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Nikolaev KE, Fedorov DD, Vinogradova AA, Levakin IA, Galaktionov KV. No time to relax: Age-dependent infectivity of cercariae in marine coastal ecosystems. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e102. [PMID: 38130206 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x2300086x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Age dynamics of the ability of cercariae of two digenean species, Himasthla elongata (Himasthlidae) and Renicola parvicaudatus (Renicolidae), to infect the second intermediate host (SIH), mussels (Mytilus edulis), was investigated experimentally. This is the first study of this kind made on cercariae transmitted in the intertidal of the northern seas. The larvae of all tested ages (from 0.5 to 6 hr) were equally successful in infecting mussels. This finding disagrees with the literature data on cercariae of several freshwater digeneans, which are practically incapable of infecting the SIH during the first 1-3 hr of life. The presence of a time delay before the attainment of the maximum infectivity (TDMI) may be associated with the need for physiological maturation of cercariae in the very beginning of their life in the environment, the need for their broad dispersion, and the prevention of superinfection of the downstream host. The absence of TDMI in the cercariae examined in our study could be associated with the instability of environmental factors in the marine intertidal (wave impact, tidal currents). These factors promote a broad dispersion of cercariae in the intertidal biotope and prevent superinfection of potential SIHs. Biological and behavioural features may also play a role. We hypothesize that the presence or absence of TDMI does not depend on the taxonomic affiliation of the cercariae but is determined by the transmission conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill E Nikolaev
- White Sea Biological Station, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg199034, Russia
| | - Daniil D Fedorov
- Laboratory for the Study of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg199034, Russia
| | - Anna A Vinogradova
- Laboratory for the Study of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg199034, Russia
| | - Ivan A Levakin
- Laboratory for the Study of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg199034, Russia
| | - Kirill V Galaktionov
- Laboratory for the Study of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg199034, Russia
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Lasker HR, Porto-Hannes I. Population structure among octocoral adults and recruits identifies scale dependent patterns of population isolation in The Bahamas. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1019. [PMID: 26157606 PMCID: PMC4493681 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of dispersal and connectivity of the Caribbean gorgonian Antillogorgia elisabethae in The Bahamas were assessed in both adults and recently settled recruits from 13 sites using microsatellite loci. Adult populations along the Little Bahama Bank (LBB) exhibited a clear pattern of isolation by distance (IBD) which described 86% of the variance in pairwise genetic distances. Estimates of dispersal based on the IBD model suggested dispersal distances along the LBB on the order of 100 m. Increasing the spatial scale to include sites separated by open ocean generated an apparent IBD signal but the relationship had a greater slope and explained less of the variance. This relationship with distance reflected both stepping stone based IBD and regional differentiation probably created by ocean currents and barriers to dispersal that are correlated with geographic distance. Analysis of recruits from 4 sites on the LBB from up to 6 years did not detect differences between years nor differences with adult populations. The result suggests that neither selection on recruits nor inter-annual variation in dispersal affected adult population structure. Assignment tests of recruits indicated the most likely sources of the recruits were the local or adjacent populations. Most of the patterning in population structure in the northern Bahamas can be explained by geographic distance and oceanographic connectivity. Recognition of these complex patterns is important in developing management plans for A. elisabethae and in understanding the effects of disturbance to adult populations of A. elisabethae and similar species with limited dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard R Lasker
- Department of Geology, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY , USA ; Graduate Program in Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY , USA
| | - Isabel Porto-Hannes
- Graduate Program in Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY , USA
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Abstract
The presence of trematodes with a free-living metacercarial stage is a common feature of most habitats and includes important species such as Fasciola hepatica, Parorchis acanthus and Zygocotyle lunata. These trematodes encyst on the surface of an animal or plant that can act as a transport host, which form the diet of the target definitive host. Although these species are often considered individually, they display common characteristics in their free-living biology indicating a shared transmission strategy, yet in comparison to species with penetrative cercariae this aspect of their life cycles remains much overlooked. This review integrates the diverse data and presents a novel synthesis of free-living metacercariae using epibiosis as the basis of a new framework to describe the relationship between transport hosts and parasites. All aspects of their biology during the period that they are metabolically independent of a host are considered, from cercarial emergence to metacercarial excystment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Morley
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK.
