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Freire K, Ordóñez Ramos F, Soria DB, Pabón Gelves E, Di Virgilio AL. Cytotoxicity and DNA damage evaluation of TiO 2 and ZnO nanoparticles. Uptake in lung cells in culture. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:192-202. [PMID: 33884170 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicity and DNA damage of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles (TiO2 and ZnO NPs) have been studied in a human lung carcinoma cell line (A549) after 24 h exposure. TiO2 and ZnO NPs had mean diameters of 12.9 ± 2.8 and 24.1 ± 8.0 nm, respectively. ZnO NPs reduced cell viability from 250 μg/mL, increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased GSH/GSSG ratio. The comet assay detected DNA damage from 50 μg/mL. TiO2 NPs induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage from 50 to 100 μg/mL, respectively, along with a decrease of the GSH/GSSG ratio. Both particles were found inside the cells, within membrane-bound vesicles. The internalization mechanism is promoted partially by caveolae-mediated endocytosis and, in the case of TiO2 NPs, also by macropinocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Freire
- CEQUINOR, (CONICET-UNLP), Bv. 120 N 1465, La Plata, Argentina
| | - F Ordóñez Ramos
- Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín. Cra 65 #59A -110, Medellín, Colombia
| | - D B Soria
- CEQUINOR, (CONICET-UNLP), Bv. 120 N 1465, La Plata, Argentina
| | - E Pabón Gelves
- Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín. Cra 65 #59A -110, Medellín, Colombia
| | - A L Di Virgilio
- CEQUINOR, (CONICET-UNLP), Bv. 120 N 1465, La Plata, Argentina
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Cadavid-Vargas JF, Villa-Pérez C, Ruiz MC, León IE, Valencia-Uribe GC, Soria DB, Etcheverry SB, Di Virgilio AL. 6-Methoxyquinoline complexes as lung carcinoma agents: induction of oxidative damage on A549 monolayer and multicellular spheroid model. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:271-285. [PMID: 30701359 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the antitumor effects and the mechanisms of toxic action of a series of 6-methoxyquinoline (6MQ) complexes in vitro. The Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes (Cu6MQ and Zn6MQ) are formulated as M(6MQ)2Cl2; the Co(II) and Ag(I) compounds (Co6MQ and Ag6MQ) are ionic with formulae [Ag(6MQ)2]+NO3- and H(6MQ)+[Co(6MQ)Cl3]- (where H(6MQ)+ is the protonated ligand). We found that the copper complex, outperformed the Co(II), Zn(II) and Ag(I) complexes with a lower IC50 (57.9 µM) in A549 cells exposed for 24 h. Cu6MQ decreased cell proliferation and induced oxidative stress detected with H2DCFDA at 40 µM, which reduces GSH/GSSG ratio. This redox imbalance induced oxidative DNA damage revealed by the Micronucleus test and the Comet assay, which turned into a cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and induced apoptosis. In multicellular spheroids, the IC50 values tripled the monolayer model (187.3 µM for 24 h). At this concentration, the proportion of live/dead cells diminished, and the spheroids could not proliferate or invade. Although Zn6MQ also decreased GSH/GSSG ratio from 200 µM and the cytotoxicity is related to oxidative stress, the induction of the hydrogen peroxide levels only doubled the control value. Zn6MQ induced S phase arrest, which relates with the increased micronucleus frequency and with the induction of necrosis. Finally, our results reveal a synergistic activity with a 1:1 ratio of both complexes in the monolayer and multicellular spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Cadavid-Vargas
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Bv. 120 N 1465, La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - C Villa-Pérez
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Bv. 120 N 1465, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M C Ruiz
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Bv. 120 N 1465, La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - I E León
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Bv. 120 N 1465, La Plata, Argentina
| | - G C Valencia-Uribe
- GIAFOT, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - D B Soria
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Bv. 120 N 1465, La Plata, Argentina
| | - S B Etcheverry
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Bv. 120 N 1465, La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - A L Di Virgilio
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Bv. 120 N 1465, La Plata, Argentina. .,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
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Villa-Pérez C, Cadavid-Vargas JF, Di Virgilio AL, Echeverría GA, Camí GE, Soria DB. Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis, spectroscopic and biological studies on sulfamethazine and sulfaquinoxaline ternary complexes with 2,2′-biquinoline. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03624h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Three ternary complexes with sulfaquinoxaline or sulfamethazine have been synthesized and their structural, spectroscopic and biological properties have been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Villa-Pérez
- CEQUINOR
- CONICET
- CCT La Plata
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
| | | | - A. L. Di Virgilio
- CEQUINOR
- CONICET
- CCT La Plata
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
| | - G. A. Echeverría
- IFLP
- CONICET
- CCT La Plata
- Departamento de Física
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
| | - G. E. Camí
- Química General e Inorgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- Rosario
- Argentina
| | - D. B. Soria
- CEQUINOR
- CONICET
- CCT La Plata
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
