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Roushan MR, Chen C, Ahmadi P, Ward VCA. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Genetic Engineering of Green Microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris. J Vis Exp 2023. [PMID: 37955374 DOI: 10.3791/65382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AMT) serves as a widely employed tool for manipulating plant genomes. However, A. tumefaciens exhibit the capacity for gene transfer to a diverse array of species. Numerous microalgae species lack well-established methods for reliably integrating genes of interest into their nuclear genome. To harness the potential benefits of microalgal biotechnology, simple and efficient genome manipulation tools are crucial. Herein, an optimized AMT protocol is presented for the industrial microalgae species Chlorella vulgaris, utilizing the reporter green fluorescent protein (mGFP5) and the antibiotic resistance marker for Hygromycin B. Mutants are selected through plating on Tris-Acetate-Phosphate (TAP) media containing Hygromycin B and cefotaxime. Expression of mGFP5 is quantified via fluorescence after over ten generations of subculturing, indicating the stable transformation of the T-DNA cassette. This protocol allows for the reliable generation of multiple transgenic C. vulgaris colonies in under two weeks, employing the commercially available pCAMBIA1302 plant expression vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reza Roushan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo
| | - Chuchi Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo
| | - Parisa Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo
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2
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Turk SM, Indovina CJ, Miller JM, Overton DL, Runnebohm AM, Orchard CJ, Tragesser-Tiña ME, Gosser SK, Doss EM, Richards KA, Irelan CB, Daraghmi MM, Bailey CG, Niekamp JM, Claypool KP, Engle SM, Buchanan BW, Woodruff KA, Olesen JB, Smaldino PJ, Rubenstein EM. Lipid biosynthesis perturbation impairs endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104939. [PMID: 37331602 PMCID: PMC10372827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between lipid homeostasis and protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is complex and remains incompletely understood. We conducted a screen for genes required for efficient degradation of Deg1-Sec62, a model aberrant translocon-associated substrate of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ubiquitin ligase Hrd1, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This screen revealed that INO4 is required for efficient Deg1-Sec62 degradation. INO4 encodes one subunit of the Ino2/Ino4 heterodimeric transcription factor, which regulates expression of genes required for lipid biosynthesis. Deg1-Sec62 degradation was also impaired by mutation of genes encoding several enzymes mediating phospholipid and sterol biosynthesis. The degradation defect in ino4Δ yeast was rescued by supplementation with metabolites whose synthesis and uptake are mediated by Ino2/Ino4 targets. Stabilization of a panel of substrates of the Hrd1 and Doa10 ER ubiquitin ligases by INO4 deletion indicates ER protein quality control is generally sensitive to perturbed lipid homeostasis. Loss of INO4 sensitized yeast to proteotoxic stress, suggesting a broad requirement for lipid homeostasis in maintaining proteostasis. A better understanding of the dynamic relationship between lipid homeostasis and proteostasis may lead to improved understanding and treatment of several human diseases associated with altered lipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Turk
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Jacob M Miller
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | - Cade J Orchard
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | - Ellen M Doss
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | - Kyle A Richards
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | - Connor G Bailey
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | - Julia M Niekamp
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Sarah M Engle
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | - Bryce W Buchanan
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | | | - James B Olesen
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
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3
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Chen CW, Leimer N, Syroegin EA, Dunand C, Bulman ZP, Lewis K, Polikanov YS, Svetlov MS. Structural insights into the mechanism of overcoming Erm-mediated resistance by macrolides acting together with hygromycin-A. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4196. [PMID: 37452045 PMCID: PMC10349075 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ever-growing rise of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens is one of the top healthcare threats today. Although combination antibiotic therapies represent a potential approach to more efficiently combat infections caused by susceptible and drug-resistant bacteria, only a few known drug pairs exhibit synergy/cooperativity in killing bacteria. Here, we discover that well-known ribosomal antibiotics, hygromycin A (HygA) and macrolides, which target peptidyl transferase center and peptide exit tunnel, respectively, can act cooperatively against susceptible and drug-resistant bacteria. Remarkably, HygA slows down macrolide dissociation from the ribosome by 60-fold and enhances the otherwise weak antimicrobial activity of the newest-generation macrolide drugs known as ketolides against macrolide-resistant bacteria. By determining a set of high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of drug-sensitive wild-type and macrolide-resistant Erm-methylated 70S ribosomes in complex with three HygA-macrolide pairs, we provide a structural rationale for the binding cooperativity of these drugs and also uncover the molecular mechanism of overcoming Erm-type resistance by macrolides acting together with hygromycin A. Altogether our structural, biochemical, and microbiological findings lay the foundation for the subsequent development of synergistic antibiotic tandems with improved bactericidal properties against drug-resistant pathogens, including those expressing erm genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Nadja Leimer
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Egor A Syroegin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Clémence Dunand
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Zackery P Bulman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kim Lewis
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yury S Polikanov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
| | - Maxim S Svetlov
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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4
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Belardinelli R, Sharma H, Peske F, Rodnina MV. Perturbation of ribosomal subunit dynamics by inhibitors of tRNA translocation. RNA 2021; 27:981-990. [PMID: 34117118 PMCID: PMC8370747 DOI: 10.1261/rna.078758.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Many antibiotics that bind to the ribosome inhibit translation by blocking the movement of tRNAs and mRNA or interfering with ribosome dynamics, which impairs the formation of essential translocation intermediates. Here we show how translocation inhibitors viomycin (Vio), neomycin (Neo), paromomycin (Par), kanamycin (Kan), spectinomycin (Spc), hygromycin B (HygB), and streptomycin (Str, an antibiotic that does not inhibit tRNA movement), affect principal motions of the small ribosomal subunits (SSU) during EF-G-promoted translocation. Using ensemble kinetics, we studied the SSU body domain rotation and SSU head domain swiveling in real time. We show that although antibiotics binding to the ribosome can favor a particular ribosome conformation in the absence of EF-G, their kinetic effect on the EF-G-induced transition to the rotated/swiveled state of the SSU is moderate. The antibiotics mostly inhibit backward movements of the SSU body and/or the head domains. Vio, Spc, and high concentrations of Neo completely inhibit the backward movements of the SSU body and head domain. Kan, Par, HygB, and low concentrations of Neo slow down both movements, but their sequence and coordination are retained. Finally, Str has very little effect on the backward rotation of the SSU body domain, but retards the SSU head movement. The data underscore the importance of ribosome dynamics for tRNA-mRNA translocation and provide new insights into the mechanism of antibiotic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Belardinelli
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Heena Sharma
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Frank Peske
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Marina V Rodnina
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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Montoya MRA, Massa GA, Colabelli MN, Ridao ADC. Efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system of Diaporthe caulivora. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 184:106197. [PMID: 33713724 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report describing the genetic transformation of Diaporthe caulivora, the soybean stem canker fungus. A simple and 100% efficient protocol of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation used mycelium as starting material and the hygromycin B resistance and green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a selection and reporter agents, respectively. All transgenic isolates were mitotically stable in two independent experiments and polymerase chain reaction with hygromycin B resistance primers confirmed successful T-DNA integration into the fungal genome. Plant-fungus interaction studies, including pathogenicity, latency, and endophytism, as well as further studies of random and targeted mutagenesis will be possible with GFP-expressing isolates of D. caulivora and other species in the Diaporthe / Phomopsis complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R A Montoya
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA - CONICET, Ruta 226 Km 73.5 (7620), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina..