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Differential tolerances to ocean acidification by parasites that share the same host. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:485-93. [PMID: 25819713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is predicted to cause major changes in marine ecosystem structure and function over the next century, as species-specific tolerances to acidified seawater may alter previously stable relationships between coexisting organisms. Such differential tolerances could affect marine host-parasite associations, as either host or parasite may prove more susceptible to the stressors associated with ocean acidification. Despite their important role in many ecological processes, parasites have not been studied in the context of ocean acidification. We tested the effects of low pH seawater on the cercariae and, where possible, the metacercariae of four species of marine trematode parasite. Acidified seawater (pH 7.6 and 7.4, 12.5 °C) caused a 40-60% reduction in cercarial longevity and a 0-78% reduction in metacercarial survival. However, the reduction in longevity and survival varied distinctly between parasite taxa, indicating that the effects of reduced pH may be species-specific. These results suggest that ocean acidification has the potential to reduce the transmission success of many trematode species, decrease parasite abundance and alter the fundamental regulatory role of multi-host parasites in marine ecosystems.
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Nickols KJ, White JW, Largier JL, Gaylord B. Marine population connectivity: reconciling large-scale dispersal and high self-retention. Am Nat 2015; 185:196-211. [PMID: 25616139 DOI: 10.1086/679503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Predicting connectivity patterns in systems with fluid transport requires descriptions of the spatial distribution of propagules. In contrast to research on terrestrial seed dispersal, where much attention has focused on localized physical factors affecting dispersal, studies of oceanic propagule dispersal have often emphasized the role of large-scale factors. We link these two perspectives by exploring how propagule dispersal in the ocean is influenced by the "coastal boundary layer" (CBL), a region of reduced velocities near the shoreline that might substantially modify local-scale dispersal. We used a simple simulation model to demonstrate that accounting for the CBL markedly alters transport distances, the widths of dispersal distributions, and the fraction of larvae retained near their sites of origin (self-retention). Median dispersal distances were up to 59% shorter in simulations with a CBL than in those without. Self-retention of larvae increased by up to 3 orders of magnitude in the presence of CBLs, but only minor changes arose in the long-distance tails of the distributions, resulting in asymmetric, non-Gaussian kernels analogous to those quantified for terrestrial seed dispersal. Because successfully settling larvae are commonly those that remain close to shore and interact with the CBL, ignoring this pervasive oceanographic feature will substantially alter predictions of population self-persistence, estimates of connectivity, and outcomes of metapopulation analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Nickols
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Bodega Bay, California 94923
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Coupling Biological and Physical Processes: The Ecological Significance of River Channel Hydraulics and Fluvial Dynamics. RIVERS – PHYSICAL, FLUVIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17719-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Vidal-Martínez VM, Centeno-Chalé OA, Torres-Irineo E, Sánchez-Ávila J, Gold-Bouchot G, Aguirre-Macedo ML. The metazoan parasite communities of the shoal flounder (Syacium gunteri) as bioindicators of chemical contamination in the southern Gulf of Mexico. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:541. [PMID: 25428400 PMCID: PMC4271329 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because agriculture and offshore oil extraction are significant economic activities in the southern Gulf of Mexico, high concentrations of nutrients and hydrocarbons are expected. As parasite communities are sensitive to environmental impacts, these contaminants should have an effect on metrics such as species richness, relative abundance and similarity. Consequently, these community metrics can be used as indicators of aquatic environmental health. Our objectives were to describe the parasite communities of the shoal flounder Syacium gunteri and to determine potential thresholds above which environmental contaminants become major controlling factors of parasite community metrics. METHODS The study area included 33 sampling sites in the southern Gulf of Mexico, where benthic sediments, water and shoal flounder individuals were collected. Data on ecto- and endo-parasites from flounder and nutrients, contaminants and physicochemical variables from the water and sediments were obtained. The statistical associations of the parasite community metrics at the component and infracommunity levels and the environmental data were analysed using redundancy analysis (RDA). RESULTS Overall, 203 shoal flounder were examined for parasites, recovering 13 metazoan parasite species, and 48 physicochemical (e.g. temperature, nutrients) and contaminant (e.g. hydrocarbons, heavy metals) variables were obtained. The larval stages of the cestode Oncomegas wageneri and the nematodes Pseudoterranova decipiens and Hysterothylacium sp. were numerically dominant at the component and infracommunity levels. The parasite community metrics had significant negative statistical associations with both nitrate and total PAHs. With the exception of these two chemicals, which exceeded the threshold effect levels (TELs), no other environmental variable exceeded the range considered safe for marine organisms. CONCLUSIONS The community metrics chosen generally had robust statistically significant associations with both physicochemical and contaminant variables, which supports the ecological relevance of these parameters as indicators of aquatic environmental health. Within the study area, the shoal flounder and their parasites live in a polluted environment with relatively high levels of hydrocarbons and nitrate. Regarding nitrate, we emphasise that if uncontrolled sewage discharge continues in the southern Gulf of Mexico, hypoxic conditions similar to those caused by the Mississippi river can be expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Manuel Vidal-Martínez
- Laboratorios de Parasitología y Geoquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Carretera Antigua a Progreso, Cordemex, Mérida, Yucatán, 97310, México.
