284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jiang GB, Zhang WY, He M, Gu YY, Bai L, Wang YJ, Yi QY, Du F. New ruthenium polypyridyl complexes functionalized with fluorine atom or furan: Synthesis, DNA-binding, cytotoxicity and antitumor mechanism studies. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 227:117534. [PMID: 31685424 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two novel ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes, namely, [Ru(dmp)2(CAPIP)](ClO4)2 (Ru(II)-1) and [Ru(dmp)2(CFPIP)](ClO4)2 (Ru(II)-2), which respectively contain (E)-2-(2-(furan-2-yl)vinyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phen-anthroline (CAPIP) and (E)-2-(4-fluorostyryl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline. (CFPIP), were first designed and characterized (dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline). DNA binding experiments indicated that Ru(II) complexes interact with CT DNA through intercalative mode. In addition, the complexes Ru(II)-1 and Ru(II)-2, showed remarkable cell cytotoxicity, giving the respective IC50 values of 4.1 ± 1.4 μM and 6.1 ± 1.4 μM on the A549 cancer cells. These values indicated higher activity than CAPIP, CFPIP, cisplatin (8.2 ± 1.4 μM) and other corresponding Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes. Furthermore, the Ru(II) complexes could arrive the cytoplasm through the cell membrane and accumulate in the mitochondria. Significantly, complexes Ru(II)-1 and Ru(II)-2 induced A549 cells apoptosis was mediated by increase of ROS levels and dysfunction of mitochondria, and resulted in cell cycle arrest and increased anti-migration activity on A549 cells. Overall, these results indicated that complexes Ru(II)-1 and Ru(II)-2 could be suitable candidates for further investigation as a chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Bin Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Wen-Yao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Miao He
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yi-Ying Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Lan Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yang-Jie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Qiao-Yan Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Fan Du
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
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Alcaraz R, Muñiz P, Cavia M, Palacios Ó, Samper KG, Gil-García R, Jiménez-Pérez A, García-Tojal J, García-Girón C. Thiosemicarbazone-metal complexes exhibiting cytotoxicity in colon cancer cell lines through oxidative stress. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 206:110993. [PMID: 32088593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.110993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer and has a high incidence in developed countries. At present, specific treatments are being required to allow individualized therapy depending on the molecular alteration on which the drug may act. The aim of this project is to evaluate whether HPTSC and HPTSC* thiosemicarbazones (HPTSC = pyridine-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone and HPTSC* = pyridine-2-carbaldehyde 4N-methylthiosemicarbazone), and their complexes with different transition metal ions as Cu(II), Fe(III) and Co(III), have antitumor activity in colon cancer cells (HT-29 and SW-480), that have different oncogenic characteristics. Cytotoxicity was evaluated and the involvement of oxidative stress in its mechanism of action was analyzed by quantifying the superoxide dismutase activity, redox state by quantification of the thioredoxin levels and reduced/oxidized glutathione rate and biomolecules damage. The apoptotic effect was evaluated by measurements of the levels of caspase 9 and 3 and the index of histones. All the metal-thiosemicarbazones have antitumor activity mediated by oxidative stress. The HPTSC*-Cu was the compound that showed the best antitumor and apoptotic characteristics for the cell line SW480, that is KRAS gene mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Alcaraz
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Avd Islas Baleares, 3, 09006 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Pilar Muñiz
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Mónica Cavia
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Óscar Palacios
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katia G Samper
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Gil-García
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos García-Girón
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Avd Islas Baleares, 3, 09006 Burgos, Spain
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Cadavid-Vargas JF, Villa-Pérez C, Ruiz MC, León IE, Valencia-Uribe GC, Soria DB, Etcheverry SB, Di Virgilio AL. 6-Methoxyquinoline complexes as lung carcinoma agents: induction of oxidative damage on A549 monolayer and multicellular spheroid model. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:271-285. [PMID: 30701359 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the antitumor effects and the mechanisms of toxic action of a series of 6-methoxyquinoline (6MQ) complexes in vitro. The Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes (Cu6MQ and Zn6MQ) are formulated as M(6MQ)2Cl2; the Co(II) and Ag(I) compounds (Co6MQ and Ag6MQ) are ionic with formulae [Ag(6MQ)2]+NO3- and H(6MQ)+[Co(6MQ)Cl3]- (where H(6MQ)+ is the protonated ligand). We found that the copper complex, outperformed the Co(II), Zn(II) and Ag(I) complexes with a lower IC50 (57.9 µM) in A549 cells exposed for 24 h. Cu6MQ decreased cell proliferation and induced oxidative stress detected with H2DCFDA at 40 µM, which reduces GSH/GSSG ratio. This redox imbalance induced oxidative DNA damage revealed by the Micronucleus test and the Comet assay, which turned into a cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and induced apoptosis. In multicellular spheroids, the IC50 values tripled the monolayer model (187.3 µM for 24 h). At this concentration, the proportion of live/dead cells diminished, and the spheroids could not proliferate or invade. Although Zn6MQ also decreased GSH/GSSG ratio from 200 µM and the cytotoxicity is related to oxidative stress, the induction of the hydrogen peroxide levels only doubled the control value. Zn6MQ induced S phase arrest, which relates with the increased micronucleus frequency and with the induction of necrosis. Finally, our results reveal a synergistic activity with a 1:1 ratio of both complexes in the monolayer and multicellular spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Cadavid-Vargas
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Bv. 120 N 1465, La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - C Villa-Pérez
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Bv. 120 N 1465, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M C Ruiz
