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Reinecke B, Klöhn M, Brüggemann Y, Kinast V, Todt D, Stang A, Badenhorst M, Koeppel K, Guthrie A, Groner U, Puff C, de le Roi M, Baumgärtner W, Cavalleri JMV, Steinmann E. Clinical Course of Infection and Cross-Species Detection of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081454. [PMID: 34452320 PMCID: PMC8402690 DOI: 10.3390/v13081454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its first discovery by Arnold Theiler in 1918, serum hepatitis also known as Theiler’s disease has been reported worldwide, causing idiopathic acute hepatitis and liver failure in horses. Recent studies have suggested a novel parvovirus, named equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H), to be associated with Theiler’s disease. Despite the severity and potential fatality of EqPV-H infection, little is known about the possibility of developing chronic infections and putative cross-species infection of equine sister species. In the present longitudinal study, we employed qPCR analysis, serology, and biochemical testing as well as pathology examination of liver biopsies and sequence analysis to investigate potential chronic EqPV-H infection in an isolated study cohort of in total 124 horses from Germany over five years (2013–2018). Importantly, our data suggest that EqPV-H viremia can become chronic in infected horses that do not show biochemical and pathological signs of liver disease. Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood model also confirms high sequence similarity and nucleotide conservation of the multidomain nuclear phosphoprotein NS1 sequences from equine serum samples collected between 2013–2018. Moreover, by examining human, zebra, and donkey sera for the presence of EqPV-H DNA and VP1 capsid protein antibodies, we found evidence for cross-species infection in donkey, but not to human and zebra. In conclusion, this study provides proof for the occurrence of persistent EqPV-H infection in asymptomatic horses and cross-species EqPV-H detection in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Reinecke
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, a Joint Venture between Hannover Medical School and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Mara Klöhn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (Y.B.); (V.K.); (D.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Yannick Brüggemann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (Y.B.); (V.K.); (D.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Volker Kinast
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (Y.B.); (V.K.); (D.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (Y.B.); (V.K.); (D.T.); (A.S.)
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Stang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (Y.B.); (V.K.); (D.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Marcha Badenhorst
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (J.-M.V.C.)
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Katja Koeppel
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa;
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Alan Guthrie
- Equine Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa;
| | - Ursula Groner
- Economic Cooperative of German Veterinarians e.G. (WDT), 27318 Hoyerhagen, Germany;
| | - Christina Puff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.P.); (M.d.l.R.); (W.B.)
| | - Madeleine de le Roi
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.P.); (M.d.l.R.); (W.B.)
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.P.); (M.d.l.R.); (W.B.)
| | - Jessika-M. V. Cavalleri
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (J.-M.V.C.)
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (Y.B.); (V.K.); (D.T.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-234-32-23189
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2
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Ramadori G, Moriconi F, Malik I, Dudas J. Physiology and pathophysiology of liver inflammation, damage and repair. J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 59 Suppl 1:107-117. [PMID: 18802219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the largest organ of the body. It is located between the portal and the general circulation, between the organs of the gastrointestinal tract and the heart. The main function of the liver is to take up nutrients, to store them, and to provide nutrients to the other organs. At the same time has the liver to take up potentially damaging substances like bacterial products or drugs delivered by the portal blood or microorganisms, which reach the circulation. The liver is not only an important power and sewage treatment plant of the body. In fact, the liver is probably the best example for a cheap recycling system. Both parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cells participate in the clearance activities. The function of the liver as clearance organ, however, harbors the danger that the substances that should be degraded and/or eliminated lead to tissue damage. Thus, effective defense mechanisms are necessary. Among the nonparenchymal cells Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells, and natural killer (NK) lymphocytes exert cellular defense functions for the whole body but also for the liver itself. Furthermore, each cell type of the liver, including the hepatocytes, possesses its own defense apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ramadori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
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3
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Abstract
Hepatic regeneration in partially hepatectomized, eviscerated rats, and survival in mice infected with lethal doses of murine hepatitis virus, are both strikingly promoted by combined administration of insulin and glucagon. These two hormones, although potent promotors, fail as initiators of hepatocyte proliferation in animals with intact liver, which suggests a requirement for additional factors, probably derived from non-portal-splanchnic organs. We now find that continous intraperitoneal infusion of epidermal growth factor (EGF) initiates DNA synthesis, as determined by incorporation of [3H] thymidine, in livers of adult rats in vivo. The rise in DNA labelling, which is small with EGF alone, is augmented by addition to the infusion of either glucagon or insulin. This is in agreement with reports on adult hepatocytes in culture. Whether EGF has a physiological role in regulating liver growth under normal conditions in vivo remains to be determined.
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4
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Bird BH, Albariño CG, Nichol ST. Rift Valley fever virus lacking NSm proteins retains high virulence in vivo and may provide a model of human delayed onset neurologic disease. Virology 2007; 362:10-5. [PMID: 17412386 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus is a significant human and veterinary pathogen responsible for explosive outbreaks throughout Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Severe acute disease in humans includes rapid onset hepatic disease and hemorrhagic fever or delayed onset encephalitis. A highly efficient reverse genetics system was developed which allowed generation of recombinant RVF viruses to assess the role of NSm protein in virulence in a rat model in which wild-type RVF virus strain ZH501 (wt-ZH501) results in 100% lethal hepatic disease 2-3 days post infection. While extensive genomic analysis indicates conservation of the NSm coding capability of diverse RVF viruses, and viruses deficient in NSs proteins are completely attenuated in vivo, comparison of wt-ZH501, a reverse genetics generated wt-ZH501 virus (R-ZH501), and R-ZH501 virus lacking the NSm proteins (R-DeltaNSm-ZH501) demonstrated that the NSm proteins were nonessential for in vivo virulence and lethality. Surprisingly, while 44% of R-DeltaNSm-ZH501 infected animals quickly developed lethal hepatic disease similar to wt- and R-ZH501, 17% developed delayed onset neurologic disease (lethargy, head tremors, and ataxia) at 13 days post infection. Such infections may provide the basis for study of both RVF acute hepatic disease and delayed onset encephalitic disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Bird
- Special Pathogens Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road MS G-14, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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5
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Su LJ, Ding GW, Yang ZL, Zhang SB, Yang YX, Xu CS. Expression patterns and action analysis of genes associated with hepatitis virus infection during rat liver regeneration. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:7626-34. [PMID: 17171791 PMCID: PMC4088044 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i47.7626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the action of hepatitis virus infection-associated genes at transcription level during liver regeneration (LR).
METHODS: Hepatitis virus infection-associated genes were obtained by collecting the data from databases and retrieving the correlated articles, and their expression changes in the regenerating rat liver were detected with the rat genome 230 2.0 array.
RESULTS: Eighty-eight genes were found to be associated with liver regeneration. The number of genes initially and totally expressed during initial LR [0.5-4 h after partial hepatectomy (PH)], transition from G0 to G1 (4-6 h after PH), cell proliferation (6-66 h after PH), cell differentiation and reorganization of structure-function (66-168 h after PH) was 37, 8, 48, 3 and 37, 26, 80, 57, respectively, indicating that the genes were mainly triggered at the early stage of LR (0.5-4 h after PH), and worked at different phases. These genes were classified into 5 types according to their expression similarity, namely 37 up-regulated, 9 predominantly up-regulated, 34 down-regulated, 6 predominantly down-regulated and 2 up/down-regulated genes. Their total up- and down-regulation frequencies were 359 and 149 during LR, indicating that the expression of most genes was enhanced, while the expression of a small number of genes was attenuated during LR. According to time relevance, they were classified into 12 groups (0.5 and 1 h, 2 and 4 h, 6 h, 8 and 12 h, 16 and 96 h, 18 and 24 h, 30 and 42 h, 36 and 48 h, 54 and 60 h, 66 and 72 h, 120 and 144 h, 168 h), demonstrating that the cellular physiological and biochemical activities during LR were fluctuated. According to expression changes of the genes, their expression patterns were classified into 23 types, suggesting that the cellular physiological and biochemical activities during LR were diverse and complicated.