| | - Gabriela A Massa
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA - CONICET, Ruta 226 Km 73.5 (7620), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ruta 226 Km 73.5 (7620), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.; Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (FCA, UNMdP), Ruta 226 Km 73.5 (7620), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mabel N Colabelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (FCA, UNMdP), Ruta 226 Km 73.5 (7620), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Azucena Del Carmen Ridao
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (FCA, UNMdP), Ruta 226 Km 73.5 (7620), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Robinson KA, Dunn M, Hussey SP, Fritz-Laylin LK. Identification of antibiotics for use in selection of the chytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240480. [PMID: 33079945 PMCID: PMC7575076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Global amphibian populations are being decimated by chytridiomycosis, a deadly skin infection caused by the fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal). Although ongoing efforts are attempting to limit the spread of these infections, targeted treatments are necessary to manage the disease. Currently, no tools for genetic manipulation are available to identify and test specific drug targets in these fungi. To facilitate the development of genetic tools in Bd and Bsal, we have tested five commonly used antibiotics with available resistance genes: Hygromycin, Blasticidin, Puromycin, Zeocin, and Neomycin. We have identified effective concentrations of each for selection in both liquid culture and on solid media. These concentrations are within the range of concentrations used for selecting genetically modified cells from a variety of other eukaryotic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn A. Robinson
- Department of Biology, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Mallory Dunn
- Department of Biology, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Shane P. Hussey
- Department of Biology, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Lillian K. Fritz-Laylin
- Department of Biology, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America
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Yu X, Wei H, Liu X, Liu D, Fan A, Su H. Enhanced resistance of Trichoderma harzianum LZDX-32-08 to hygromycin B induced by sea salt. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 43:213-222. [PMID: 32851464 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02994-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of sea salt on the resistance of Trichoderma harzianum LZDX-32-08 to hygromycin B and speculate the possible mechanisms involved via transcriptome analysis. RESULTS Sea salt addition in media to simulate marine environment significantly increased the tolerance of marine-derived fungus Trichoderma harzianum LZDX-32-08 to hygromycin B from 40 to 500 μg/ml. Meanwhile, sea salt addition also elicited the hygromycin B resistance of 5 other marine or terrestrial fungi. Transcriptomic analyses of T. harzianum cultivated on PDA, PDA supplemented with sea salt and PDA with both sea salt and hygromycin B revealed that genes coding for P-type ATPases, multidrug resistance related transporters and acetyltransferases were up-regulated, while genes coding for Ca2+/H+ antiporter and 1,3-glucosidase were down-regulated, indicating probable increased efflux and inactivation of hygromycin B as well as enhanced biofilm formation, which could jointly contribute to the drug resistance. CONCLUSIONS Marine environment or high ion concentration in the environment could be an importance inducer for antifungal resistance. Possible mechanisms and related key genes were proposed for understanding the molecular basis and overcoming this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijia Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianrui Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Aili Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haijia Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
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Lu J, Shi Y, Li W, Chen S, Wang Y, He X, Yin X. RcPAL, a key gene in lignin biosynthesis in Ricinus communis L. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:181. [PMID: 31060493 PMCID: PMC6501403 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is an important seed oil crop. Castor oil is a highly demanded oil for several industrial uses. Current castor bean varieties suffer from low productivity and high risk of insect pests and diseases. High productive and pest/disease resistance varieties are needed. Lignin has been associated to the resistance for pest, disease and lodging. Lignin is produced from several metabolites of the phenylpropanoid pathway. PAL is the key enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway. The gene PAL may assist in the improvement of resistance of castor bean. RESULTS The RcPAL CDs was amplified and its function was examined by transgenic overexpression and antisense expression, lignin histochemical staining, real-time PCR, lignin content measurement and morphological investigation. Its full length was 2145 bp, encoding 714 amino acids. The overexpression of RcPAL (7.2 times) increased significantly the PAL activity, dyeing depth of xylem cells and lignin content (14.44%), resulting in a significantly lower plant height, deeper and thicker blade, more green leaves, shorter internode, thicker stem diameter, and opposite in antisense expression plants (lignin content lowered by 27.1%), demonstrated that the gene RcPAL was a key gene in castor lignin biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS The gene RcPAL is a key gene in castor lignin biosynthesis and can be induced to express under mechanical damage stress. When up-regulated, it increased the lignin content significantly and dwarfed the plant height, and opposite when down-regulated. The gene RcPAL may assist in the improvement of resistance and plant type of castor bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannong Lu
- College of agricultural sciences, Guangdong ocean university, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yuzhen Shi
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Weijin Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
| | - Sen Chen
- College of agricultural sciences, Guangdong ocean university, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- College of agricultural sciences, Guangdong ocean university, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Xiaolin He
- College of agricultural sciences, Guangdong ocean university, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Xuegui Yin
- College of agricultural sciences, Guangdong ocean university, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
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Hawer H, Ütkür K, Arend M, Mayer K, Adrian L, Brinkmann U, Schaffrath R. Importance of diphthamide modified EF2 for translational accuracy and competitive cell growth in yeast. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205870. [PMID: 30335802 PMCID: PMC6193676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the modification of an invariant histidine (His-699 in yeast) residue in translation elongation factor 2 (EF2) with diphthamide involves a conserved pathway encoded by the DPH1-DPH7 gene network. Diphthamide is the target for diphtheria toxin and related lethal ADP ribosylases, which collectively kill cells by inactivating the essential translocase function of EF2 during mRNA translation and protein biosynthesis. Although this notion emphasizes the pathological importance of diphthamide, precisely why cells including our own require EF2 to carry it, is unclear. Mining the synthetic genetic array (SGA) landscape from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has revealed negative interactions between EF2 (EFT1-EFT2) and diphthamide (DPH1-DPH7) gene deletions. In line with these correlations, we confirm in here that loss of diphthamide modification (dphΔ) on EF2 combined with EF2 undersupply (eft2Δ) causes synthetic growth phenotypes in the composite mutant (dphΔ eft2Δ). These reflect negative interference with cell performance under standard as well as thermal and/or chemical stress conditions, cell growth rates and doubling times, competitive fitness, cell viability in the presence of TOR inhibitors (rapamycin, caffeine) and translation indicator drugs (hygromycin, anisomycin). Together with significantly suppressed tolerance towards EF2 inhibition by cytotoxic DPH5 overexpression and increased ribosomal -1 frame-shift errors in mutants lacking modifiable pools of EF2 (dphΔ, dphΔ eft2Δ), our data indicate that diphthamide is important for the fidelity of the EF2 translocation function during mRNA translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmen Hawer
- Institut für Biologie, Fachgebiet Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Koray Ütkür
- Institut für Biologie, Fachgebiet Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Meike Arend
- Institut für Biologie, Fachgebiet Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Klaus Mayer
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center München, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Adrian
- AG Geobiochemie, Department Isotopenbiogeochemie, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH–UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Fachgebiet Geobiotechnologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center München, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Raffael Schaffrath
- Institut für Biologie, Fachgebiet Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Obinata H, Sugimoto A, Niwa S. Streptothricin acetyl transferase 2 (Sat2): A dominant selection marker for Caenorhabditis elegans genome editing. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197128. [PMID: 29742140 PMCID: PMC5942822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on Caenorhabditis elegans would benefit from the introduction of new selectable markers to allow more complex types of experiments to be conducted with this model animal. We established a new antibiotic selection marker for C. elegans transformation based on nourseothricin (NTC) and its resistance-encoding gene, streptothricin-acetyl transferase 2 (Sat2). NTC was able to efficiently prevent worm development at very low concentrations, and the worms expressing Sat2 were able to survive on the selection plates without any developmental defects. Using CRISPR/Cas9 and NTC selection, we were able to easily insert a 13-kb expression cassette into a defined locus in C. elegans. The structure and spectrum of NTC differs from other antibiotics like hygromycin B and geneticin, making it possible to use NTC alongside them. Indeed, we confirmed NTC-sat2 selection could work with the hygromycin B selection system simultaneously. Thus, the new NTC–Sat2 system can act as a useful dominant marker for gene transfer and genome editing in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Obinata
- Division of Developmental Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Science Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Asako Sugimoto
- Division of Developmental Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Science Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Niwa
- Division of Developmental Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Science Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Defosse TA, Le Govic Y, Vandeputte P, Courdavault V, Clastre M, Bouchara JP, Chowdhary A, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Papon N. A synthetic construct for genetic engineering of the emerging pathogenic yeast Candida auris. Plasmid 2018; 95:7-10. [PMID: 29170093 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Candida auris has recently emerged as a global cause of severe hospital-acquired fungal infections. To enable functional genomic approaches for this prominent pathogen, we designed a synthetic construct that can be used to genetically transform the genome-sequenced strain VPCI 479/P/13 of C. auris following an efficient electroporation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Defosse
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), GEIHP, UNIV. Angers, Université Bretagne-Loire, Angers, France; Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Tours EA 2106, France
| | - Yohann Le Govic
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), GEIHP, UNIV. Angers, Université Bretagne-Loire, Angers, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie - Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Patrick Vandeputte
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), GEIHP, UNIV. Angers, Université Bretagne-Loire, Angers, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie - Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Tours EA 2106, France
| | - Marc Clastre
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Tours EA 2106, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), GEIHP, UNIV. Angers, Université Bretagne-Loire, Angers, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie - Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Anuradha Chowdhary
- Department of Medical Mycology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Nicolas Papon
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), GEIHP, UNIV. Angers, Université Bretagne-Loire, Angers, France.