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Bv. 120 N 1465, La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - I E León
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Bv. 120 N 1465, La Plata, Argentina
| | - G C Valencia-Uribe
- GIAFOT, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - D B Soria
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Bv. 120 N 1465, La Plata, Argentina
| | - S B Etcheverry
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Bv. 120 N 1465, La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - A L Di Virgilio
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Bv. 120 N 1465, La Plata, Argentina. .,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
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Ohui K, Afanasenko E, Bacher F, Ting RLX, Zafar A, Blanco-Cabra N, Torrents E, Dömötör O, May NV, Darvasiova D, Enyedy ÉA, Popović-Bijelić A, Reynisson J, Rapta P, Babak MV, Pastorin G, Arion VB. New Water-Soluble Copper(II) Complexes with Morpholine-Thiosemicarbazone Hybrids: Insights into the Anticancer and Antibacterial Mode of Action. J Med Chem 2018; 62:512-530. [PMID: 30507173 PMCID: PMC6348444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Six
morpholine-(iso)thiosemicarbazone hybrids HL1–HL6 and
their Cu(II) complexes with good-to-moderate solubility and
stability in water were synthesized and characterized. Cu(II) complexes [Cu(L1–6)Cl] (1–6) formed weak dimeric associates in the solid state,
which did not remain intact in solution as evidenced by ESI-MS. The
lead proligands and Cu(II) complexes displayed higher antiproliferative
activity in cancer cells than triapine. In addition, complexes 2–5 were found to specifically inhibit the growth of
Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus with MIC50 values at 2–5 μg/mL. Insights
into the processes controlling intracellular accumulation and mechanism
of action were investigated for 2 and 5,
including the role of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) inhibition, endoplasmic
reticulum stress induction, and regulation of other cancer signaling
pathways. Their ability to moderately inhibit R2 RNR protein in the
presence of dithiothreitol is likely related to Fe chelating properties
of the proligands liberated upon reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Ohui
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 42 , A-1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Eleonora Afanasenko
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 42 , A-1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Felix Bacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 42 , A-1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Rachel Lim Xue Ting
- Department of Pharmacy , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 2 , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Ayesha Zafar
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Auckland , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Núria Blanco-Cabra
- Bacterial Infections: Antimicrobial Therapies, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Barcelona 08036 , Spain
| | - Eduard Torrents
- Bacterial Infections: Antimicrobial Therapies, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Barcelona 08036 , Spain
| | - Orsolya Dömötör
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Szeged , Dóm tér 7. , H-6720 Szeged , Hungary
| | - Nóra V May
- Research Centre of Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar tudósok körútja 2. , H-1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Denisa Darvasiova
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics , Slovak Technical University of Technology , Radlinského 9 , 81237 Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Éva A Enyedy
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Szeged , Dóm tér 7. , H-6720 Szeged , Hungary
| | - Ana Popović-Bijelić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry , University of Belgrade , 11158 Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Auckland , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Peter Rapta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics , Slovak Technical University of Technology , Radlinského 9 , 81237 Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Maria V Babak
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 2 , 117543 , Singapore.,Drug Development Unit , National University of Singapore , 28 Medical Drive , 117546 , Singapore
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 2 , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Vladimir B Arion
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 42 , A-1090 Vienna , Austria
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Cadavid-Vargas JF, Arnal PM, Mojica Sepúlveda RD, Rizzo A, Soria DB, Di Virgilio AL. Copper complex with sulfamethazine and 2,2'-bipyridine supported on mesoporous silica microspheres improves its antitumor action toward human osteosarcoma cells: cyto- and genotoxic effects. Biometals 2018; 32:21-32. [PMID: 30334122 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ideal drugs to cure cancer leave normal cells unharmed while selectively turning tumor cells unviable. Several copper complexes have been able to selectively slow down tumor proliferation. We hypothesized that Cu(smz)2(bipy)·H2O (1)-a copper-complex that has two ligands capable of interacting with DNA-would outperform Cu(smz)2(OH2)·2H2O (2), and also that supporting 1 on mesoporous silica spheres would decrease even further tumor cell viability in vitro. After exposing osteosarcoma cells (MG-63) and normal phenotype cells of bone origin (MC3T3-E1) to either complex, we studied their toxic effect and mechanisms of action. We determined cell viability (MTT assay) and quantified formation of reactive oxygen species (oxidation of DHR-123 to rhodamine). Moreover, we assessed genotoxicity from (i) formation of micronucleus (MN assay) and (ii) damage of DNA (Comet assay). After the exposure of 1 supported on silica spheres, we tested cell viability. Our results confirm our hypotheses: inhibition of tumor cells follows: supported 1 > dissolved 1 > 2. Future work that enhances the load of the complex exclusively in mesopores may improve the ability of 1 to further inhibit tumor cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernando Cadavid-Vargas
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pablo Maximiliano Arnal
- CETMIC (Centro de Tecnología de Recursos Minerales y Cerámica), Cno Centenario y 506, CC 49, B1897ZCA, M.B. Gonnet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ruth Dary Mojica Sepúlveda
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Andrea Rizzo
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Delia Beatriz Soria
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana Laura Di Virgilio
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
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