CONCLUSION: The anti-virus infection capacity of regenerating liver can be enhanced and 88 genes play an important role in LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Su
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 260003, Shandong Province, China
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6
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Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR5 came into worldwide prominence a decade ago when it was identified as one of the major coreceptors for HIV infectivity. However, subsequent studies suggested an important modulatory role for CCR5 in the inflammatory response. Specifically, CCR5 has been reported to directly regulate T cell function in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes. Moreover, T cell-mediated immune responses are proposed to be critical in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and viral liver diseases, and recent clinical and experimental studies have also implicated CCR5 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and viral liver diseases. Therefore, in this brief review, we highlight the evidence that supports an important role of CCR5 in the pathophysiology of T cell-mediated liver diseases with specific emphasis on autoimmune and viral liver diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Hepatitis, Autoimmune/immunology
- Hepatitis, Autoimmune/metabolism
- Hepatitis, Autoimmune/physiopathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/metabolism
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/physiopathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/metabolism
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/physiopathology
- Humans
- Liver Diseases/immunology
- Liver Diseases/metabolism
- Liver Diseases/physiopathology
- Receptors, CCR5/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen N Ajuebor
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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7
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Irie H, Shiga J. Pathogenesis of herpes simplex hepatitis in macrophage-depleted mice: possible involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase in massive apoptosis. Anat Sci Int 2006; 80:199-211. [PMID: 16333916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-073x.2005.00113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Massive liver cell death provoked in silica-treated mice subsequently infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 is very similar pathohistologically to the cell death observed in human fulminant hepatitis. Previously, we have shown this liver cell death to be extensive apoptosis. In the present study, we examined various factors related to liver damage patho- and immunologically, as well as by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interferon (IFN)-alpha, and interleukin-6 mRNAs were detected to a much greater extent in silica-treated mice compared with control mice after HSV-1 infection, and excessive expression of iNOS mRNA and cytokine mRNAs in the liver may be closely related to massive liver cell apoptosis. The apoptosis was less related to the fas ligand than to TNF-alpha. Silica blockage of macrophages makes the liver cell extremely vulnerable to HSV-1 infection, and it induced expression of E-selectin and neutrophil margination in the liver. Subsequent HSV-1 infection induced excessive production of iNOS and cytokines, particularly TNF-alpha, but administration of anti-TNF-alpha antibody or NG-monomethyl-L-arginine was not completely efficacious for the survival of the mice. Overproduction of free radicals in combination with cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IFN-alpha, may result in hepatic cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Irie
- Teikyo University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Tokyo, Japan.
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8
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Zhu CL, Yan WM, Zhu F, Zhu YF, Xi D, Tian DY, Levy G, Luo XP, Ning Q. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 fibroleukin expression and its correlation with disease progression in murine hepatitis virus type 3-induced fulminant hepatitis and in patients with severe viral hepatitis B. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 11:6936-40. [PMID: 16437596 PMCID: PMC4717034 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i44.6936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the expression of fibrinogen-like protein 2 (fgl2) and its correlation with disease progression in both mice and patients with severe viral hepatitis. METHODS Balb/cJ or A/J mice were infected intraperitoneally (ip) with 100 PFU of murine hepatitis virus type 3 (MHV-3), liver and serum were harvested at 24, 48, and 72 h post infection for further use. Liver tissues were obtained from 23 patients with severe acute chronic (AOC) hepatitis B and 13 patients with mild chronic hepatitis B. Fourteen patients with mild chronic hepatitis B with cirrhosis and 4 liver donors served as normal controls. In addition, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from 30 patients (unpaired) with severe AOC hepatitis B and 10 healthy volunteers as controls. Procoagulant activity representing functional prothrombinase activity in PBMC and white blood cells was also assayed. A polyclonal antibody against fgl2 was used to detect the expression of both mouse and human fgl2 protein in liver samples as well as in PBMC by immunohistochemistry staining in a separate set of studies. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bilirubin (TBil) in serum were measured to assess the severity of liver injury. RESULTS Histological changes were found in liver sections 12-24 h post MHV-3 infection in Balb/cJ mice. In association with changes in liver histology, marked elevations in serum ALT and TBil were observed. Mouse fgl2 (mfgl2) protein was detected in the endothelium of intrahepatic veins and hepatic sinusoids within the liver 24 h after MHV-3 infection. Liver tissues from the patients with severe AOC hepatitis B had classical pathological features of acute necroinflammation. Human fgl2 (hfgl2) was detected in 21 of 23 patients (91.30%) with severe AOC hepatitis B, while only 1 of 13 patients (7.69%) with mild chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis had hfgl2 mRNA or protein expression. Twenty-eight of thirty patients (93.33%) with severe AOC hepatitis B and 1 of 10 with mild chronic hepatitis B had detectable hfgl2 expression in PBMC. No hfgl2 expression was found either in the liver tissue or in the PBMC from normal donors. There was a positive correlation between hfgl2 expression and the severity of the liver disease as indicated by the levels of TBil. PCA significantly increased in PBMC in patients with severe AOC hepatitis B. CONCLUSION The molecular and cellular results reported here in both mice and patients with severe viral hepatitis suggest that virus-induced hfgl2 prothrombinase/fibroleukin expression and the coagulation activity associated with the encoded fgl2 protein play a pivotal role in initiating severe hepatitis. The measurement of hfgl2/fibroleukin expression in PBMC may serve as a useful marker to monitor the severity of AOC hepatitis B and a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Long Zhu
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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9
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Huang FF, Pierson FW, Toth TE, Meng XJ. Construction and characterization of infectious cDNA clones of a chicken strain of hepatitis E virus (HEV), avian HEV. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:2585-2593. [PMID: 16099918 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), the causative agent of hepatitis E, is an important human pathogen. Increasing evidence indicates that hepatitis E is a zoonosis. Avian HEV was recently discovered in chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in the USA. Like swine HEV from pigs, avian HEV is also genetically and antigenically related to human HEV. The objective of this study was to construct and characterize an infectious cDNA clone of avian HEV for future studies of HEV replication and pathogenesis. Three full-length cDNA clones of avian HEV, pT7-aHEV-5, pT7G-aHEV-10 and pT7G-aHEV-6, were constructed and their infectivity was tested by in vitro transfection of leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) chicken liver cells and by direct intrahepatic inoculation of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens with capped RNA transcripts from the three clones. The results showed that the capped RNA transcripts from each of the three clones were replication competent when transfected into LMH cells as demonstrated by detection of viral antigens with avian HEV-specific antibodies. SPF chickens intrahepatically inoculated with the capped RNA transcripts from each of the three clones developed active avian HEV infections as evidenced by seroconversion to avian HEV antibodies, viraemia and faecal virus shedding. The infectivity was further confirmed by successful infection of naïve chickens with the viruses recovered from chickens inoculated with the RNA transcripts. The results indicated that all three cDNA clones of avian HEV are infectious both in vitro and in vivo. The availability of these infectious clones for a chicken strain of HEV now affords an opportunity to study the mechanisms of HEV cross-species infection and tissue tropism by constructing chimeric viruses among human, swine and avian HEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Huang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1410 Price's Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0342, USA
| | - F W Pierson
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1410 Price's Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0342, USA
| | - T E Toth
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1410 Price's Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0342, USA
| | - X J Meng
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1410 Price's Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0342, USA
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10
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Navas-Martin S, Hingley ST, Weiss SR. Murine coronavirus evolution in vivo: functional compensation of a detrimental amino acid substitution in the receptor binding domain of the spike glycoprotein. J Virol 2005; 79:7629-40. [PMID: 15919915 PMCID: PMC1143675 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.12.7629-7640.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine coronavirus A59 strain causes mild to moderate hepatitis in mice. We have previously shown that mutants of A59, unable to induce hepatitis, may be selected by persistent infection of primary glial cells in vitro. These in vitro isolated mutants encoded two amino acids substitutions in the spike (S) gene: Q159L lies in the putative receptor binding domain of S, and H716D, within the cleavage signal of S. Here, we show that hepatotropic revertant variants may be selected from these in vitro isolated mutants (Q159L-H716D) by multiple passages in the mouse liver. One of these mutants, hr2, was chosen for more in-depth study based on a more hepatovirulent phenotype. The S gene of hr2 (Q159L-R654H-H716D-E1035D) differed from the in vitro isolates (Q159L-H716D) in only 2 amino acids (R654H and E1035D). Using targeted RNA recombination, we have constructed isogenic recombinant MHV-A59 viruses differing only in these specific amino acids in S (Q159L-R654H-H716D-E1035D). We demonstrate that specific amino acid substitutions within the spike gene of the hr2 isolate determine the ability of the virus to cause lethal hepatitis and replicate to significantly higher titers in the liver compared to wild-type A59. Our results provide compelling evidence of the ability of coronaviruses to rapidly evolve in vivo to highly virulent phenotypes by functional compensation of a detrimental amino acid substitution in the receptor binding domain of the spike glycoprotein.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/pathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/physiopathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Murine hepatitis virus/genetics
- Murine hepatitis virus/pathogenicity
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Navas-Martin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA.