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Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering system has revolutionized biology by allowing for precise genome editing with little effort. Guided by a single guide RNA (sgRNA) that confers specificity, the Cas9 protein cleaves both DNA strands at the targeted locus. The DNA break can trigger either non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology directed repair (HDR). NHEJ can introduce small deletions or insertions which lead to frame-shift mutations, while HDR allows for larger and more precise perturbations. Here, we present protocols for generating knockout cell lines by coupling established CRISPR/Cas9 methods with two options for downstream selection/screening. The NHEJ approach uses a single sgRNA cut site and selection-independent screening, where protein production is assessed by dot immunoblot in a high-throughput manner. The HDR approach uses two sgRNA cut sites that span the gene of interest. Together with a provided HDR template, this method can achieve deletion of tens of kb, aided by the inserted selectable resistance marker. The appropriate applications and advantages of each method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Sternburg
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside
| | - Kristen C Dias
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside
| | - Fedor V Karginov
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside;
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Cohrs KC, Burbank J, Schumacher J. A new transformant selection system for the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea based on the expression of fenhexamid-insensitive ERG27 variants. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 100:42-51. [PMID: 28188884 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea features a wide host range and causes severe economic losses, making it an important object for molecular research. Thus far, genetic modification of the fungus mainly is relied on two selection systems (nourseothricin and hygromycin), while other selection systems hold significant disadvantages. To broaden the spectrum of available molecular tools, a new selection system based on the cheap and widely used fungicide fenhexamid (hydroxyanilide group) was established. Fenhexamid specifically targets the 3-ketoreductase ERG27 from the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. We generated a set of expression vectors suitable for deletion or expression of genes of interest (GOIs) in B. cinerea based on fenhexamid-insensitive ERG27 variants. Expression of BcERG27F412I and Fusarium fujikuroi ERG27 in the sensitive B. cinerea strain B05.10 causes resistance towards fenhexamid (fenR) and allows for the selection of transformants and their genetic purification. A modified split-marker approach facilitates the site-specific integration and expression of GOIs at the bcerg27 locus. No undesired secondary phenotypes regarding virulence, stress responses, the formation of reproductive structures or conidial germination were observed in strains expressing fenhexamid-insensitive ERG27 variants. Thus, the fenR system represents a third reliable selection system for genetic modifications of fenhexamid-sensitive B. cinerea strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Christopher Cohrs
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48153 Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Burbank
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48153 Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48153 Münster, Germany.
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14
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Wemhoff S, Klassen R, Beetz A, Meinhardt F. DNA Damage Responses Are Induced by tRNA Anticodon Nucleases and Hygromycin B. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157611. [PMID: 27472060 PMCID: PMC4966947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies revealed DNA damage to occur during the toxic action of PaT, a fungal anticodon ribonuclease (ACNase) targeting the translation machinery via tRNA cleavage. Here, we demonstrate that other translational stressors induce DNA damage-like responses in yeast as well: not only zymocin, another ACNase from the dairy yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, but also translational antibiotics, most pronouncedly hygromycin B (HygB). Specifically, DNA repair mechanisms BER (base excision repair), HR (homologous recombination) and PRR (post replication repair) provided protection, whereas NHEJ (non-homologous end-joining) aggravated toxicity of all translational inhibitors. Analysis of specific BER mutants disclosed a strong HygB, zymocin and PaT protective effect of the endonucleases acting on apurinic sites. In cells defective in AP endonucleases, inactivation of the DNA glycosylase Ung1 increased tolerance to ACNases and HygB. In addition, Mag1 specifically contributes to the repair of DNA lesions caused by HygB. Consistent with DNA damage provoked by translation inhibitors, mutation frequencies were elevated upon exposure to both fungal ACNases and HygB. Since polymerase ζ contributed to toxicity in all instances, error-prone lesion-bypass probably accounts for the mutagenic effects. The finding that differently acting inhibitors of protein biosynthesis induce alike cellular responses in DNA repair mutants is novel and suggests the dependency of genome stability on translational fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Wemhoff
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Roland Klassen
- Institut für Biologie, Fachgebiet Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Anja Beetz
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Friedhelm Meinhardt
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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15
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Kaminishi T, Schedlbauer A, Fabbretti A, Brandi L, Ochoa-Lizarralde B, He CG, Milón P, Connell SR, Gualerzi CO, Fucini P. Crystallographic characterization of the ribosomal binding site and molecular mechanism of action of Hygromycin A. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:10015-25. [PMID: 26464437 PMCID: PMC4787777 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hygromycin A (HygA) binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits its peptidyl transferase (PT) activity. The presented structural and biochemical data indicate that HygA does not interfere with the initial binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site, but prevents its subsequent adjustment such that it fails to act as a substrate in the PT reaction. Structurally we demonstrate that HygA binds within the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) and induces a unique conformation. Specifically in its ribosomal binding site HygA would overlap and clash with aminoacyl-A76 ribose moiety and, therefore, its primary mode of action involves sterically restricting access of the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA to the PTC.