| | - Oscar A Centeno-Chalé
- Laboratorios de Parasitología y Geoquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Carretera Antigua a Progreso, Cordemex, Mérida, Yucatán, 97310, México.
| | - Edgar Torres-Irineo
- Laboratorios de Parasitología y Geoquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Carretera Antigua a Progreso, Cordemex, Mérida, Yucatán, 97310, México.
| | - Juan Sánchez-Ávila
- Laboratorios de Parasitología y Geoquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Carretera Antigua a Progreso, Cordemex, Mérida, Yucatán, 97310, México.
| | - Gerardo Gold-Bouchot
- Laboratorios de Parasitología y Geoquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Carretera Antigua a Progreso, Cordemex, Mérida, Yucatán, 97310, México.
| | - M Leopoldina Aguirre-Macedo
- Laboratorios de Parasitología y Geoquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Carretera Antigua a Progreso, Cordemex, Mérida, Yucatán, 97310, México.
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Lillis A, Eggleston DB, Bohnenstiehl DR. Oyster larvae settle in response to habitat-associated underwater sounds. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79337. [PMID: 24205381 PMCID: PMC3813695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a planktonic dispersal period of days to months, the larvae of benthic marine organisms must locate suitable seafloor habitat in which to settle and metamorphose. For animals that are sessile or sedentary as adults, settlement onto substrates that are adequate for survival and reproduction is particularly critical, yet represents a challenge since patchily distributed settlement sites may be difficult to find along a coast or within an estuary. Recent studies have demonstrated that the underwater soundscape, the distinct sounds that emanate from habitats and contain information about their biological and physical characteristics, may serve as broad-scale environmental cue for marine larvae to find satisfactory settlement sites. Here, we contrast the acoustic characteristics of oyster reef and off-reef soft bottoms, and investigate the effect of habitat-associated estuarine sound on the settlement patterns of an economically and ecologically important reef-building bivalve, the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Subtidal oyster reefs in coastal North Carolina, USA show distinct acoustic signatures compared to adjacent off-reef soft bottom habitats, characterized by consistently higher levels of sound in the 1.5-20 kHz range. Manipulative laboratory playback experiments found increased settlement in larval oyster cultures exposed to oyster reef sound compared to unstructured soft bottom sound or no sound treatments. In field experiments, ambient reef sound produced higher levels of oyster settlement in larval cultures than did off-reef sound treatments. The results suggest that oyster larvae have the ability to respond to sounds indicative of optimal settlement sites, and this is the first evidence that habitat-related differences in estuarine sounds influence the settlement of a mollusk. Habitat-specific sound characteristics may represent an important settlement and habitat selection cue for estuarine invertebrates and could play a role in driving settlement and recruitment patterns in marine communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee Lillis
- Department of Marine, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David B. Eggleston
- Department of Marine, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - DelWayne R. Bohnenstiehl
- Department of Marine, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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Denny M, Benedetti-Cecchi L. Scaling Up in Ecology: Mechanistic Approaches. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2012. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ecologists have long grappled with the problem of scaling up from tractable, small-scale observations and experiments to the prediction of large-scale patterns. Although there are multiple approaches to this formidable task, there is a common underpinning in the formulation, testing, and use of mechanistic response functions to describe how phenomena interact across scales. Here, we review the principles of response functions to illustrate how they provide a means to guide research, extrapolate beyond measured data, and simplify our conceptual grasp of reality. We illustrate these principles with examples of mechanistic approaches ranging from explorations of the ecological niche, random walks, and macrophysiology to theories dealing with scale transition, self-organization, and the prediction of extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Denny
- Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California 93950
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MacLeod CD, Poulin R. Host–parasite interactions: a litmus test for ocean acidification? Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:365-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chapman JW, Klaassen RHG, Drake VA, Fossette S, Hays GC, Metcalfe JD, Reynolds AM, Reynolds DR, Alerstam T. Animal orientation strategies for movement in flows. Curr Biol 2012; 21:R861-70. [PMID: 22032194 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