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11
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Rijnbrand R, Yang Y, Beales L, Bodola F, Goettge K, Cohen L, Lanford RE, Lemon SM, Martin A. A chimeric GB virus B with 5' nontranslated RNA sequence from hepatitis C virus causes hepatitis in tamarins. Hepatology 2005; 41:986-94. [PMID: 15793797 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Only humans and chimpanzees are fully permissive for replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV), an important cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer worldwide. The absence of suitable animal models limits opportunities for in vivo evaluation of candidate hepatitis C therapeutics and slows progress in the field. Here, we describe a chimeric virus derived from GB virus B (GBV-B), an unclassified hepatotropic member of the family Flaviviridae that is closely related to HCV and infects tamarins (Saguinus sp.), in which a functionally important HCV regulatory sequence replaced an analogous sequence in the 5' nontranslated region (5'NTR) of the GBV-B genome. The transplanted sequence comprised domain III of the internal ribosome entry site (IRES), which directly binds the 40S ribosome subunit and is a target for candidate therapeutics. The chimeric 5'NTR retained ribosome binding activity and was competent in directing protein translation both in cell-free translation reactions and in transfected primary tamarin hepatocyte cultures. Virus rescued from the chimeric RNA replicated in the liver of tamarins, causing biochemical and histopathological changes typical of viral hepatitis. However, adaptive mutations were required elsewhere in the genome for efficient replication. Virus was not rescued from other, translationally competent, chimeric RNAs in which domain II of the IRES was exchanged. Thus, the 5'NTR appears to contain virus-specific replication signals that interact with other sites within the viral genome or with viral proteins. In conclusion, such novel chimeric flaviviruses offer opportunities for new insights into HCV replication mechanisms, while potentially facilitating the evaluation of candidate therapeutics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Rijnbrand
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA
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12
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Zender L, Hütker S, Mundt B, Waltemathe M, Klein C, Trautwein C, Malek NP, Manns MP, Kühnel F, Kubicka S. NFkappaB-mediated upregulation of bcl-xl restrains TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in murine viral hepatitis. Hepatology 2005; 41:280-8. [PMID: 15660391 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of NFkappaB enhances the susceptibility of cancer to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and is suggested as a strategy for cancer therapy. Because the role of NFkappaB in TRAIL-mediated apoptosis of hepatocytes is unknown, we investigated the influence of NFkappaB-inhibition in death ligand-mediated apoptosis in hepatitis. Adenoviral hepatitis resulted in upregulation of NFkappaB-activity, which could be inhibited by expression of IkappaBalpha-superrepressor. We treated mice after the onset of adenoviral hepatitis with adenoviruses expressing FasL (AdFasL), TRAIL (AdTRAIL), or GFP (AdGFP). In contrast to apoptosis induced by AdFasL, NFkappaB inhibition strongly enhanced AdTRAIL-mediated apoptosis of hepatocytes. Expression of IkappaBalpha inhibits adenoviral infection-mediated overexpression of bcl-xl, providing a molecular mechanism for TRAIL sensitization. In agreement with this hypothesis, downregulation of bcl-xl by siRNA enhanced susceptibility of hepatocytes to TRAIL, but not to FasL-mediated apoptosis, resulting in TRAIL-mediated severe liver damage after AdTRAIL application. Our data demonstrate that inhibition of NFkappaB in adenoviral hepatitis strongly sensitizes hepatocytes to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Bcl-xl, in contrast to bcl-2 and c-FLIP, is strongly upregulated after viral infection and represents an essential NFkappaB-dependent survival factor against TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. In conclusion, inhibition of NFkappaB or bcl-xl during TRAIL therapy may harbor a risk of liver damage in patients with viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Zender
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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13
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Lukashevich IS, Rodas JD, Tikhonov II, Zapata JC, Yang Y, Djavani M, Salvato MS. LCMV-mediated hepatitis in rhesus macaques: WE but not ARM strain activates hepatocytes and induces liver regeneration. Arch Virol 2004; 149:2319-36. [PMID: 15338320 PMCID: PMC1361292 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-004-0385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytic chorimeningitis virus (LCMV), the prototype arenavirus, and Lassa virus (LASV), causative agent of Lassa hemorrhagic fever (LHF), belong to the Old World group of the family Arenaviridae. Both viruses have extensive strain diversity and significant variations in lethality and pathogenicity for man and experimental animals. We have shown that the LHF-like infection of rhesus macaques with the WE strain of LCMV affects liver functions, induces hepatocyte proliferation, and causes a rise in IL-6 and soluble TNF receptors (sTNFR) concomitant with a rise in viremia. The levels of IL-6 and sTNFR can serve as an additional diagnostic tool for liver involvement in pathogenesis of arenavirus infection. Mucosal inoculation of rhesus macaques with LCMV-WE can result in attenuated infection with a transient viremia and liver enzyme abnormalities. The ARM strain of LCMV shares 88% amino acid homology with WE. In contrast to LCMV-WE, ARM strain does not induce manifested disease in monkeys, does not affect liver functions, and does not induce hepatocyte proliferation. Previously we demonstrated that LCMV-ARM infection protected rhesus macaques challenged with LCMV-WE. Here we have shown that the protected animals have no signs of hepatitis and hepatocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Lukashevich
- Biotechnology Center, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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14
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Wang Y, Menne S, Baldwin BH, Tennant BC, Gerin JL, Cote PJ. Kinetics of viremia and acute liver injury in relation to outcome of neonatal woodchuck hepatitis virus infection. J Med Virol 2004; 72:406-15. [PMID: 14748064 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of serum viral responses and acute liver injury were studied during neonatal woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection in relation to the chronic or resolved outcome. The mean concentrations of serum WHV DNA and surface antigen were significantly higher by week 10 post infection in chronic infections compared to resolving infections, and diverged even further by the time of peak viral load development in serum (week 12). After week 12, these viral markers were detected less frequently with time and at lower concentrations in the resolved outcome. In both outcomes, mean serum activities of hepatic enzymes became increased significantly above baseline by weeks 10-12, peaked at week 14, and normalized by weeks 20-22, thus indicating transient acute liver injury. The increasing liver injury responses were comparable between outcomes at week 12, when serum viral load was markedly higher in the developing chronic infections. This suggested a deficiency in early non-cytolytic control of infection in the chronic outcome. At week 14, liver injury was significantly greater in the resolved outcome and associated with higher mean Fas ligand (FasL) and perforin messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in liver compared to the chronic outcome. This indicated greater immune-mediated killing of infected hepatocytes during resolution. Thus, chronicity as an outcome of neonatal WHV infection develops relatively early during the acute phase of infection due to reduced immune-mediated clearance of infected hepatocytes by both cytolytic and non-cytolytic processes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antigens, Surface/blood
- Antigens, Viral/blood
- DNA, Viral/blood
- Disease Progression
- Enzymes/blood
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Gene Expression
- Hepatitis B/immunology
- Hepatitis B/pathology
- Hepatitis B/physiopathology
- Hepatitis B/virology
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/growth & development
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/immunology
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/isolation & purification
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/pathology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/physiopathology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/pathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/physiopathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Kinetics
- Liver/pathology
- Marmota/virology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Viral Load
- Viremia/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Division of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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15
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Bright H, Carroll AR, Watts PA, Fenton RJ. Development of a GB virus B marmoset model and its validation with a novel series of hepatitis C virus NS3 protease inhibitors. J Virol 2004; 78:2062-71. [PMID: 14747571 PMCID: PMC369465 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.4.2062-2071.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
GB virus B (GBV-B), a flavivirus closely related to HCV, has previously been shown to infect and replicate to high titers in tamarins (Saguinus sp.). This study describes the use of GBV-B infection and replication in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) for the successful development and validation of a surrogate animal model for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Infection of marmosets with GBV-B produced a viremia that peaked at 10(8) to 10(9) genome copies/ml for a period of 40 to 60 days followed by viral clearance at 60 to 80 days postinfection. Passage of the initial tamarin-derived GBV-B in marmosets produced an infectious stock that gave a more reproducible and consistent infection in the marmoset. Titration of the virus stocks in vivo indicated that they contained 1 infectious unit for every 1,000 genome copies. Cultures of primary marmoset hepatocytes were also successfully infected with GBV-B, with high levels of virus detected in supernatants and cells for up to 14 days postinfection. Treatment of GBV-B-infected hepatocyte cultures with a novel class of HCV protease inhibitor (pyrrolidine 5,5 trans-lactams) reduced viral levels by more than 2 logs. Treatment of GBV-B-infected marmosets with one such inhibitor resulted in a 3-log drop in serum viral titer over 4 days of therapy. These studies provide the first demonstration of the in vivo efficacy of a small-molecule inhibitor for HCV in an animal model and illustrate the utility of GBV-B as a surrogate animal model system for HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Bright
- Department of Virology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom.