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MESH Headings
- Binding Sites
- Cinnamates/chemistry
- Cinnamates/metabolism
- Cinnamates/pharmacology
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Hygromycin B/analogs & derivatives
- Hygromycin B/chemistry
- Hygromycin B/metabolism
- Hygromycin B/pharmacology
- Models, Molecular
- Peptidyl Transferases/chemistry
- Peptidyl Transferases/drug effects
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/chemistry
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/metabolism
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/metabolism
- Ribosome Subunits, Large, Bacterial/chemistry
- Ribosome Subunits, Large, Bacterial/drug effects
- Ribosome Subunits, Large, Bacterial/enzymology
- Ribosome Subunits, Large, Bacterial/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kaminishi
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Andreas Schedlbauer
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Attilio Fabbretti
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Letizia Brandi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Borja Ochoa-Lizarralde
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Cheng-Guang He
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Pohl Milón
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas - UPC, Lima, L-33, Perú
| | - Sean R Connell
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Claudio O Gualerzi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Paola Fucini
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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16
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the world's deadliest curable disease, responsible for an estimated 1.5 million deaths annually. A considerable challenge in controlling this disease is the prolonged multidrug chemotherapy (6 to 9 months) required to overcome drug-tolerant mycobacteria that persist in human tissues, although the same drugs can sterilize genetically identical mycobacteria growing in axenic culture within days. An essential component of TB infection involves intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria that multiply within macrophages and are significantly more tolerant to antibiotics compared to extracellular mycobacteria. To investigate this aspect of human TB, we created a physical cell culture system that mimics confinement of replicating mycobacteria, such as in a macrophage during infection. Using this system, we uncovered an epigenetic drug-tolerance phenotype that appears when mycobacteria are cultured in space-confined bioreactors and disappears in larger volume growth contexts. Efflux mechanisms that are induced in space-confined growth environments contribute to this drug-tolerance phenotype. Therefore, macrophage-induced drug tolerance by mycobacteria may be an effect of confined growth among other macrophage-specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brilliant B. Luthuli
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Georgiana E. Purdy
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 S. W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Mail Code L220, Portland, OR, 97239, United States of America
| | - Frederick K. Balagaddé
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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17
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Kim H, Thak EJ, Lee DJ, Agaphonov MO, Kang HA. Hansenula polymorpha Pmt4p Plays Critical Roles in O-Mannosylation of Surface Membrane Proteins and Participates in Heteromeric Complex Formation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129914. [PMID: 26134523 PMCID: PMC4489896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
O-mannosylation, the addition of mannose to serine and threonine residues of secretory proteins, is a highly conserved post-translational modification found in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. Here, we report the functional and molecular characterization of the HpPMT4 gene encoding a protein O-mannosyltransferase in the thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha, an emerging host for the production of therapeutic recombinant proteins. Compared to the deletion of HpPMT1, deletion of another major PMT gene, HpPMT4, resulted in more increased sensitivity to the antibiotic hygromycin B, caffeine, and osmotic stresses, but did not affect the thermotolerance of H. polymorpha. Notably, the deletion of HpPMT4 generated severe defects in glycosylation of the surface sensor proteins HpWsc1p and HpMid2p, with marginal effects on secreted glycoproteins such as chitinase and HpYps1p lacking a GPI anchor. However, despite the severely impaired mannosylation of surface sensor proteins in the Hppmt4∆ mutant, the phosphorylation of HpMpk1p and HpHog1p still showed a high increase upon treatment with cell wall disturbing agents or high concentrations of salts. The conditional Hppmt1pmt4∆ double mutant strains displayed severely impaired growth, enlarged cell size, and aberrant cell separation, implying that the loss of HpPMT4 function might be lethal to cells in the absence of HpPmt1p. Moreover, the HpPmt4 protein was found to form not only a homomeric complex but also a heteromeric complex with either HpPmt1p or HpPmt2p. Altogether, our results support the function of HpPmt4p as a key player in O-mannosylation of cell surface proteins and its participation in the formation of heterodimers with other PMT members, besides homodimer formation, in H. polymorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunah Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156–756, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Thak
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156–756, Korea
| | - Dong-Jik Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156–756, Korea
| | - Michael O. Agaphonov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hyun Ah Kang
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156–756, Korea
- * E-mail:
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18
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Polikanov YS, Starosta AL, Juette MF, Altman RB, Terry DS, Lu W, Burnett BJ, Dinos G, Reynolds KA, Blanchard SC, Steitz TA, Wilson DN. Distinct tRNA Accommodation Intermediates Observed on the Ribosome with the Antibiotics Hygromycin A and A201A. Mol Cell 2015; 58:832-44. [PMID: 26028538 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The increase in multi-drug-resistant bacteria is limiting the effectiveness of currently approved antibiotics, leading to a renewed interest in antibiotics with distinct chemical scaffolds. We have solved the structures of the Thermus thermophilus 70S ribosome with A-, P-, and E-site tRNAs bound and in complex with either the aminocyclitol-containing antibiotic hygromycin A (HygA) or the nucleoside antibiotic A201A. Both antibiotics bind at the peptidyl transferase center and sterically occlude the CCA-end of the A-tRNA from entering the A site of the peptidyl transferase center. Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) experiments reveal that HygA and A201A specifically interfere with full accommodation of the A-tRNA, leading to the presence of tRNA accommodation intermediates and thereby inhibiting peptide bond formation. Thus, our results provide not only insight into the mechanism of action of HygA and A201A, but also into the fundamental process of tRNA accommodation during protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury S Polikanov
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Agata L Starosta
- Gene Center and Department for Biochemistry, University of Munich, Feodor-Lynenstr. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel F Juette
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Roger B Altman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel S Terry
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wanli Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Benjamin J Burnett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - George Dinos
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Kevin A Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Scott C Blanchard
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Tri-Institutional Training Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Thomas A Steitz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - Daniel N Wilson
- Gene Center and Department for Biochemistry, University of Munich, Feodor-Lynenstr. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany; Center for integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), University of Munich, Feodor-Lynenstr. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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19
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Bartonkova I, Novotna A, Dvorak Z. Novel stably transfected human reporter cell line AIZ-AR as a tool for an assessment of human androgen receptor transcriptional activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121316. [PMID: 25811655 PMCID: PMC4374931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor plays multiple physiological and pathological roles in human organism. In the current paper, we describe construction and characterization of a novel stably transfected human reporter cell line AIZ-AR for assessment of transcriptional activity of human androgen receptor. Cell line AIZ-AR is derived from human prostate carcinoma epithelial cell line 22Rv1 that was transfected with reporter plasmid containing 3 copies of androgen response regions (ARRs) followed by a single copy of androgen response element (ARE) from the promoter region of human prostate specific antigen (PSA) gene. AIZ-AR cells remained fully functional for more than 60 days and over 25 passages in the culture and even after cryopreservation. Time-course analyses showed that AIZ-AR cells allow detection of AR ligands as soon as after 8 hours of the treatment. We performed dose-response analyses with 23 steroids in 96-well plate format. We observed activation of AR by androgens, but not by estrogens and mineralocorticoids. Some glucocorticoids and progesterone also induced luciferase, but their potencies were 2-3 orders of magnitude weaker as compared to androgens. Taken together, we have developed a rapid, sensitive, selective, high-throughput and reproducible tool for detection of human AR ligands, with potential use in pharmacological and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Bartonkova
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Novotna
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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20