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Leon IE, Porro V, Di Virgilio AL, Naso LG, Williams PAM, Bollati-Fogolín M, Etcheverry SB. Antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing activity of an oxidovanadium(IV) complex with the flavonoid silibinin against osteosarcoma cells. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:59-74. [PMID: 24233155 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-013-1061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a large family of polyphenolic compounds synthesized by plants. They display interesting biological effects mainly related to their antioxidant properties. On the other hand, vanadium compounds also exhibit different biological and pharmacological effects in cell culture and in animal models. Since coordination of ligands to metals can improve or change the pharmacological properties, we report herein, for the first time, a detailed study of the mechanisms of action of an oxidovanadium(IV) complex with the flavonoid silibinin, Na2[VO(silibinin)2]·6H2O (VOsil), in a model of the human osteosarcoma derived cell line MG-63. The complex inhibited the viability of osteosarcoma cells in a dose-dependent manner with a greater potency than that of silibinin and oxidovanadium(IV) (p < 0.01), demonstrating the benefit of complexation. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies also showed a concentration effect for VOsil. The increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species and the decrease of the ratio of the amount of reduced glutathione to the amount of oxidized glutathione were involved in the deleterious effects of the complex. Besides, the complex caused cell cycle arrest and activated caspase 3, triggering apoptosis as determined by flow cytometry. As a whole, these results show the main mechanisms of the deleterious effects of VOsil in the osteosarcoma cell line, demonstrating that this complex is a promising compound for cancer treatments.
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Leon IE, Di Virgilio AL, Porro V, Muglia CI, Naso LG, Williams PAM, Bollati-Fogolin M, Etcheverry SB. Antitumor properties of a vanadyl(IV) complex with the flavonoid chrysin [VO(chrysin)2EtOH]2 in a human osteosarcoma model: the role of oxidative stress and apoptosis. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:11868-80. [PMID: 23760674 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50524c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids, a polyphenolic compound family, and the vanadium compounds have interesting biological, pharmacological, and medicinal properties. We report herein the antitumor actions of the complex [VO(chrysin)2EtOH]2 (VOchrys) on the MG-63 human osteosarcoma cell line. Oxovanadium(IV), chrysin and VOchrys caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of cell viability. The complex was the strongest antiproliferative agent (p < 0.05). Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies also showed a concentration effect. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the alterations in the GSH/GSSG ratio underlie the main mechanisms of action of VOchrys. Additions of ROS scavengers (vitamin C plus vitamin E) or GSH to the viability experiments demonstrated beneficial effects (p < 0.01). Besides, the complex triggered apoptosis, disruption of the mitochondria membrane potential (MMP), increased levels of caspase 3 and DNA fragmentation measured by the sub-G1 peak in cell cycle arrest experiments (p < 0.01). Collectively, VOchrys is a cell death modulator and a promissory complex to be used in cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Leon
- Cátedra de Bioquímica Patológica, Facultad Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
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Di Virgilio AL, León IE, Franca CA, Henao I, Tobón G, Etcheverry SB. Cu(Nor)2·5H2O, a complex of Cu(II) with Norfloxacin: theoretic approach and biological studies. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in cell cultures. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 376:53-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Di Virgilio AL, Reigosa M, Arnal PM, Fernández Lorenzo de Mele M. Comparative study of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of titanium oxide and aluminium oxide nanoparticles in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. J Hazard Mater 2010; 177:711-8. [PMID: 20079968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of titanium oxide (TiO(2)) and aluminium oxide (Al(2)O(3)) nanoparticles (NPs) on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells using neutral red (NR), mitochondrial activity (by MTT assay), sister chromatid exchange (SCE), micronucleus (MN) formation, and cell cycle kinetics techniques. Results showed a dose-related cytotoxic effect evidenced after 24h by changes in lysosomal and mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. Interestingly, transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) showed the formation of perinuclear vesicles in CHO-K1 cells after treatment with both NPs during 24h but no NP was detected in the nuclei. Genotoxic effects were shown by MN frequencies which significantly increased at 0.5 and 1 microg/mL TiO(2) and 0.5-10 microg/mL Al(2)O(3). SCE frequencies were higher for cells treated with 1-5 microg/mL TiO(2). The absence of metaphases evidenced cytotoxicity for higher concentrations of TiO(2). No SCE induction was achieved after treatment with 1-25 microg/mL Al(2)O(3). In conclusion, findings showed cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of TiO(2) and Al(2)O(3) NPs on CHO-K1 cells. Possible causes of controversial reports are discussed further on.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Di Virgilio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, Diag 113 y 64, Correo 16, Suc 4, La Plata 1900, Argentina
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