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16
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Meier P, Scougall CA, Will H, Burrell CJ, Jilbert AR. A duck hepatitis B virus strain with a knockout mutation in the putative X ORF shows similar infectivity and in vivo growth characteristics to wild-type virus. Virology 2004; 317:291-8. [PMID: 14698667 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepadnaviruses including human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) express X proteins, HBx and DHBx, respectively. Both HBx and DHBx are transcriptional activators and modulate cellular signaling in in vitro assays. To test whether the DHBx protein plays a role in virus infection, we compared the in vivo infectivity and growth characteristics of a DHBV3 strain with a stop codon in the X-like ORF (DHBV3-X-K.O.) to those of the wild-type DHBV3 strain. Here we report that the two strains showed no significant difference in (i). their ability to induce infection that resulted in stable viraemia measured by serum surface antigen (DHBsAg) and DHBV DNA, and detection of viral proteins and replicative DNA intermediates in the liver; (ii). the rate of spread of infection in liver and extrahepatic sites after low-dose virus inoculation; and (iii). the ability to produce transient or persistent infection under balanced age/dose conditions designed to detect small differences between the strains. Thus, none of the infection parameters assayed were detectably affected by the X-ORF knockout mutation, raising the question whether DHBx expression plays a physiological role during in vivo infection with wild-type DHBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Meier
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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17
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Abstract
The viruses that cause hepatitis comprise of at least five different agents, which share the ability to cause inflammation and necrosis of the liver. The disease spectrum is quite diverse and the outcome of infection by the different hepatitis viruses can be rationalized based on virus-host cell interactions. New insights into the molecular basis of viral hepatitis reveal that three of these agents - the hepatitis B, C and E viruses (HBV, HCV and HEV) modulate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. In this review we briefly describe the structural organization of the MAPK cascade and emphasize its importance as a central pathway in the signaling network. Selected mechanisms through which HBV, HCV and HEV proteins target various steps in the MAPK pathway are discussed and used to propose a pro-survival outcome for the host cell. In addition, we offer an insight into how the common theme of MAPK activation and its downstream effects may be used to rationalize the different outcomes of hepatitis B, C and E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Panteva
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
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18
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Zoulim F, Berthillon P, Guerhier FLE, Seigneres B, Germon S, Pichoud C, Cheng YC, Trepo C. Animal models for the study of HBV infection and the evaluation of new anti-HBV strategies. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17 Suppl:S460-3. [PMID: 12534778 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.17.s4.10.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aim was to evaluate the anti-HBV activity of a novel L-nucleoside analog, 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydro-beta-L-5-fluorocytidine (beta-L-Fd4C), in study models of HBV infection. METHOD Its mechanism of action was evaluated on the in vitro expressed duck HBV (DHBV) reverse transcriptase and in primary hepatocyte cultures of duck and human origin. The capacity of antiviral therapy to clear viral infection was analyzed in vivo in the duck and woodchuck models. RESULTS beta-L-Fd4C-TP exhibited a more potent inhibitory effect on the RT activity of the DHBV polymerase than other cytidine analogs (lamivudine-TP, ddC-TP, beta-L-FddC-TP). In primary duck hepatocyte cultures, beta-L-Fd4C exhibited a long-lasting inhibitory effect on viral DNA synthesis but could not clear viral cccDNA. In vivo treatment with beta-L-Fd4C in infected ducklings and woodchucks, induced a greater suppression of viremia and intrahepatic viral DNA synthesis than with lamivudine. However, covalently closed circular DNA persistence explained the relapse of viral replication after treatment withdrawal. Viral spread was strongly reduced in the case of early therapeutical intervention, but the number of infected cells did not decline when therapy was started during chronic infection. Liver histology analysis showed a decrease in the inflammatory activity of chronic hepatitis while no ultrastructural modification of liver cells was observed in electron microscopy studies. Furthermore, in human primary hepatocyte cultures, beta-L-Fd4C induced a significant inhibition of HBV DNA synthesis. CONCLUSION beta-L-Fd4C is a potent inhibitor of hepadnavirus RT and inhibits viral DNA synthesis in hepatocytes both in vitro and in vivo. These experimental studies allowed as to show that beta-L-Fd4C is a promising anti-HBV agent. Combination therapy should be evaluated to eradicate viral infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ducks
- Hepadnaviridae Infections/drug therapy
- Hepadnaviridae Infections/physiopathology
- Hepatitis/drug therapy
- Hepatitis/physiopathology
- Hepatitis B Virus, Duck/drug effects
- Hepatitis B Virus, Duck/physiology
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/drug effects
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/physiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/drug therapy
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/physiopathology
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Marmota
- RNA, Viral/drug effects
- RNA, Viral/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Virus Replication/drug effects
- Virus Replication/physiology
- Zalcitabine/analogs & derivatives
- Zalcitabine/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zoulim
- INSERM U271 and Liver Department, Lyon, France.
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19
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Abstract
The term hepatitis virus is reserved for those viruses that are predominantly hepatotropic, although several new agents have been assigned to this category in the absence of hepatotropism and clinical disease. The hepatitis viruses can be broadly divided into those transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and those by blood, blood products and body fluids. Hepatitis A (picornaviridae), hepatitis B (hepadnaviridae) and hepatitis C (flaviviridae) represent the major public health problems. The epidemiology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) is changing in response to vaccination. In the case of HAV, older age groups are now deemed at risk, particularly of fulminant hepatitis if exposed over the age of 50. Chronic hepatitis B in some regions is now predominantly of the so-called precore mutant type where high levels of HBV replication persist in the presence of anti-hepatitis B virus (HBe) antibodies. The HBV vaccination is among the most cost-effective health care measures. The epidemiological significance of mutations found increasingly in the HBV S gene isolated from vaccinated children is unclear. Evidence that hepatitis G and TT virus are significant causes of hepatitis is lacking. Of interest, however, is the finding that the related GBV-B agent of monkeys may be a model for developing new antiviral agents against HCV. Animal models of hepatitis infections are providing new insights into the pathogenesis of hepatitis in humans. Indeed it is possible that hepatitis E is primarily an agent of pigs and other domesticated livestock. Intriguingly, the new TT virus shares many properties with the circoviruses, significant pathogens of chickens and pigs. The challenge in the next decade will be to assess the significance of these new agents in terms of public health and resources. Value judgements will have to be made in assessing the risks associated with blood containing trace amounts of these adventitious agents.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cebidae
- Cercopithecidae
- Hepatitis Viruses/pathogenicity
- Hepatitis Viruses/physiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/physiopathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/therapy
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/transmission
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/physiopathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/therapy
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/transmission
- Humans
- Marmota
- Pan troglodytes
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Howard
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.
