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Ellis-Soto D, Chapman M, Locke DH. Historical redlining is associated with increasing geographical disparities in bird biodiversity sampling in the United States. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:1869-1877. [PMID: 37679441 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Historic segregation and inequality are critical to understanding modern environmental conditions. Race-based zoning policies, such as redlining in the United States during the 1930s, are associated with racial inequity and adverse multigenerational socioeconomic levels in income and education, and disparate environmental characteristics including tree canopy cover across urban neighbourhoods. Here we quantify the association between redlining and bird biodiversity sampling density and completeness-two critical metrics of biodiversity knowledge-across 195 cities in the United States. We show that historically redlined neighbourhoods remain the most undersampled urban areas for bird biodiversity today, potentially impacting conservation priorities and propagating urban environmental inequities. The disparity in sampling across redlined neighbourhood grades increased by 35.6% over the past 20 years. We identify specific urban areas in need of increased bird biodiversity sampling and discuss possible strategies for reducing uncertainty and increasing equity of sampling of biodiversity in urban areas. Our findings highlight how human behaviour and past social, economic and political conditions not just segregate our built environment but may also leave a lasting mark on the digital information we have about urban biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ellis-Soto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Melissa Chapman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dexter H Locke
- Baltimore Field Station, Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Dornak LL, Aycrigg JL, Sauer J, Conway CJ. Assessing the efficacy of protected and multiple-use lands for bird conservation in the U.S. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239184. [PMID: 32997702 PMCID: PMC7526929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Setting land aside has long been a primary approach for protecting biodiversity; however, the efficacy of this approach has been questioned. We examined whether protecting lands positively influences bird species in the U.S., and thus overall biodiversity. We used the North American Breeding Bird Survey and Protected Areas Database of the U.S. to assess effects of protected and multiple-use lands on the prevalence and long-term population trends of imperiled and non-imperiled bird species. We evaluated whether both presence and proportional area of protected and multiple-use lands surrounding survey routes affected prevalence and population trends for imperiled and non-imperiled species. Regarding presence of these lands surrounding these survey routes, our results suggest that imperiled and non-imperiled species are using the combination of protected and multiple-use lands more than undesignated lands. We found no difference between protected and multiple-use lands. Mean population trends were negative for imperiled species in all land categories and did not differ between the land categories. Regarding proportion of protected lands surrounding the survey routes, we found that neither the prevalence nor population trends of imperiled or non-imperiled species was positively associated with any land category. We conclude that, although many species (in both groups) tend to be using these protected and multiple-use lands more frequently than undesignated lands, this protection does not appear to improve population trends. Our results may be influenced by external pressures (e.g., habitat fragmentation), the size of protected lands, the high mobility of birds that allows them to use a combination of all land categories, and management strategies that result in similar habitat between protected and multiple-use lands, or our approach to detect limited relationships. Overall, our results suggest that the combination of protected and multiple-use lands is insufficient, alone, to prevent declines in avian biodiversity at a national scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Lynnette Dornak
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn L. Aycrigg
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - John Sauer
- U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Courtney J. Conway
- U.S. Geological Survey, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
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La Sorte FA, Fink D, Blancher PJ, Rodewald AD, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Rosenberg KV, Hochachka WM, Verburg PH, Kelling S. Global change and the distributional dynamics of migratory bird populations wintering in Central America. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:5284-5296. [PMID: 28736872 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the susceptibility of highly mobile taxa such as migratory birds to global change requires information on geographic patterns of occurrence across the annual cycle. Neotropical migrants that breed in North America and winter in Central America occur in high concentrations on their non-breeding grounds where they spend the majority of the year and where habitat loss has been associated with population declines. Here, we use eBird data to model weekly patterns of abundance and occurrence for 21 forest passerine species that winter in Central America. We estimate species' distributional dynamics across the annual cycle, which we use to determine how species are currently associated with public protected areas and projected changes in climate and land-use. The effects of global change on the non-breeding grounds is characterized by decreasing precipitation, especially during the summer, and the conversion of forest to cropland, grassland, or peri-urban. The effects of global change on the breeding grounds are characterized by increasing winter precipitation, higher temperatures, and the conversion of forest to peri-urban. During spring and autumn migration, species are projected to encounter higher temperatures, forests that have been converted to peri-urban, and increased precipitation during spring migration. Based on current distributional dynamics, susceptibility to global change is characterized by the loss of forested habitats on the non-breeding grounds, warming temperatures during migration and on the breeding grounds, and declining summer rainfall on the non-breeding grounds. Public protected areas with low and medium protection status are more prevalent on the non-breeding grounds, suggesting that management opportunities currently exist to mitigate near-term non-breeding habitat losses. These efforts would affect more individuals of more species during a longer period of the annual cycle, which may create additional opportunities for species to respond to changes in habitat or phenology that are likely to develop under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A La Sorte
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Fink
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Amanda D Rodewald
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Peter H Verburg
- Environmental Geography Group, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Steve Kelling