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Tenge VR, Zuehlke AD, Shrestha N, Johnson JL. The Hsp90 cochaperones Cpr6, Cpr7, and Cns1 interact with the intact ribosome. Eukaryot Cell 2015; 14:55-63. [PMID: 25380751 PMCID: PMC4279014 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00170-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The abundant molecular chaperone Hsp90 is essential for the folding and stabilization of hundreds of distinct client proteins. Hsp90 is assisted by multiple cochaperones that modulate Hsp90's ATPase activity and/or promote client interaction, but the in vivo functions of many of these cochaperones are largely unknown. We found that Cpr6, Cpr7, and Cns1 interact with the intact ribosome and that Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking CPR7 or containing mutations in CNS1 exhibited sensitivity to the translation inhibitor hygromycin. Cpr6 contains a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) domain and a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain flanked by charged regions. Truncation or alteration of basic residues near the carboxy terminus of Cpr6 disrupted ribosome interaction. Cns1 contains an amino-terminal TPR domain and a poorly characterized carboxy-terminal domain. The isolated carboxy-terminal domain was able to interact with the ribosome. Although loss of CPR6 does not cause noticeable growth defects, overexpression of CPR6 results in enhanced growth defects in cells expressing the temperature-sensitive cns1-G90D mutation (the G-to-D change at position 90 encoded by cns1). Cpr6 mutants that exhibit reduced ribosome interaction failed to cause growth defects, indicating that ribosome interaction is required for in vivo functions of Cpr6. Together, these results represent a novel link between the Hsp90 molecular-chaperone machine and protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R Tenge
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Abbey D Zuehlke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Neelima Shrestha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Jill L Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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21
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Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a high-quality forage crop widely grown throughout the world. This chapter describes an efficient protocol that allows for the generation of large number of transgenic alfalfa plants by sonication-assisted Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Binary vectors carrying different selectable marker genes that confer resistance to phosphinothricin (bar), kanamycin (npt II), or hygromycin (hph) were used to generate transgenic alfalfa plants. Intact trifoliates collected from clonally propagated plants in the greenhouse were sterilized with bleach and then inoculated with Agrobacterium strain EHA105. More than 80 % of infected leaf pieces could produce rooted transgenic plants in 4-5 months after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Fu
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
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22
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Abstract
Wheat may now be transformed very efficiently by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Under the protocol hereby described, immature embryos of healthy plants of wheat cultivar Fielder grown in a well-conditioned greenhouse were pretreated with centrifuging and cocultivated with A. tumefaciens. Transgenic wheat plants were obtained routinely from between 40 and 90 % of the immature embryos, thus infected in our tests. All regenerants were normal in morphology and fully fertile. About half of the transformed plants carried single copy of the transgene, which are inherited by the progeny in a Mendelian fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ishida
- Plant Innovation Center, Japan Tobacco Inc., 700 Higashibara, Iwata, Shizuoka, 438-0802, Japan,
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23
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Avila-Adame C. Transmission of the G143A QoI-resistance point mutation through anastomosis in Magnaporthe grisea. Pest Manag Sci 2014; 70:1918-823. [PMID: 24652760 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soon after the introduction of Qo inhibitor fungicides in 1996, the point mutation leading to the amino acid exchange glycine to alanine at the 143 position of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was identified as the main cause of resistance. The present study describes the role of anastomosis in the transmission of the G143A mutation in Magnaporthe grisea. RESULTS Two M. grisea mutants were co-cultivated on oatmeal agar and also co-inoculated on barley leaves. The mutants differed by the presence of the G143A mutation in one isolate and a disrupted AOX gene by insertion of a hygromycin gene in the other (M-145). Specific resistant (r) or sensitive (s) phenotypes of 409 monosporic cultures were determined on media amended with either hygromycin (H) or azoxystrobin (S) plus SHAM. The phenotypes identified reflected not only the phenotypes of mutants M-145 and G143A but also the wild-type parent phenotype HsSs and a new HrSr isolate. CONCLUSION Identification of the M. grisea phenotypes HrSr and HsSs suggests that anastomosis occurred during co-cultivation and co-inoculation of the mutants M-145 and G143A, allowing the transfer of the G143A point mutation from the QoI-resistant isolate to the susceptible isolate.
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Jiang W, Brueggeman AJ, Horken KM, Plucinak TM, Weeks DP. Successful transient expression of Cas9 and single guide RNA genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Eukaryot Cell 2014; 13:1465-9. [PMID: 25239977 PMCID: PMC4248704 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00213-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 system has become a powerful and precise tool for targeted gene modification (e.g., gene knockout and gene replacement) in numerous eukaryotic organisms. Initial attempts to apply this technology to a model, the single-cell alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, failed to yield cells containing edited genes. To determine if the Cas9 and single guide RNA (sgRNA) genes were functional in C. reinhardtii, we tested the ability of a codon-optimized Cas9 gene along with one of four different sgRNAs to cause targeted gene disruption during a 24-h period immediately following transformation. All three exogenously supplied gene targets as well as the endogenous FKB12 (rapamycin sensitivity) gene of C. reinhardtii displayed distinct Cas9/sgRNA-mediated target site modifications as determined by DNA sequencing of cloned PCR amplicons of the target site region. Success in transient expression of Cas9 and sgRNA genes contrasted with the recovery of only a single rapamycin-resistant colony bearing an appropriately modified FKB12 target site in 16 independent transformation experiments involving >10(9) cells. Failure to recover transformants with intact or expressed Cas9 genes following transformation with the Cas9 gene alone (or even with a gene encoding a Cas9 lacking nuclease activity) provided strong suggestive evidence for Cas9 toxicity when Cas9 is produced constitutively in C. reinhardtii. The present results provide compelling evidence that Cas9 and sgRNA genes function properly in C. reinhardtii to cause targeted gene modifications and point to the need for a focus on development of methods to properly stem Cas9 production and/or activity following gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Kempton M Horken
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Thomas M Plucinak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Donald P Weeks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Lehr NA, Wang Z, Li N, Hewitt DA, López-Giráldez F, Trail F, Townsend JP. Gene expression differences among three Neurospora species reveal genes required for sexual reproduction in Neurospora crassa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110398. [PMID: 25329823 PMCID: PMC4203796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fungi form complex three-dimensional fruiting bodies, within which the meiotic machinery for sexual spore production has been considered to be largely conserved over evolutionary time. Indeed, much of what we know about meiosis in plant and animal taxa has been deeply informed by studies of meiosis in Saccharomyces and Neurospora. Nevertheless, the genetic basis of fruiting body development and its regulation in relation to meiosis in fungi is barely known, even within the best studied multicellular fungal model Neurospora crassa. We characterized morphological development and genome-wide transcriptomics in the closely related species Neurospora crassa, Neurospora tetrasperma, and Neurospora discreta, across eight stages of sexual development. Despite diverse life histories within the genus, all three species produce vase-shaped perithecia. Transcriptome sequencing provided gene expression levels of orthologous genes among all three species. Expression of key meiosis genes and sporulation genes corresponded to known phenotypic and developmental differences among these Neurospora species during sexual development. We assembled a list of genes putatively relevant to the recent evolution of fruiting body development by sorting genes whose relative expression across developmental stages increased more in N. crassa relative to the other species. Then, in N. crassa, we characterized the phenotypes of fruiting bodies arising from crosses of homozygous knockout strains of the top genes. Eight N. crassa genes were found to be critical for the successful formation of perithecia. The absence of these genes in these crosses resulted in either no perithecium formation or in arrested development at an early stage. Our results provide insight into the genetic basis of Neurospora sexual reproduction, which is also of great importance with regard to other multicellular ascomycetes, including perithecium-forming pathogens, such as Claviceps purpurea, Ophiostoma ulmi, and Glomerella graminicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina A. Lehr
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - David A. Hewitt
- Department of Botany, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Francesc López-Giráldez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Frances Trail
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey P. Townsend
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Program in Microbiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Meng FY, Liu L, Yang FH, Li CY, Liu J, Zhou P. Reversible immortalization of human hepatocytes mediated by retroviral transfer and site-specific recombination. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:13119-13126. [PMID: 25278705 PMCID: PMC4177490 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To establish a method for the reversible immortalization of human hepatocytes, which may offer a good and safe source of hepatocytes for practical applications.
METHODS: We successfully isolated primary human hepatocytes from surgically resected liver tissue taken from a patient with liver hemangiomas. The freshly isolated cells were then immortalized with retroviral vector SSR#69 expressing simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40T) and hygromycin-resistance genes flanked by paired loxP recombination targets.
RESULTS: The freshly isolated hepatocytes with high viability (85%) were successfully immortalized using retroviral gene transfer of SV40T. SV40T in the immortalized cells was then excised by Cre/loxP site-specific recombination. This cell population exhibited the characteristics of differentiated hepatocytes.
CONCLUSION: We successfully established reversibly immortalized human hepatocytes, which will provide an unlimited supply of cells for practical applications.