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20
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Encephalitis, Viral/physiopathology
- Encephalitis, Viral/virology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/physiopathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Murine hepatitis virus/genetics
- Murine hepatitis virus/metabolism
- Murine hepatitis virus/pathogenicity
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
- Virulence
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Tsai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076, USA
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21
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Kyuwa S, Kawamura S, Shibata S, Machii K, Tagawa Y, Iwakura Y, Urano T. The severity of hepatic lesion after intraperitoneal JHMV infection in IFN-gamma deficient mice is parallel to viral replication in hepatocytes in vitro. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 494:95-9. [PMID: 11774552 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1325-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/pathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/physiopathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Hepatocytes/virology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Murine hepatitis virus/genetics
- Murine hepatitis virus/pathogenicity
- Murine hepatitis virus/physiology
- Severity of Illness Index
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kyuwa
- Division of Microbiology and Genetics, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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22
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Navas S, Seo SH, Chua MM, Das Sarma J, Hingley ST, Lavi E, Weiss SR. Role of the spike protein in murine coronavirus induced hepatitis: an in vivo study using targeted RNA recombination. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 494:139-44. [PMID: 11774458 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1325-4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Navas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Leibowitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114, USA
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24
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Purcell RH, Wong DC, Shapiro M. Relative infectivity of hepatitis A virus by the oral and intravenous routes in 2 species of nonhuman primates. J Infect Dis 2002; 185:1668-71. [PMID: 12023776 DOI: 10.1086/340520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2001] [Revised: 01/24/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is naturally transmitted by the fecal-oral route but can also be transmitted intravenously. To determine the relative infectivity of these 2 routes, an infectivity titration of a standard challenge pool of virulent HAV was performed in tamarins and chimpanzees. In both species, 1 oral dose of HAV was equivalent to 10(4.5) intravenous doses. These findings have relevance for attempts to develop live, attenuated HAV vaccines that can be administered orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Purcell
- Hepatitis Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-8009, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Overwhelming lines of epidemiological evidence have indicated that chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major risk for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the pathogenesis of HCC associated with HBV or HCV, it remains controversial whether these hepatitis viruses play a direct role or merely an indirect role. By virtue of transgenic mice established by us, it has become evident that the product of the HBV X gene (HBx protein) and the core protein of HCV have an oncogenic potential, although the pathways through which these two viral proteins operate may differ. The findings in our studies indicate that HBV and HCV are directly involved in hepatocarcinogenesis, albeit other factors such as continued cell death and regeneration associated with chronic hepatitis may play a role as well. Combined, our results suggest that there might be a mechanism in the development of HCC in persistent infection with hepatitis viruses that is distinct from that in other cancers. Similarly to the pathogenesis of other malignancies represented by colorectal cancer, the accumulation of a set of genetic aberrations may also be necessary for a multistage development of HCC. However, HBx protein and HCV core protein, to which an oncogenic potential is attributed, may allow some of the multiple stages skipped in hepatocarcinogenesis. Unlike for the other cancers, therefore, infection with HBV or HCV may be capable of inducing HCC in the absence of a complete set of genetic aberrations. Such a scenario would explain an unusually high incidence and multicentric nature of HCC developing in chronic hepatitis B or C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ganesh
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bangalore-560024, India.
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27
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Abstract
Innate immune response to microbes sometimes determines the nature of the following specific immune response. Kupffer cells, a potent constituent of innate immunity, play a key role in developing the type 1 immune response by interleukin (IL)-12 production. Furthermore, Kupffer cells have the potential to induce liver injury by production of IL-18. Propionibacterium acnes-primed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged liver injury is the prototype of IL-18-induced tissue injury, in which IL-18 acts on natural killer cells to increase Fas ligand (FasL) that causes liver injury by induction of Fas-dependent hepatocyte apoptosis. LPS induces IL-18 secretion from Kupffer cells in a caspase-1-dependent manner. Indeed, caspase-1-deficient mice are resistant to P. acnes and LPS-induced liver injury. However, administration of soluble FasL induces acute liver injury in P. acnes-primed caspase-1-deficient mice but does not do so in IL-18-deficient mice, indicating that IL-18 release in a caspase-1-independent fashion is essential for this liver injury. Therefore, a positive feedback loop between FasL and IL-18 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of endotoxin-induced liver injury.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- COS Cells
- Caspase 1/physiology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drosophila Proteins
- Endopeptidases/physiology
- Endotoxemia/immunology
- Endotoxemia/physiopathology
- Enzyme Activation
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Glycoproteins/physiology
- Hepatitis/immunology
- Hepatitis/physiopathology
- Hepatitis, Animal/chemically induced
- Hepatitis, Animal/physiopathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/physiopathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/physiopathology
- Humans
- Insect Proteins/physiology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interleukin-18/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-18/deficiency
- Interleukin-18/physiology
- Interleukin-18 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Kupffer Cells/physiology
- Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Propionibacterium acnes/immunology
- Rats
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-18
- Signal Transduction
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Transfection
- fas Receptor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsutsui
- Department of Immunology and Medical Zoology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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28
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Major ME, Feinstone SM. Characterization of hepatitis C virus infectious clones in chimpanzees: long-term studies. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1999; 242:279-98. [PMID: 10592665 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-59605-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M E Major
- Laboratory of Hepatitis Viruses, CBER/FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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29
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Kubicka S, Kühnel F, Zender L, Rudolph KL, Plümpe J, Manns M, Trautwein C. p53 represses CAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)-dependent transcription of the albumin gene. A molecular mechanism involved in viral liver infection with implications for hepatocarcinogenesis. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:32137-44. [PMID: 10542249 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.45.32137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is a transcription factor that is activated by genotoxic stress and mediates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Here we demonstrate that infection of mouse liver with recombinant E1/E3-deleted adenovirus leads to p53 activation and simultaneously to the down-regulation of albumin gene expression. In vitro transcription assays indicate that transcriptional mechanisms mediated through the albumin promoter are responsible for reduced albumin mRNA levels during viral infection. Albumin expression is maintained in the liver by a combination of liver-enriched transcription factors such as CAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)alpha and C/EBPbeta. We show that p53 wild type and tumor-derived p53 mutations repress C/EBP-mediated transactivation of the albumin promoter. The binding of C/EBPalpha or -beta to its cognate sequence in the albumin promoter is not inhibited by p53 expression. Deletion analysis and domain swapping experiments show that repression of C/EBPbeta-mediated transactivation is dependent on the N-terminal domain of p53 and the transactivation domain, leucine zipper domain, and the inhibitory domain II (amino acids 163-191) of C/EBPbeta. Our results provide a molecular explanation for the p53-mediated down-regulation of liver-specific gene expression after viral infection. Additionally, as overexpression of p53 mutants is frequently found in undifferentiated hepatocellular carcinomas, the same mechanisms may contribute to the lack of liver-specific gene transcription in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kubicka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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30
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Irie H, Koyama H, Kubo H, Fukuda A, Aita K, Koike T, Yoshimura A, Yoshida T, Shiga J, Hill T. Herpes simplex virus hepatitis in macrophage-depleted mice: the role of massive, apoptotic cell death in pathogenesis. J Gen Virol 1998; 79 ( Pt 5):1225-31. [PMID: 9603338 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-79-5-1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with herpes simplex virus or hepatitis viruses can lead to fulminant hepatitis, but there is controversy about the underlying conditions needed for such disease. To investigate how the impairment of host defences might be involved, macrophages were depleted by administration of silica to mice before intravenous injection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Such mice died rapidly and their livers were yellowish and shrunken (acute yellow atrophy), and occasionally grossly haemorrhagic. Small foci of apoptotic cells developed in the liver lobules; these rapidly became confluent and zonal over time. The overall lesion pattern was similar to massive hepatic necrosis, and there was extensive HSV replication in the liver lesions. In the liver, DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis followed the time course of HSV-1 propagation. These findings suggest that one of the underlying conditions for fulminant viral hepatitis may be inadequate macrophage response, and that the massive hepatic damage, often defined as cell necrosis, may actually be apoptosis of liver cells subsequent to virus infection.