For organisms that fly or swim, movement results from the combined effects of the moving medium - air or water - and the organism's own locomotion. For larger organisms, propulsion contributes significantly to progress but the flow usually still provides significant opposition or assistance, or produces lateral displacement ('drift'). Animals show a range of responses to flows, depending on the direction of the flow relative to their preferred direction, the speed of the flow relative to their own self-propelled speed, the incidence of flows in different directions and the proportion of the journey remaining. We here present a classification of responses based on the direction of the resulting movement relative to flow and preferred direction, which is applicable to a range of taxa and environments. The responses adopted in particular circumstances are related to the organisms' locomotory and sensory capacities and the environmental cues available. Advances in biologging technologies and particle tracking models are now providing a wealth of data, which often demonstrate a striking level of convergence in the strategies that very different animals living in very different environments employ when moving in a flow.
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Smith NF, Cohen JH. Comparative photobehavior of marine cercariae with differing secondary host preferences. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2012; 222:74-83. [PMID: 22426634 DOI: 10.1086/bblv222n1p74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Light may serve as an important exogenous cue for parasitic larvae that have multi-host lifecycles and need to locate specific microhabitats, thereby increasing the probability of encountering their next host. We studied light as an initiating and orienting cue for swimming in two species of marine cercariae (Trematoda), Euhaplorchis sp. and Probolocoryphe lanceolata, which initially parasitize the same species of benthic snail, but then utilize different second intermediate hosts located in pelagic and benthic habitats, respectively. When tested in a laboratory simulation of underwater angular light distribution, dark-adapted Euhaplorchis cercariae swam slowly in darkness but ascended quickly toward downwelling light at quantal intensities over 4.0 × 10(15) photons m(-2) s(-1). They oriented toward a directional light source in a horizontal trough, confirming that light plays both an initiating and an orienting role in phototactic behavior that results in ascent in the water column to locate a fish host. In contrast, Probolocoryphe lanceolata cercariae exhibited haphazard vertical swimming in darkness, with downward swimming upon exposure to angular light at lower quantal intensities (>4.0 × 10(14) photons m(-2) s(-1)) than initiated swimming in Euhaplorchis. However, P. lanceolata cercariae did not swim in response to a directional light source, suggesting that while light initiated descent behavior, its orientation was controlled by another factor. These differences in photobehavior support the idea that trematode cercariae use light in selecting for microhabitats frequented by potential hosts: an adaptive benefit that optimizes their contact and transmission to the next host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy F Smith
- Galbraith Marine Science Laboratory, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida 33711, USA.
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Oates J, Fingerut J. Internal movement of estuarine digenetic trematodes through their intermediate snail host Cerithidea californica. J Parasitol 2011; 97:1181-3. [PMID: 21711098 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2766.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of free-swimming larval parasites to control emergence from their hosts can be critical in increasing the chances of successful infection transmission. For a group of estuarine trematodes, emergence of cercariae from their snail hosts is known to match favorable temperature, tidal activity, and light intensity. How the larvae time this behavior is not well understood, but the pathway that the larvae take through their host may play a role. Through video and histological analysis, we were able to identify the snail's anus as the emergence point and the peri-intestinal sinus dorsal to the intestines as the route by which they reach that point. By moving through this open sinus, the larvae have an energetically efficient pathway to reach their emergence point while minimizing damage to the host. Most importantly, it allows control over emergence to be maintained by the parasite, not the host, thus increasing the chances of the larva successfully reaching its intended destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Oates
- Saint Joseph's University, Department of Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Lancaster J, Downes BJ, Arnold A. Lasting effects of maternal behaviour on the distribution of a dispersive stream insect. J Anim Ecol 2011; 80:1061-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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