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Zhang YJ, Zhao JJ, Xie M, Peng DL. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation in the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium lecanii and development of benzimidazole fungicide resistant strains. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 105:168-73. [PMID: 25107375 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lecanicillium lecanii has been used in the biological control of several insects in agricultural practice. Since the gene manipulation tools for this entomopathogenic fungus have not been sufficiently developed, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) in L. lecanii was investigated in this study, using the wild-type isolate FZ9906 as a progenitor strain and the hygromycin B resistance (hph) gene as a selection marker. Furthermore, a field carbendazim-resistant (mrt) gene from Botrytis cinerea was expressed in L. lecanii FZ9906 via the ATMT system. The results revealed that the frequency of transformation surpassed 25transformants/10(6) conidia, most of the putative transformants contained a single copy of T-DNA, and the T-DNA inserts were stably inherited after five generations. All putative transformants had indistinguishable biological characteristics relative to the wild-type strain, excepting two transformants with altered growth habits or virulence. Moreover, the resistance of the putative transformants to carbendazim (MBC) was improved, and the highest one was 380-fold higher than the wild-type strain. In conclusion, ATMT is an effective and suitable system for L. lecanii transformation, and will be a useful tool for the basic and application research of gene functions and gene modifications of this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - De-Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Plackett AR, Huang L, Sanders HL, Langdale JA. High-efficiency stable transformation of the model fern species Ceratopteris richardii via microparticle bombardment. Plant Physiol 2014; 165:3-14. [PMID: 24623851 PMCID: PMC4012588 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.231357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ferns represent the most closely related extant lineage to seed plants. The aquatic fern Ceratopteris richardii has been subject to research for a considerable period of time, but analyses of the genetic programs underpinning developmental processes have been hampered by a large genome size, a lack of available mutants, and an inability to create stable transgenic lines. In this paper, we report a protocol for efficient stable genetic transformation of C. richardii and a closely related species Ceratopteris thalictroides using microparticle bombardment. Indeterminate callus was generated and maintained from the sporophytes of both species using cytokinin treatment. In proof-of-principle experiments, a 35S::β-glucuronidase (GUS) expression cassette was introduced into callus cells via tungsten microparticles, and stable transformants were selected via a linked hygromycin B resistance marker. The presence of the transgene in regenerated plants and in subsequent generations was validated using DNA-blot analysis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and GUS staining. GUS staining patterns in most vegetative tissues corresponded with constitutive gene expression. The protocol described in this paper yields transformation efficiencies far greater than those previously published and represents a significant step toward the establishment of a tractable fern genetic model.
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Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni genetic manipulation is restricted by the limited number of antibiotic resistance cassettes available for use in this diarrheal pathogen. In this study, two antibiotic resistance cassettes were developed, encoding for hygromycin B and apramycin resistance, for use in mutagenesis or for selection of gene expression and complementation constructs in C. jejuni. First, the marker genes were successfully modified to allow for insertional mutagenesis or deletion of a gene-of-interest, and were bracketed with restriction sites for the facilitation of site-specific cloning. These hygromycin B and apramycin markers are encoded by plasmids pAC1H and pAC1A, respectively. We also modified an insertional gene-delivery vector to create pRRH and pRRA, containing the hygromycin B and apramycin resistance genes, and 3 unique restriction sites for the directional introduction of genes into the conserved multi-copy rRNA gene clusters of the C. jejuni chromosome. We determined the effective antibiotic concentrations required for selection, and established that no harmful effects or fitness costs were associated with carrying hygromycin B or apramycin resistance under standard C. jejuni laboratory conditions. Using these markers, the arylsulfatase reporter gene astA was deleted, and the ability to genetically complement the astA deletion using pRRH and pRRA for astA gene insertion was demonstrated. Furthermore, the relative levels of expression from the endogenous astA promoter were compared to that of polycistronic mRNA expression from the constitutive promoter upstream of the resistance gene. The development of additional antibiotic resistance cassettes for use in Campylobacter will enable multiple gene deletion and expression combinations as well as more in-depth study of multi-gene systems important for the survival and pathogenesis of this important bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erin C. Gaynor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Tao R, Zhang YC, Fang Q, Shi RJ, Li YL, Huang LQ, Hao GP. [Construction of plant expression vectors with PMI gene as selection marker and their utilization in transformation of Salvia miltiorrhiza f. alba]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2014; 39:1209-1213. [PMID: 25011255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct plant expression pCAMBIA1301-PMI by substituting PMI for hygromycin resistance gene in pCAMBIA1301 and obtain transgenic Salvia miltiorrhiza f. alba using PMI-mannose selection system. METHOD The 6-phosphomannose isomerase gene (PMI) of Escherichia coli was amplified by PCR. Sequence analysis showed that it shared 100% amino acids identities with the sequences of PMI genes isolates reported in the NCBI. Based on pCAMBIA1305, the plant expression pCAMBIA1305-PMI was constructed successfully by substituting PMI for hygromycin resistance gene in pCAMBIA1305. pCAMBIA1305-PMI was transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404, and then the leaves of S. miltiorrhiza f. alba were inoculated in LBA4404 with pCAMBIA1305-PMI. RESULT Plant expression pCAMBIA1301-PMI was successfully constructed and the leaves of S. miltiorrhiza f. alba inoculated in LBA4404 with pCAMBIA1305-PMI were selected on medium supplemented with a combination of 20 g x L(-1) mannose and 10 g x L(-1) sucrose as a carbon source. The transformation efficiency rate was 23.7%. CONCLUSION Genetic transformation was confirmed by PCR, indicating that a new method for obtaining transgenic S. miltiorrhiza f. alba plants was developed using PMI-mannose selection system.
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Wang C, Guan X, Wang H, Li G, Dong X, Wang G, Li B. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Valsa mali: an efficient tool for random insertion mutagenesis. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:968432. [PMID: 24381526 PMCID: PMC3867955 DOI: 10.1155/2013/968432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Valsa mali is a causal agent of apple and pear trees canker disease, which is a destructive disease that causes serious economic losses in eastern Asia, especially in China. The lack of an efficient transformation system for Valsa mali retards its investigation, which poses difficulties to control the disease. In this research, a transformation system for this pathogen was established for the first time using A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT), with the optimal transformation conditions as follows: 10(6)/mL conidia suspension, cocultivation temperature 22°C, cocultivation time 72 hours, and 200 μ M acetosyringone (AS) in the inductive medium. The average transformation efficiency was 1015.00 ± 37.35 transformants per 10(6) recipient conidia. Thirty transformants were randomly selected for further confirmation and the results showed the presence of T-DNA in all hygromycin B resistant transformants and also revealed random and single gene integration with genetic stability. Compared with wild-type strain, those transformants exhibited various differences in morphology, conidia production, and conidia germination ability. In addition, pathogenicity assays revealed that 14 transformants had mitigated pathogenicity, while one had enhanced infection ability. The results suggest that ATMT of V. mali is a useful tool to gain novel insight into this economically important pathogen at molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Wang
- College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiangnan Guan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hanyan Wang
- College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Guifang Li
- College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiangli Dong
- College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Baohua Li
- College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao 266109, China
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Abstract
We report a simple, cost-effective, scalable and efficient method for creating transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans that requires minimal hands-on time. The method combines biolistic bombardment with selection for transgenics that bear a hygromycin B resistance gene on agar plates supplemented with hygromycin B, taking advantage of our observation that hygromycin B is sufficient to kill wild-type C. elegans at very low concentrations. Crucially, the method provides substantial improvements in the success of bombardments for isolating transmitting strains, the isolation of multiple independent strains, and the isolation of integrated strains: 100% of bombardments in a large data set yielded transgenics; 10 or more independent strains were isolated from 84% of bombardments, and up to 28 independent strains were isolated from a single bombardment; 82% of bombardments yielded stably transmitting integrated lines with most yielding multiple integrated lines. We anticipate that the selection will be widely adopted for C. elegans transgenesis via bombardment, and that hygromycin B resistance will be adopted as a marker in other approaches for manipulating, introducing or deleting DNA in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inja Radman
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Greiss
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SG); (JWC)
| | - Jason W. Chin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SG); (JWC)
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Abstract
Development of Nourseothricin N-acetyl transferase (NAT) as a selection marker for mammalian cells is described. Mammalian cells are acutely susceptible to Nourseothricin, similar to the widely used drug Puromycin, and NAT allows for quick and robust selection of transfected/transduced cells in the presence of Nourseothricin. NAT is compatible with other selection markers puromycin, hygromycin, neomycin, blasticidin, and is a valuable addition to the repertoire of mammalian selection markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bose S. Kochupurakkal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - J. Dirk Iglehart
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Emets AI, Boĭchuk IN, Shisha EN, Rakhmetov DB, Blium IB. [Establishment of in vitro culture, plant regeneration and genetic transformation of Camelina sativa]. Tsitol Genet 2013; 47:14-20. [PMID: 23821950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The results on in vitro culture establishment, plantlet regeneration and rooting of Camelina sativa cultivar sample Peremozhets and cultivar Mirazh are presented. Effective concentrations of sterilizing agents and duration of plant material treatment were estimated. Phytohormone ratio, sucrose concentration in nutrient medium that induce effective formation of C. sativa shoots and NAA concentration for plantlet rooting have been established. The method of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Camelina by using binary vector pGH217 carrying reporter beta-glucoronidase (gus) gene driven under 35S CaMV promoter and nos-terminator, and selective marker hpt gene conferring hygromycin-resistance in transgenic plant was elaborated.