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MESH Headings
- Alanine Transaminase/blood
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood
- DNA Fragmentation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/pathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/physiopathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- H Irie
- Department of Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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31
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Zhang X, Hinton DR, Park S, Parra B, Liao CL, Lai MM, Stohlman SA. Expression of hemagglutinin/esterase by a mouse hepatitis virus coronavirus defective-interfering RNA alters viral pathogenesis. Virology 1998; 242:170-83. [PMID: 9501044 PMCID: PMC7131006 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A defective-interfering (DI) RNA of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) was developed as a vector for expressing MHV hemagglutinin/esterase (HE) protein. The virus containing an expressed HE protein (A59-DE-HE) was generated by infecting cells with MHV-A59, which does not express HE, and transfecting the in vitro-transcribed DI RNA containing the HE gene. A similar virus (A59-DE-CAT) expressing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) was used as a control. These viruses were inoculated intracerebrally into mice, and the role of the HE protein in viral pathogenesis was evaluated. Results showed that all mice infected with parental A59 or A59-DE-CAT succumbed to infection by 9 days postinfection (p.i.), demonstrating that inclusion of the DI did not by itself alter pathogenesis. In contrast, 60% of mice infected with A59-DE-HE survived infection. HE- or CAT-specific subgenomic mRNAs were detected in the brains at days 1 and 2 p.i. but not later, indicating that the genes in the DI vector were expressed only in the early stage of viral infection. No significant difference in virus titer or viral antigen expression in brains was observed between A59-DE-HE- and A59-DE-CAT-infected mice, suggesting that virus replication in brain was not affected by the expression of HE. However, at day 3 p.i. there was a slight increase in the extent of inflammatory cell infiltration in the brains of the A59-DE-HE-infected mice. Surprisingly, virus titers in the livers of A59-DE-HE-infected mice were 3 log10 lower than that of the A59-DE-CAT-infected mice at day 6 p.i. Also, substantially less necrosis and viral antigen were detected in the livers of the A59-DE-HE-infected mice. This may account for the reduced mortality of these mice. The possible contribution of the host immune system to this difference in pathogenesis was analyzed by comparing the expression of four cytokines. Results showed that both tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 mRNAs increased in the brains of the A59-DE-HE-infected mice at day 2 p.i., whereas interferon-gamma and interleukin-1 alpha mRNAs were similar between A59-DE-HE- and A59-DE-CAT-infected mice. These data suggest that the transient expression of HE protein enhances an early innate immune response, possibly contributing to the eventual clearance of virus from the liver. This study indicates the feasibility of the DI expression system for studying roles of viral proteins during MHV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/virology
- Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase/biosynthesis
- Coronavirus Infections/mortality
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology
- Defective Viruses/genetics
- Defective Viruses/pathogenicity
- Defective Viruses/physiology
- Genes, Reporter
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/biosynthesis
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/mortality
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/pathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/physiopathology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Murine hepatitis virus/genetics
- Murine hepatitis virus/pathogenicity
- Murine hepatitis virus/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Trigeminal Ganglion/pathology
- Trigeminal Ganglion/virology
- Viral Fusion Proteins
- Viral Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Virulence
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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32
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Pope M, Rotstein O, Cole E, Sinclair S, Parr R, Cruz B, Fingerote R, Chung S, Gorczynski R, Fung L. Pattern of disease after murine hepatitis virus strain 3 infection correlates with macrophage activation and not viral replication. J Virol 1995; 69:5252-60. [PMID: 7636967 PMCID: PMC189358 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.9.5252-5260.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine hepatitis virus strain (MHV-3) produces a strain-dependent pattern of disease which has been used as a model for fulminant viral hepatitis. This study was undertaken to examine whether there was a correlation between macrophage activation and susceptibility or resistance to MHV-3 infection. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated from resistant A/J and susceptible BALB/cJ mice and, following stimulation with MHV-3 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), analyzed for transcription of mRNA and production of interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), mouse fibrinogen-like protein (musfiblp), tissue factor (TF), leukotriene B4, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Macrophages from BALB/cJ mice produced greater amounts of IL-1, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, leukotriene B4, and musfiblp following MHV-3 infection than macrophages from resistant A/J mice, whereas in response to LPS, equivalent amounts of IL-1, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, and TF were produced by macrophages from both strains of mice. Levels of mRNA of IL-1, TNF-alpha, and musfiblp were greater and more persistent in BALB/cJ than in A/J macrophages, whereas the levels and kinetics of IL-1, TNF-alpha, and TF mRNA following LPS stimulation were identical in macrophages from both strains of mice. Levels of production of PGE2 by MHV-3-stimulated macrophages from resistant and susceptible mice were equivalent; however, the time course for induction of PGE2, differed, but the total quantity of PGE2 produced was insufficient to inhibit induction of musfiblp, a procoagulant known to correlate with development of fulminant hepatic necrosis in susceptible mice. These results demonstrate marked differences in production of inflammatory mediators to MHV-3 infection in macrophages from resistant A/J and susceptible BALB/cJ mice, which may explain the marked hepatic necrosis and fibrin deposition and account for the lethality of MHV-3 in susceptible mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pope
- Department of Surgery, Toronto Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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33
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Dackiw AP, Zakrzewski K, Nathens AB, Cheung PY, Fingerote R, Levy GA, Rotstein OD. Induction of macrophage procoagulant activity by murine hepatitis virus strain 3: role of tyrosine phosphorylation. J Virol 1995; 69:5824-8. [PMID: 7543590 PMCID: PMC189451 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.9.5824-5828.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of a unique macrophage procoagulant molecule by murine hepatitis virus strain 3 correlates with the severity of viral hepatitis. The role of tyrosine phosphorylation in the signalling pathway leading to procoagulant expression was studied. Murine hepatitis virus strain 3 initiated a rapid increase in phosphotyrosine accumulation. Tyrosine kinase inhibition precluded this increase and abrogated expression of the virus-induced procoagulant mouse fibrinogen-like protein (musfiblp) gene. These findings suggest that manipulation of this signalling pathway in vivo might represent a novel approach to treating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Dackiw
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada
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34
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Adami C, Pooley J, Glomb J, Stecker E, Fazal F, Fleming JO, Baker SC. Evolution of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) during chronic infection: quasispecies nature of the persisting MHV RNA. Virology 1995; 209:337-46. [PMID: 7778268 PMCID: PMC7131440 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1995.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus infection of mice has been used extensively as a model for the study of acute encephalitis and chronic demyelination. To examine the evolution of coronavirus RNA during chronic demyelinating infection, we isolated RNA from intracerebrally inoculated mice at 4, 6, 8, 13, 20, and 42 days postinfection and used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction amplification methods (RT-PCR) to detect viral sequences. RNA sequences from two viral structural genes, the spike gene and the nucleocapsid gene, were detected throughout the chronic infection. In contrast, infectious virus was not detectable from brain homongenates beyond 13 days postinfection. These results indicate that coronavirus RNA persists in the brain at times when infectious virus is not detected. To determine if genetic changes were occurring during viral replication in the host, we cloned and sequenced the RT-PCR products from the spike and nucleocapsid regions and analyzed the sequences for mutations. Sequencing of the cloned products revealed that a variety of mutant forms of viral RNA persisted in the CNS, including point mutants, deletion mutants, and termination mutants. The mutations accumulated during persistent infection in both the spike and the nucleocapsid sequences, with greater than 65% of the mutations encoding amino acid changes. These results show that a diverse population or quasispecies consisting of mutant and deletion variant viral RNAs (which may not be capable of producing infectious virus particles) persists in the central nervous system of mice during chronic demyelinating infection. The implications of these results for the role of persistent viral genetic information in the pathogenesis of chronic demyelination are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Adami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University of Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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35
