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Zehetner V, Cavalleri JMV, Klang A, Hofer M, Preining I, Steinborn R, Ramsauer AS. Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis Screening in Horses and Donkeys with Histopathologic Liver Abnormalities. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081599. [PMID: 34452465 PMCID: PMC8402897 DOI: 10.3390/v13081599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence that equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) is associated with the onset of Theiler's disease, an acute hepatic necrosis, in horses. However, the impact of this virus on other hepatopathies remains unknown. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the prevalence and quantify the viral loads of EqPV-H in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded equine and donkey livers with various histopathologic abnormalities. The pathologies included cirrhosis, circulatory disorders of the liver, toxic and metabolic hepatic diseases as well as neoplastic and inflammatory diseases (n = 84). Eight normal liver samples were included for comparison as controls. EqPV-H DNA was qualitatively and quantitatively measured by real-time PCR and digital PCR, respectively. The virus was detected in two livers originating from horses diagnosed with abdominal neoplasia and liver metastasis (loads of 5 × 103 and 9.5 × 103 genome equivalents per million cells). The amount of viral nucleic acids measured indicates chronic infection or persistence of EqPV-H, which might have been facilitated by the neoplastic disease. In summary, this study did not provide evidence for EqPV-H being involved in hepatopathies other than Theiler's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Zehetner
- Internal Medicine, University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (V.Z.); (I.P.); (A.S.R.)
| | - Jessika-M. V. Cavalleri
- Internal Medicine, University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (V.Z.); (I.P.); (A.S.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Klang
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Martin Hofer
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Irina Preining
- Internal Medicine, University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (V.Z.); (I.P.); (A.S.R.)
| | - Ralf Steinborn
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Anna S. Ramsauer
- Internal Medicine, University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (V.Z.); (I.P.); (A.S.R.)
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2
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Reinecke B, Klöhn M, Brüggemann Y, Kinast V, Todt D, Stang A, Badenhorst M, Koeppel K, Guthrie A, Groner U, Puff C, de le Roi M, Baumgärtner W, Cavalleri JMV, Steinmann E. Clinical Course of Infection and Cross-Species Detection of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081454. [PMID: 34452320 PMCID: PMC8402690 DOI: 10.3390/v13081454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its first discovery by Arnold Theiler in 1918, serum hepatitis also known as Theiler’s disease has been reported worldwide, causing idiopathic acute hepatitis and liver failure in horses. Recent studies have suggested a novel parvovirus, named equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H), to be associated with Theiler’s disease. Despite the severity and potential fatality of EqPV-H infection, little is known about the possibility of developing chronic infections and putative cross-species infection of equine sister species. In the present longitudinal study, we employed qPCR analysis, serology, and biochemical testing as well as pathology examination of liver biopsies and sequence analysis to investigate potential chronic EqPV-H infection in an isolated study cohort of in total 124 horses from Germany over five years (2013–2018). Importantly, our data suggest that EqPV-H viremia can become chronic in infected horses that do not show biochemical and pathological signs of liver disease. Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood model also confirms high sequence similarity and nucleotide conservation of the multidomain nuclear phosphoprotein NS1 sequences from equine serum samples collected between 2013–2018. Moreover, by examining human, zebra, and donkey sera for the presence of EqPV-H DNA and VP1 capsid protein antibodies, we found evidence for cross-species infection in donkey, but not to human and zebra. In conclusion, this study provides proof for the occurrence of persistent EqPV-H infection in asymptomatic horses and cross-species EqPV-H detection in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Reinecke
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, a Joint Venture between Hannover Medical School and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Mara Klöhn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (Y.B.); (V.K.); (D.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Yannick Brüggemann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (Y.B.); (V.K.); (D.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Volker Kinast
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (Y.B.); (V.K.); (D.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (Y.B.); (V.K.); (D.T.); (A.S.)
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Stang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (Y.B.); (V.K.); (D.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Marcha Badenhorst
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (J.-M.V.C.)
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Katja Koeppel
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa;
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Alan Guthrie
- Equine Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa;
| | - Ursula Groner
- Economic Cooperative of German Veterinarians e.G. (WDT), 27318 Hoyerhagen, Germany;
| | - Christina Puff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.P.); (M.d.l.R.); (W.B.)
| | - Madeleine de le Roi
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.P.); (M.d.l.R.); (W.B.)
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.P.); (M.d.l.R.); (W.B.)
| | - Jessika-M. V. Cavalleri
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (J.-M.V.C.)