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Ma X, Kim EJ, Kook I, Ma F, Voshall A, Moriyama E, Cerutti H. Small interfering RNA-mediated translation repression alters ribosome sensitivity to inhibition by cycloheximide in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Cell 2013; 25:985-98. [PMID: 23512853 PMCID: PMC3634701 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.109256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs; ∼20 to 30 nucleotides in length) play important roles in gene regulation as well as in defense responses against transposons and viruses in eukaryotes. Their biogenesis and modes of action have attracted great attention in recent years. However, many aspects of sRNA function, such as the mechanism(s) of translation repression at postinitiation steps, remain poorly characterized. In the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, sRNAs derived from genome-integrated inverted repeat transgenes, perfectly complementary to the 3' untranslated region of a target transcript, can inhibit protein synthesis without or with only minimal mRNA destabilization. Here, we report that the sRNA-repressed transcripts are not altered in their polyadenylation status and they remain associated with polyribosomes, indicating inhibition at a postinitiation step of translation. Interestingly, ribosomes associated with sRNA-repressed transcripts show reduced sensitivity to translation inhibition by some antibiotics, such as cycloheximide, both in ribosome run-off assays and in in vivo experiments. Our results suggest that sRNA-mediated repression of protein synthesis in C. reinhardtii may involve alterations to the function/structural conformation of translating ribosomes. Additionally, sRNA-mediated translation inhibition is now known to occur in a number of phylogenetically diverse eukaryotes, suggesting that this mechanism may have been a feature of an ancestral RNA interference machinery.
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Liu X, Feng CM, Franks R, Qu R, Xie DY, Xiang QYJ. Plant regeneration and genetic transformation of C. canadensis: a non-model plant appropriate for investigation of flower development in Cornus (Cornaceae). Plant Cell Rep 2013; 32:77-87. [PMID: 23111786 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE : Efficient Agrobacterium -mediated genetic transformation for investigation of genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in inflorescence architectures in Cornus species. Cornus canadensis is a subshrub species in Cornus, Cornaceae. It has recently become a favored non-model plant species to study genes involved in development and evolution of inflorescence architectures in Cornaceae. Here, we report an effective protocol of plant regeneration and genetic transformation of C. canadensis. We use young inflorescence buds as explants to efficiently induce calli and multiple adventitious shoots on an optimized induction medium consisting of basal MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l of 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.1 mg/l of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid. On the same medium, primary adventitious shoots can produce a large number of secondary adventitious shoots. Using leaves of 8-week-old secondary shoots as explants, GFP as a reporter gene controlled by 35S promoter and hygromycin B as the selection antibiotic, a standard procedure including pre-culture of explants, infection, co-cultivation, resting and selection has been developed to transform C. canadensis via Agrobacterium strain EHA105-mediated transformation. Under a strict selection condition using 14 mg/l hygromycin B, approximately 5 % explants infected by Agrobacterium produce resistant calli, from which clusters of adventitious shoots are induced. On an optimized rooting medium consisting of basal MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l of indole-3-butyric acid and 7 mg/l hygromycin B, most of the resistant shoots develop adventitious roots to form complete transgenic plantlets, which can grow normally in soil. RT-PCR analysis demonstrates the expression of GFP transgene. Green fluorescence emitted by GFP is observed in transgenic calli, roots and cells of transgenic leaves under both stereo fluorescence microscope and confocal microscope. The success of genetic transformation provides an appropriate platform to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which the various inflorescence forms are developed in Cornus plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Hensel G, Oleszczuk S, Daghma DES, Zimny J, Melzer M, Kumlehn J. Analysis of T-DNA integration and generative segregation in transgenic winter triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack). BMC Plant Biol 2012; 12:171. [PMID: 23006412 PMCID: PMC3507641 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the genetic transformation of the major cereal crops has become relatively routine, to date only a few reports were published on transgenic triticale, and robust data on T-DNA integration and segregation have not been available in this species. RESULTS Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of stable transgenic winter triticale cv. Bogo carrying the selectable marker gene HYGROMYCIN PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE (HPT) and a synthetic green fluorescent protein gene (gfp). Progeny of four independent transgenic plants were comprehensively investigated with regard to the number of integrated T-DNA copies, the number of plant genomic integration loci, the integrity and functionality of individual T-DNA copies, as well as the segregation of transgenes in T1 and T2 generations, which also enabled us to identify homozygous transgenic lines. The truncation of some integrated T-DNAs at their left end along with the occurrence of independent segregation of multiple T-DNAs unintendedly resulted in a single-copy segregant that is selectable marker-free and homozygous for the gfp gene. The heritable expression of gfp driven by the maize UBI-1 promoter was demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. CONCLUSIONS The used transformation method is a valuable tool for the genetic engineering of triticale. Here we show that comprehensive molecular analyses are required for the correct interpretation of phenotypic data collected from the transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Plant Reproductive Biology, Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Sylwia Oleszczuk
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870, Błonie, Poland
| | - Diaa Eldin S Daghma
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Structural Cell Biology, Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
- National Gene Bank and Genetic Resources, Agriculture Research Center, 12619, Giza, Egypt
| | - Janusz Zimny
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870, Błonie, Poland
| | - Michael Melzer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Structural Cell Biology, Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Plant Reproductive Biology, Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
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Abstract
The following transformation protocol is based on homologous recombination that occurs between a gene disruption or gene replacement construct and a target gene of Coccidioides. The DNA constructs employed contain either the gene that encodes for hygromycin B or phleomycin resistance, which are present in the pAN7.1 or pAN8.1 plasmid vectors, respectively. Hygromycin B or phleomycin are used to select for transformants at concentrations that inhibit growth of the parental strain. Coccidioides protoplasts generated from germinated arthroconidia are used for the transformation experiments. The plasmid DNA constructs are taken up by the protoplasts in the presence of calcium and polyethylene glycol. Twenty to 100 transformants/μg DNA can be obtained in each transformation experiment. Approximately 5-10% of the transformation events are homologous recombinations. Coccidioides cells in all developmental stages, including arthroconidia, are multinucleate. Since all Coccidioides nuclei are haploid, only one run of transformation is sufficient to create a mutant strain. However, the transformed protoplasts develop into heterokaryotic cells that typically contain both the parental and mutated nuclei. To isolate a homokaryotic strain, we perform multiple subcultures of the single colonies which contain heterokaryotic cells on selection plates with hygromycin B or phleomycin to enrich for the mutated nuclei. Homokaryotic mutants can be obtained after three to four subcultures of isolated colonies. In this protocol, we describe the methodology for preparation of Coccidioides protoplasts, transformation and isolation of homokaryotic mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Yu Hung