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Uetsuka K, Nakayama H, Goto N, Fujiwara K. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse hepatitis experimentally induced with low virulence mouse hepatitis virus. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995; 380:105-7. [PMID: 8830462 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1899-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Uetsuka
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Chung S, Li C, Fung LS, Crow A, Gorczynski R, Cole E, Perlman S, Leibowitz J, Levy G. Role of macrophage procoagulant activity in mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection: studies using T cell MHV-3 clones and monoclonal antibody 3D4.3. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994; 342:377-84. [PMID: 8209757 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2996-5_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Blood Coagulation Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Blood Coagulation Factors/biosynthesis
- Blood Coagulation Factors/immunology
- Blood Coagulation Factors/physiology
- Cell Line
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/microbiology
- Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology
- Disease Susceptibility
- Enzyme Induction
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/microbiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/physiopathology
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Murine hepatitis virus/pathogenicity
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Thromboplastin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Thromboplastin/biosynthesis
- Thromboplastin/immunology
- Thromboplastin/physiology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chung
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Purcell
- Hepatitis Viruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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38
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Abstract
Previous serological studies of experimental infection with duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) have shown that the outcome of infection depends largely on the age of the duck at the time of inoculation. To examine the hypothesis that decreased susceptibility with increased age might be due to the loss of the virus receptor on hepatocyte membranes in adult ducks, we performed receptor binding studies using intact serum-derived DHBV virions and purified liver plasma membranes from both young ducklings and adult ducks. These studies showed that (1) DHBV was able to bind specifically to duck liver plasma membranes but not to internal membranes; (2) this binding could be inhibited by a monoclonal antibody to DHBV preS, a corresponding region in hepatitis B virus that binds to human hepatocytes; and (3) there was no significant difference in the receptor binding ability between plasma membranes from ducklings and from adult ducks. Since hepatocytes in the neonatal ducks are actively dividing, in contrast to the situation in adult ducks, we examined the effect of partial hepatectomy on DHBV-carrier ducks. A sharp increase was noted in the level of DHBV in the serum after partial hepatectomy suggesting that DHBV replication was enhanced in dividing hepatocytes. Thus the age-related difference in susceptibility of ducks to DHBV infection is not due to loss of the receptor but may be related to an intracellular event associated with cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Qiao
- Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia
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39
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Wilberz S, Partke HJ, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Herberg L. Persistent MHV (mouse hepatitis virus) infection reduces the incidence of diabetes mellitus in non-obese diabetic mice. Diabetologia 1991; 34:2-5. [PMID: 1647335 DOI: 10.1007/bf00404016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of diabetes mellitus was compared in non-obese diabetic mice before and after inadvertent exposure of the colony to mouse hepatitis virus infection. Prior to exposure, diabetes prevalence and cumulative diabetes incidence in 7-month-old mice was 65% and 25% in females and males, respectively. Diabetes incidence/quarter revealed a seasonal pattern with peaks in winter. After mouse hepatitis exposure, the diabetes incidence in the colony decreased and testing for mouse hepatitis antibody in blood samples revealed a persistent infection. In the offspring of mice delivered by caesarean section, the diabetic incidence increased sharply from a nadir of 36% to 95% and from 9% to 65% in females and males, respectively. In individual mice, diabetes resistance was strongly correlated to high titres of mouse hepatitis virus antibody. The results of this inadvertent viral infection demonstrate that a diabetes-susceptible genotype is strongly modulated by environmental factors. Investigators studying this diabetes model should strive for specific pathogen-free colony status and a high incidence of diabetes before attempting to investigate therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wilberz
- Diabetes Forschungsinstitut, Universität Düsseldorf, FRG
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40
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Martin JP, Chen W, Obert G, Koehren F. Characterization of attenuated mutants of MHV3: importance of the E2 protein in organ tropism and infection of isolated liver cells. Adv Exp Med Biol 1990; 276:403-10. [PMID: 1966430 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5823-7_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J P Martin
- Laboratoire de Virologie de la Faculté de Médecine et Unité, INSERM 74, Strasbourg
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41
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Sinclair S, Abecassis M, Wong PY, Romaschin A, Fung LS, Levy G. Mechanism of protective effect of prostaglandin E in murine hepatitis virus strain 3 infection: effects on macrophage production of tumour necrosis factor, procoagulant activity and leukotriene B4. Adv Exp Med Biol 1990; 276:533-42. [PMID: 1966446 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5823-7_74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kyuwa
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033
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43
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Macintyre G, Kooi C, Wong F, Anderson R. On the membrane cytopathology of mouse hepatitis virus infection as probed by a semi-permeable translation-inhibiting drug. Adv Exp Med Biol 1990; 276:67-72. [PMID: 1966463 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5823-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies of the membrane fusion process have permitted the characterization of membrane permeability changes concomitant with MHV-induced cytopathology. One indication of membrane permeability in MHV-infected cells is their sensitivity to translation inhibition by the normally impermeable amino-glycoside, hygromycin B (Macintyre, G., Wong, F. and Anderson, R. (1989) J. Gen. Virol. 70, 763-768). In the present study, we examine the hygromycin B sensitivity of acutely infected mouse fibroblast L-2 cell and macrophage cultures as well as persistently infected mouse fibroblast LM-K cell cultures. The results suggest that membrane permeability alterations (as indicated by hygromycin B sensitivity) are a common feature of these MHV infections. Hygromycin B "cured" persistently infected LM-K cells as indicated by the absence of detectable virus antigen by immunofluorescence and by the absence of infectious virus even after removal of the drug or co-cultivation with untreated L-2 cells. The results argue against the maintenance of MHV infection by a mechanism involving latently or non-cytolytically infected cells. We conclude therefore that at least one mechanism for MHV persistence depends on virus propagation by cytolytic infection of a small, dynamically changing, fraction of the total cells present in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Macintyre
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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44
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Korba BE, Cote PJ, Wells FV, Baldwin B, Popper H, Purcell RH, Tennant BC, Gerin JL. Natural history of woodchuck hepatitis virus infections during the course of experimental viral infection: molecular virologic features of the liver and lymphoid tissues. J Virol 1989; 63:1360-70. [PMID: 2915383 PMCID: PMC247834 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.3.1360-1370.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the kinetic patterns of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection were monitored in the liver and the five primary components of the lymphoid system (peripheral blood lymphocytes, lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, and thymus). Groups of woodchucks experimentally infected with a standardized inoculum of WHV were sacrificed at different times over a 65-week period beginning in the preacute phase of viral infection and continuing to the period of serologic recovery or the establishment of chronic infections and subsequent hepatocellular carcinoma. Infection by WHV was not limited to the liver but involved the major components of the lymphoid system during all stages of virus infection. A complex series of kinetic patterns was observed for the appearance of WHV DNA in the different lymphoid compartments and the liver during the entire course of viral infection. A progressive evolution of different WHV genomic forms related to the replicative state of WHV was also observed. Lymphoid cells of the bone marrow were the first cells in which WHV DNA was detected, followed in order by the liver, the spleen, peripheral blood lymphocytes, lymph nodes, and finally the thymus. Several differences were observed in the cellular WHV DNA patterns between woodchucks that developed chronic WHV infections and those that serologically recovered from acute WHV infections. The observations compiled in this study indicate that the host lymphoid system is intimately involved in the natural history of hepadnavirus infections from the earliest stages of virus entry.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Hepatitis Viruses/genetics