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (Y.B.); (V.K.); (D.T.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-234-32-23189
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Vengust M, Jager MC, Zalig V, Cociancich V, Laverack M, Renshaw RW, Dubovi E, Tomlinson JE, Van de Walle GR, Divers TJ. First report of equine parvovirus-hepatitis-associated Theiler's disease in Europe. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:841-847. [PMID: 32145096 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) has been proposed as the aetiological cause of Theiler's disease, also known as serum hepatitis. EqPV-H-associated Theiler's disease has not been previously reported in Europe. OBJECTIVES To determine whether EqPV-H infection was associated with a 2018-2019 outbreak of Theiler's disease in four horses on a studfarm. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive case series. METHODS The medical records of four horses from the same farm diagnosed with fatal Theiler's disease were examined retrospectively. Information collected included a clinical history, physical examination findings, tetanus antitoxin exposure, serum biochemistry and necropsy reports. Liver tissue from all four horses was tested for EqPV-H using PCR and in situ hybridisation (ISH) assays. RESULTS Three of the horses had a history of recent (7-11 weeks) tetanus antitoxin administration. Liver tissue from all four horses tested positive for EqPV-H with PCR. In situ hybridisation revealed a widespread distribution of viral nucleic acid in hepatocytes in one case, and a more sporadic distribution in the remaining three cases. MAIN LIMITATIONS Case controls were not available from the farm in question given the retrospective nature of analysis. CONCLUSIONS This case series documents the first reported EqPV-H-associated Theiler's disease in Europe and the first use of ISH to visualise the viral nucleic acid in liver tissues of horses with Theiler's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modest Vengust
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mason C Jager
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Valentina Zalig
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Marc Veterinary Services, Sezana, Slovenia
| | | | - Melissa Laverack
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Randall W Renshaw
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Edward Dubovi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Joy E Tomlinson
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Thomas J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Characterization of Equine Parvovirus in Thoroughbred Breeding Horses from Germany. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100965. [PMID: 31635426 PMCID: PMC6833105 DOI: 10.3390/v11100965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) has been recently identified in association with equine serum hepatitis, also known as Theiler's disease. The disease was first described by Arnold Theiler in 1918 and is often observed with parenteral use of blood products in equines. However, natural ways of viral circulation and potential risk factors for transmission still remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of EqPV-H infections in Thoroughbred horses in northern and western Germany and aimed to identify potential risk factors associated with viral infections. A total of 392 Thoroughbreds broodmares and stallions were evaluated cross-sectionally for the presence of anti-EqPV-H antibodies and EqPV-H DNA using a luciferase immunoprecipitation assay (LIPS) and a quantitative PCR, respectively. In addition, data regarding age, stud farm, breeding history, and international transportation history of each horse were collected and analysed. An occurrence of 7% EqPV-H DNA positive and 35% seropositive horses was observed in this study cohort. The systematic analysis of risk factors revealed that age, especially in the group of 11-15-year-old horses, and breeding history were potential risk factors that can influence the rate of EqPV-H infections. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed a high similarity on nucleotide level within the sequenced Thoroughbred samples. In conclusion, this study demonstrates circulating EqPV-H infections in Thoroughbred horses from central Europe and revealed age and breeding history as risk factors for EqPV-H infections.
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Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis Frequently Detectable in Commercial Equine Serum Pools. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050461. [PMID: 31117220 PMCID: PMC6563276 DOI: 10.3390/v11050461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) has been recently identified in association with equine serum hepatitis, also known as Theiler’s disease. This disease was first described by Arnold Theiler in 1918 and is often observed after applications with blood products in equines. So far, the virus has only been described in the USA and China. In this study, we evaluated the presence of EqPV-H in several commercial serum samples to assess the potential risk of virus transmission by equine serum-based products for medical and research applications. In 11 out of 18 commercial serum samples, EqPV-H DNA was detectable with a viral load up to 105 copies/mL. The same serum batches as well as three additional samples were also positive for antibodies against the EqPV-H VP1 protein. The countries of origin with detectable viral genomes included the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Italy, and Germany, suggesting a worldwide distribution of EqPV-H. Phylogenetic analysis of the EqPV-H NS1 sequence in commercial serum samples revealed high similarities in viral sequences from different geographical areas. As horse sera are commonly used for the production of anti-sera, which are included in human and veterinary medical products, these results implicate the requirement for diagnostic tests to prevent EqPV-H transmission.