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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La Sorte FA, Fink D, Hochachka WM, Kelling S. Convergence of broad-scale migration strategies in terrestrial birds. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2015.2588. [PMID: 26791618 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration is a common strategy used by birds that breed in seasonal environments. Selection for greater migration efficiency is likely to be stronger for terrestrial species whose migration strategies require non-stop transoceanic crossings. If multiple species use the same transoceanic flyway, then we expect the migration strategies of these species to converge geographically towards the most optimal solution. We test this by examining population-level migration trajectories within the Western Hemisphere for 118 migratory species using occurrence information from eBird. Geographical convergence of migration strategies was evident within specific terrestrial regions where geomorphological features such as mountains or isthmuses constrained overland migration. Convergence was also evident for transoceanic migrants that crossed the Gulf of Mexico or Atlantic Ocean. Here, annual population-level movements were characterized by clockwise looped trajectories, which resulted in faster but more circuitous journeys in the spring and more direct journeys in the autumn. These findings suggest that the unique constraints and requirements associated with transoceanic migration have promoted the spatial convergence of migration strategies. The combination of seasonal atmospheric and environmental conditions that has facilitated the use of similar broad-scale migration strategies may be especially prone to disruption under climate and land-use change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A La Sorte
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Daniel Fink
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Wesley M Hochachka
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Steve Kelling
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Styring AR, Ragai R, Zakaria M, Sheldon FH. Foraging ecology and occurrence of 7 sympatric babbler species (Timaliidae) in the lowland rainforest of Borneo and peninsular Malaysia. Curr Zool 2016; 62:345-355. [PMID: 29491923 PMCID: PMC5804282 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding foraging strategies of birds is essential to understanding mechanisms of their community assembly. To provide such information on a key Southeast Asian rainforest family, the babblers (Timaliidae), we evaluated foraging behavior and abundance in 7 morphologically and behaviorally similar sympatric species (Cyanoderma erythropterum, C. rufifrons, Stachyris maculata, S. nigricollis, S. poliocephala, Macronus ptilosus, and Mixornis gularis) in 5 habitats defined by structural complexity: (1) continuous native rainforest, (2) logged native rainforest fragments, (3) mature industrial tree plantation, (4) young industrial plantation, and (5) oil palm plantation. Enough data were obtained to compare abundance in all 7 species and foraging behavior in 5. All species were common in forest fragments and mature industrial tree plantations and less so in continuous rainforest and young industrial plantations; only M. gularis occurred in oil palm. In terms of foraging, M. gularis was the greatest generalist; C. rufifrons foraged mainly on live leaves in the forest midstory; and S. maculata, C. erythropterum, and M. ptilosus foraged mainly on dead leaves suspended in understory vegetation at significantly different heights. The dead-leaf substrate depends on a rich supply of falling leaves and extensive understory structure, conditions most common in native forest and old industrial plantations, and less so in mature forest, young plantations, and oil palm. Because of the importance of foraging data to understanding and managing biodiversity, we encourage the development of foraging fields in eBird (ebird.org), so that birdwatchers may help collect these relatively rare data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roslina Ragai
- Grand Perfect Sdn. Bhd., ParkCity Commerce Square, 97000 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Zakaria
- Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, and
| | - Frederick H. Sheldon
- Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA 70803
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Zuckerberg B, Fink D, La Sorte FA, Hochachka WM, Kelling S. Novel seasonal land cover associations for eastern North American forest birds identified through dynamic species distribution modelling. DIVERS DISTRIB 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Zuckerberg
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Daniel Fink
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14850 USA
| | | | | | - Steve Kelling
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14850 USA
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Marra PP, Cohen EB, Loss SR, Rutter JE, Tonra CM. A call for full annual cycle research in animal ecology. Biol Lett 2015; 11:20150552. [PMID: 26246337 PMCID: PMC4571685 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For vertebrates, annual cycles are organized into a series of breeding and non-breeding periods that vary in duration and location but are inextricably linked biologically. Here, we show that our understanding of the fundamental ecology of four vertebrate classes has been limited by a severe breeding season research bias and that studies of individual and population-level responses to natural and anthropogenic change would benefit from a full annual cycle perspective. Recent emergence of new analytical and technological tools for studying individual and population-level animal movement could help reverse this bias. To improve understanding of species biology and reverse the population declines of many vertebrate species, a concerted effort to move beyond single season research is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Marra
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, PO Box 37012 MRC 5503, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Emily B Cohen
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, PO Box 37012 MRC 5503, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Scott R Loss
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, PO Box 37012 MRC 5503, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Jordan E Rutter
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, PO Box 37012 MRC 5503, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Christopher M Tonra
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, PO Box 37012 MRC 5503, Washington, DC 20013, USA
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Wood EM, Pidgeon AM, Radeloff VC, Helmers DP, Culbert PD, Keuler NS, Flather CH. Long-term avian community response to housing development at the boundary of US protected areas: effect size increases with time. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Wood
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Cornell University; 159 Sapsucker Woods Road Ithaca NY 14850 USA
| | - Anna M. Pidgeon
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Volker C. Radeloff
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - David P. Helmers
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Patrick D. Culbert
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Nicholas S. Keuler
- Department of Statistics; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1300 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Curtis H. Flather
- Rocky Mountain Research Station; United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service; Fort Collins CO 80526 USA
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