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/microbiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/physiopathology
- Liver/microbiology
- Lymphoid Tissue/microbiology
- Marmota/microbiology
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- Time Factors
- Tissue Distribution
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Korba
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Division of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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45
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MacPhee PJ, Schmidt EE, Keown PA, Groom AC. Microcirculatory changes in livers of mice infected with murine hepatitis virus. Evidence from microcorrosion casts and measurements of red cell velocity. Microvasc Res 1988; 36:140-9. [PMID: 2846988 DOI: 10.1016/0026-2862(88)90014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis has been considered, classically, as a diffuse hepatocellular necrosis, and little attention has been paid to the relationship of lesions to the microvasculature. In livers of mice (Balbc/J) infected with murine hepatitis virus (MHV-3), microcorrosion casts showed spherical cavities where casting compound was unable to fill sinusoids. At 48 hr postinfection such "lesions" had a mean diameter of 83 micron +/- 26 (SD) and their number/mm2 (at the surface of casts) was 0.95 +/- 1.3. Blind-ended sinusoids formed a distinct boundary between perfused and nonperfused areas, and concave impressions at their ends indicated cells blocking the lumen. In vivo microscopy of transilluminated livers in infected mice showed localized rounded areas without flow, corresponding to lesions seen in casts. RBC velocity measurements in sinusoids adjacent to lesions demonstrated that velocities fall from normal values to zero over a narrow border zone. Beginning with the most proximal sinusoid with visible flow and moving outward from the lesion to the second and third sinusoids, mean RBC velocities (micron/sec, +/- SD) were 17.4 +/- 6.7, 33.9 +/- 8.7, 66.6 +/- 27.3, respectively; this last value was not significantly different from velocities in normal liver (69.2 +/- 30.6). Transmission electron microscopy of livers of infected mice confirmed the presence of sinusoidal lumens blocked by protruding lining cells, RBCs, platelets, swollen hepatocytes, and cellular debris. This study demonstrates that the lesions are focal in origin, microvascular blockage leading to gradually increasing necrosis in all directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J MacPhee
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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46
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Abecassis M, Falk JA, Makowka L, Dindzans VJ, Falk RE, Levy GA. 16, 16 Dimethyl prostaglandin E2 prevents the development of fulminant hepatitis and blocks the induction of monocyte/macrophage procoagulant activity after murine hepatitis virus strain 3 infection. J Clin Invest 1987; 80:881-9. [PMID: 3624490 PMCID: PMC442316 DOI: 10.1172/jci113147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
16, 16 Dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dmPGE2), a known cytoprotective agent, was examined for its ability to alter the course of fulminant hepatitis in an experimental model of fulminant viral hepatitis, murine hepatitis murine hepatitis type 3 (MHV-3). Fully susceptible BALB/cJ mice, infected with 100 50% lethal doses (LD50) of MHV-3 developed histologic and biochemical evidence of fulminant hepatitis, as evidenced by massive hepatic necrosis with hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and a markedly elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (mean, 1,402 +/- 619 IU/liter). In contrast, animals treated with dmPGE2 either before or after infection (up to 48 h) demonstrated a marked reduction in both histologic and biochemical evidence of liver damage as characterized by normal blood glucose, total CO2, and ALT determinations (mean ALT, 63 +/- 40 IU/liter). Treatment of infected mice with PGF2 alpha demonstrated no cytoprotective effects. High titers of infectious virus were recovered from the livers of both dmPGE2-treated and -untreated animals throughout the course of infection. In a parallel in vitro study, dmPGE2 (10(-4)-10(-8) M) demonstrated a similar cytoprotective effect on monolayers of isolated cultured hepatocytes from fully susceptible BALB/cJ mice infected at a multiplicity of infection of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0. In addition, splenic macrophages recovered from infected and untreated BALB/cJ mice demonstrated a marked augmentation in procoagulant activity (PCA) from a basal 10 +/- 5 mU/10(6) splenic macrophages to a maximum of 615 +/- 102 mU/10(6) splenic macrophages, whereas no increase in macrophage PCA was detected in infected animals treated with dmPGE2. These results suggest that dmPGE2, without detectably altering viral replication or infectivity in vivo, confers a marked cytoprotective effect on hepatocytes both in vivo and in vitro, and prevents the induction of macrophage PCA in vivo in fully susceptible BALB/cJ mice after murine hepatitis virus type 3 infection.
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MESH Headings
- 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2/pharmacology
- Animals
- Blood Coagulation Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cells, Cultured
- Dinoprost/analogs & derivatives
- Hepatitis Viruses/isolation & purification
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/metabolism
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/pathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/physiopathology
- Liver/microbiology
- Liver/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Prostaglandins E, Synthetic/pharmacology
- Prostaglandins F, Synthetic/pharmacology
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Abstract
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-JHM infection was studied in genetically susceptible (BALB/cByJ) and resistant (SJL/J) mice following intranasal inoculation at 1, 3, 6 or 12 wk of age. Markers of infection included histology, immunohistochemistry, virus quantification and virus serology. All BALB mice developed severe disseminated disease with high mortality due to encephalitis and hepatitis. Peak MHV titers appeared in brain, liver, spleen and intestine on days 3 or 5. Age at inoculation did not influence virus titers in brain, spleen or intestine, but virus titers in liver were inversely proportional to age at inoculation. In 6-wk-old BALB mice, virus was cleared from spleen, intestine and liver by day 30 and from brain by day 60. In intestine, MHV was localized to lymphoid tissue, without fecal excretion. SJL mice of all ages developed remarkably milder disease with low mortality occurring only among mice inoculated at 1 wk of age. SJL mice inoculated at 1 wk had disseminated infection at day 3, but lesions and antigen were cleared from most organs by day 5. Mice inoculated at 3 and 6 wk of age had minimal or no involvement of peripheral organs, and mice inoculated at 12 wk of age had infections restricted to the nose. At day 5, MHV titers in brain, liver, spleen and intestine were significantly lower or undetectable in SJL mice of all ages compared to age-matched BALB mice. In 6-wk-old mice, MHV was cleared from all organs by day 10. Serum antibody titers to MHV were many-fold higher in BALB mice, compared to SJL mice, which mounted only a modest response.
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Li LH, DeKoning TF, Nicholas JA, Kramer GD, Wilson D, Wallace TL, Collins MJ. Effect of mouse hepatitis virus infection on combination therapy of P388 leukemia with cyclophosphamide and pyrimidinones. Lab Anim Sci 1987; 37:41-4. [PMID: 3035278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
At least three marked differences were noted in the results compared from two parallel experiments using identical protocols with virus-free mice and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infected mice inoculated with P388 leukemia. First, the therapeutic effect of cyclophosphamide (CY), a cytotoxic antitumor drug, was apparently augmented in MHV-infected mice. A 162% increase of life span (ILS) was obtained in MHV-infected mice compared to a 100% ILS in uninfected mice. Second, the experimental error in terms of the range of animal survival time was much larger with MHV-infected mice than with uninfected mice. In MHV-infected mice, the therapeutic effect of the combination treatment with CY and pyrimidinone was not statistically different from that of the treatment with CY alone. In uninfected mice, the effects of the combination therapy at all doses of pyrimidinone were statistically more effective than that of CY treatment alone.
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Abstract
Impairment of the phagocytic capacities of Kupffer cells, as is found in Frog Virus 3 hepatitis of mice, allows the endothelial liver cells to take up intravenously inoculated latex particles of 1.0 micron diameter. In vitro experiments with cultivated endothelial cells isolated by collagenase perfusion of the liver and purified by centrifugal elutriation demonstrate that uptake occurs via a typical mechanism of phagocytosis involving pseudopodia. Ingestion of latex is inhibited by incubation of the cells at 4 degrees C and by treatment with cytochalasin B, whereas colchicine has no effect. These results demonstrate that: the Kupffer cells are not the only cells of the hepatic sinusoid capable of phagocytosis; and under conditions where the phagocytosis in Kupffer cells is impaired, the endothelial cells may participate in the clearance of large particles from the blood.
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