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Divers TJ, Tennant BC, Kumar A, McDonough S, Cullen J, Bhuva N, Jain K, Chauhan LS, Scheel TKH, Lipkin WI, Laverack M, Trivedi S, Srinivasa S, Beard L, Rice CM, Burbelo PD, Renshaw RW, Dubovi E, Kapoor A. New Parvovirus Associated with Serum Hepatitis in Horses after Inoculation of Common Biological Product. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:303-310. [PMID: 29350162 PMCID: PMC5782890 DOI: 10.3201/eid2402.171031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine serum hepatitis (i.e., Theiler's disease) is a serious and often life-threatening disease of unknown etiology that affects horses. A horse in Nebraska, USA, with serum hepatitis died 65 days after treatment with equine-origin tetanus antitoxin. We identified an unknown parvovirus in serum and liver of the dead horse and in the administered antitoxin. The equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) shares <50% protein identity with its phylogenetic relatives of the genus Copiparvovirus. Next, we experimentally infected 2 horses using a tetanus antitoxin contaminated with EqPV-H. Viremia developed, the horses seroconverted, and acute hepatitis developed that was confirmed by clinical, biochemical, and histopathologic testing. We also determined that EqPV-H is an endemic infection because, in a cohort of 100 clinically normal adult horses, 13 were viremic and 15 were seropositive. We identified a new virus associated with equine serum hepatitis and confirmed its pathogenicity and transmissibility through contaminated biological products.
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Tomlinson JE, Tennant BC, Struzyna A, Mrad D, Browne N, Whelchel D, Johnson PJ, Jamieson C, Löhr CV, Bildfell R, McKenzie EC, Laverack M, Renshaw RW, Dubovi E, Kapoor A, Meirs RS, Belgrave R, Engiles J, Van de Walle GR, Divers TJ. Viral testing of 10 cases of Theiler's disease and 37 in-contact horses in the absence of equine biologic product administration: A prospective study (2014-2018). J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:258-265. [PMID: 30520132 PMCID: PMC6335540 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A novel equine parvovirus (EqPV‐H) was recently discovered in the equine liver with Theiler's disease. Objectives To determine the prevalence of EqPV‐H infection in naturally occurring Theiler's disease cases and in‐contact horses in the absence of historical equine biologic product administration. Animals Ten cases of Theiler's disease from 6 separate properties were included in the study, based on the criteria of acute onset of clinical signs of liver failure with laboratory or histopathologic findings characteristic of Theiler's disease and no history of receiving an equine biologic product within the preceding 4 months. In addition, 37 in‐contact horses from 4 of the 6 properties were screened for EqPV‐H infection and hepatitis. Methods In prospective case series, cases were diagnosed with Theiler's disease by the attending veterinarian and were tested for EqPV‐H by PCR of liver or serum. In‐contact horses were assessed via serum chemistry and PCR at the attending veterinarian's discretion. Hepatitis was defined as serum gamma‐glutamyltransferase activity above reference interval. The association of EqPV‐H with hepatitis was determined by Fisher's exact test. Results Nine of 10 (90%) Theiler's disease cases and 54% of tested in‐contact horses were EqPV‐H positive. Hepatitis was significantly associated with EqPV‐H infection (P = .036). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Although further study is required to identify EqPV‐H as the causative agent of Theiler's disease, EqPV‐H appears strongly associated with cases of fatal Theiler's disease and subclinical hepatitis in horses in contact with those cases. The prevalence of EqPV‐H infection on affected properties can be high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy E Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Bud C Tennant
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - Dawn Mrad
- Mid-Rivers Equine Centre, Wentzville, Missouri
| | - Nimet Browne
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Dorothy Whelchel
- Georgia Equine Veterinary Services and Hospital, Canton, Georgia
| | - Philip J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Camilla Jamieson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Christiane V Löhr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Robert Bildfell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Erica C McKenzie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Melissa Laverack
- New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Randall W Renshaw
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Edward Dubovi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Amit Kapoor
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | | | - Julie Engiles
- Department of Pathobiology, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Thomas J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Tomlinson JE, Kapoor A, Kumar A, Tennant BC, Laverack MA, Beard L, Delph K, Davis E, Schott Ii H, Lascola K, Holbrook TC, Johnson P, Taylor SD, McKenzie E, Carter-Arnold J, Setlakwe E, Fultz L, Brakenhoff J, Ruby R, Trivedi S, Van de Walle GR, Renshaw RW, Dubovi EJ, Divers TJ. Viral testing of 18 consecutive cases of equine serum hepatitis: A prospective study (2014-2018). J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:251-257. [PMID: 30520162 PMCID: PMC6335536 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Three flaviviruses (equine pegivirus [EPgV]; Theiler's disease–associated virus [TDAV]; non‐primate hepacivirus [NPHV]) and equine parvovirus (EqPV‐H) are present in equine blood products; the TDAV, NPHV, and EqPV‐H have been suggested as potential causes of serum hepatitis. Objective To determine the prevalence of these viruses in horses with equine serum hepatitis. Animals Eighteen horses diagnosed with serum hepatitis, enrolled from US referral hospitals. Methods In the prospective case study, liver, serum, or both samples were tested for EPgV, TDAV, NPHV, and EqPV‐H by PCR. Results Both liver tissue and serum were tested for 6 cases, serum only for 8 cases, and liver only for 4 cases. Twelve horses received tetanus antitoxin (TAT) 4‐12.7 weeks (median = 8 weeks), 3 horses received commercial equine plasma 6‐8.6 weeks, and 3 horses received allogenic stem cells 6.4‐7.6 weeks before the onset of hepatic failure. All samples were TDAV negative. Two of 14 serum samples were NPHV‐positive. Six of 14 serum samples were EPgV‐positive. All liver samples were NPHV‐negative and EPgV‐negative. EqPV‐H was detected in the serum (N = 8), liver (N = 4), or both samples (N = 6) of all 18 cases. The TAT of the same lot number was available for virologic testing in 10 of 12 TAT‐associated cases, and all 10 samples were EqPV‐H positive. Conclusions and Clinical Importance We demonstrated EqPV‐H in 18 consecutive cases of serum hepatitis. EPgV, TDAV, and NPHV were not consistently present. This information should encourage blood product manufacturers to test for EqPV‐H and eliminate EqPV‐H–infected horses from their donor herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy E Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Amit Kapoor
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bud C Tennant
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Melissa A Laverack
- New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Laurie Beard
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Katie Delph
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Elizabeth Davis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Harold Schott Ii
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Kara Lascola
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Todd C Holbrook
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Philip Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sandra D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Erica McKenzie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | | | | | - Lisa Fultz
- Equine Medicine Specialists of South Florida, Wellington, Florida
| | | | - Rebecca Ruby
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Sheetal Trivedi
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Randall W Renshaw
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Edward J Dubovi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Thomas J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Identification of a previously undescribed divergent virus from the Flaviviridae family in an outbreak of equine serum hepatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E1407-15. [PMID: 23509292 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219217110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Theiler's disease is an acute hepatitis in horses that is associated with the administration of equine blood products; its etiologic agent has remained unknown for nearly a century. Here, we used massively parallel sequencing to explore samples from a recent Theiler's disease outbreak. Metatranscriptomic analysis of the short sequence reads identified a 10.5-kb sequence from a previously undescribed virus of the Flaviviridae family, which we designate "Theiler's disease-associated virus" (TDAV). Phylogenetic analysis clusters TDAV with GB viruses of the recently proposed Pegivirus genus, although it shares only 35.3% amino acid identity with its closest relative, GB virus D. An epidemiological survey of additional horses from three separate locations supports an association between TDAV infection and acute serum hepatitis. Experimental inoculation of horses with TDAV-positive plasma provides evidence that several weeks of viremia preceded liver injury and that liver disease may not be directly related to the level of viremia. Like hepatitis C virus, the best characterized Flaviviridae species known to cause hepatitis, we find TDAV is capable of efficient parenteral transmission, engendering acute and chronic infections associated with a diversity of clinical presentations ranging from subclinical infection to clinical hepatitis.
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Sasaki N, Tsuzuki N, Yamada M, Minami T, Yamada H. A preliminary study of (13)c-phenylalanine and (13)c-dipeptide breath tests in horses. J Equine Sci 2009; 20:7-10. [PMID: 24833963 PMCID: PMC4013957 DOI: 10.1294/jes.20.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to establish a standard dose and sample collection time for (13)C phenylalanine and (13)C-Dipeptide breath test in horses. To evaluate dose-dependent effects, healthy horses received 2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg (13)C phenylalanine dissolved in 1 ml/kg distilled water and 1.25 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, and 5 mg/kg (13)C dipeptide dissolved in 2 ml/ kg distilled water. Tmax was observed during the sample collection time. For (13)C phenylalanine, the standard deviation of Cmax at 5 mg/kg was lower than that of 10 mg/kg. For (13)C dipeptide, the standard deviation of Tmax was the lowest at 5 mg/kg. This study revealed that an optimal dose for breath tests with (13)C phenylalanine and (13)C dipeptide may be 5 mg/kg in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sasaki
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Nao Tsuzuki
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Michiaki Yamada
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Takuto Minami
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Haruo Yamada
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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