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Gouiaa S, Khoudi H, Leidi EO, Pardo JM, Masmoudi K. Expression of wheat Na(+)/H(+) antiporter TNHXS1 and H(+)- pyrophosphatase TVP1 genes in tobacco from a bicistronic transcriptional unit improves salt tolerance. Plant Mol Biol 2012; 79:137-55. [PMID: 22415161 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress tolerance of plants is a very complex trait and involves multiple physiological and biochemical processes. Thus, the improvement of plant stress tolerance should involve pyramiding of multiple genes. In the present study, we report the construction and application of a bicistronic system, involving the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequence from the 5'UTR of the heat-shock protein of tobacco gene NtHSF-1, to the improvement of salt tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants. Two genes from wheat encoding two important vacuolar ion transporters, Na(+)/H(+) antiporter (TNHXS1) and H(+)-pyrophosphatase (TVP1), were linked via IRES to generate the bicistronic construct TNHXS1-IRES-TVP1. Molecular analysis of transgenic tobacco plants revealed the correct integration of the TNHXS1-IRES-TVP1construct into tobacco genome and the production of the full-length bicistronic mRNA from the 35S promoter. Ion transport analyses with tonoplast vesicles isolated from transgenic lines confirmed that single-transgenic lines TVP1cl19 and TNHXS1cl7 had greater H(+)-PPiase and Na(+)/H(+) antiport activity, respectively, than the WT. Interestingly, the co-expression of TVP1 and TNHXS1 increased both Na(+)/H(+) antiport and H(+)-PPiase activities and induced the H(+) pumping activity of the endogenous V-ATPase. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing TNHXS1-IRES-TVP1 showed a better performance than either of the single gene-transformed lines and the wild type plants when subjected to salt treatment. In addition, the TNHXS1-IRES-TVP1 transgenic plants accumulated less Na(+) and more K(+) in their leaf tissue than did the wild type and the single gene-transformed lines. These results demonstrate that IRES system, described herein, can co-ordinate the expression of two important abiotic stress-tolerance genes and that this expression system is a valuable tool for obtaining transgenic plants with improved salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gouiaa
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Improvement, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Route Sidi Mansour Km 6, B.P'1177', 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
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Abstract
The construction of a fungal strain that lacks a specific gene product is often accomplished by replacing the gene of interest with a selection marker using site-specific recombination. Transformation of Aspergillus fumigatus, like many related fungal species, must overcome two major obstacles. First, the cell wall limits the entry of exogenous DNA, and second, a high rate of nonhomologous recombination leads to random ectopic integration of the marker. Here, we describe an experimental strategy that has been successfully used to overcome these challenges through protoplast transformation with split-marker cassettes. Each cassette is constructed to contain sequences flanking the gene of interest fused to an incomplete fragment of a dominant selection marker. The resistance marker is only functional if both fragments undergo recombination to regenerate an intact resistance cassette. This event is favored by the proximity of the DNA constructs that arises as a result of homologous recombination between the target-gene sequences in the deletion construct with the fungal chromosome. A similar strategy can be employed using a second resistance marker to complement the deletion mutant with an intact allele of the gene of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice N Gravelat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Zhang H, Zhang L, Gao B, Fan H, Jin J, Botella MA, Jiang L, Lin J. Golgi apparatus-localized synaptotagmin 2 is required for unconventional secretion in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26477. [PMID: 22140429 PMCID: PMC3225361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most secretory proteins contain signal peptides that direct their sorting to the ER and secreted via the conventional ER/Golgi transport pathway, while some signal-peptide-lacking proteins have been shown to export through ER/Golgi independent secretory pathways. Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus that is active against both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The hygromycin phosphotransferase (HYG(R)) can phosphorylate and inactivate the hygromycin B, and has been widely used as a positive selective marker in the construction of transgenic plants. However, the localization and trafficking of HYG(R) in plant cells remain unknown. Synaptotagmins (SYTs) are involved in controlling vesicle endocytosis and exocytosis as calcium sensors in animal cells, while their functions in plant cells are largely unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We found Arabidopsis synaptotagmin SYT2 was localized on the Golgi apparatus by immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling. Surprisingly, co-expression of SYT2 and HYG(R) caused hypersensitivity of the transgenic Arabidopsis plants to hygromycin B. HYG(R), which lacks a signal sequence, was present in the cytoplasm as well as in the extracellular space in HYG(R)-GFP transgenic Arabidopsis plants and its secretion is not sensitive to brefeldin A treatment, suggesting it is not secreted via the conventional secretory pathway. Furthermore, we found that HYG(R)-GFP was truncated at carboxyl terminus of HYG(R) shortly after its synthesis, and the cells deficient SYT2 failed to efficiently truncate HYG(R)-GFP,resulting in HYG(R)-GFP accumulated in prevacuoles/vacuoles, indicating that SYT2 was involved in HYG(R)-GFP trafficking and secretion. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These findings reveal for the first time that SYT2 is localized on the Golgi apparatus and regulates HYG(R)-GFP secretion via the unconventional protein transport from the cytosol to the extracelluar matrix in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Molecular Environmental Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Molecular Environmental Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijng, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Molecular Environmental Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hai Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingbo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Molecular Environmental Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miguel A. Botella
- Departamento de Biología Moleculary Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Liwen Jiang
- Department of Biology and Molecular Biotechnology Program, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Molecular Environmental Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Chanroj S, Lu Y, Padmanaban S, Nanatani K, Uozumi N, Rao R, Sze H. Plant-specific cation/H+ exchanger 17 and its homologs are endomembrane K+ transporters with roles in protein sorting. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33931-41. [PMID: 21795714 PMCID: PMC3190763 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.252650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells evolved to provide distinct environments to regulate processes necessary for cell proliferation and survival. A large family of predicted cation/proton exchangers (CHX), represented by 28 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, are associated with diverse endomembrane compartments and tissues in plants, although their roles are poorly understood. We expressed a phylogenetically related cluster of CHX genes, encoded by CHX15-CHX20, in yeast and bacterial cells engineered to lack multiple cation-handling mechanisms. Of these, CHX16-CHX20 were implicated in pH homeostasis because their expression rescued the alkaline pH-sensitive growth phenotype of the host yeast strain. A smaller subset, CHX17-CHX19, also conferred tolerance to hygromycin B. Further differences were observed in K(+)- and low pH-dependent growth phenotypes. Although CHX17 did not alter cytoplasmic or vacuolar pH in yeast, CHX20 elicited acidification and alkalization of the cytosol and vacuole, respectively. Using heterologous expression in Escherichia coli strains lacking K(+) uptake systems, we provide evidence for K(+) ((86)Rb) transport mediated by CHX17 and CHX20. Finally, we show that CHX17 and CHX20 affected protein sorting as measured by carboxypeptidase Y secretion in yeast mutants grown at alkaline pH. In plant cells, CHX20-RFP co-localized with an endoplasmic reticulum marker, whereas RFP-tagged CHX17-CHX19 co-localized with prevacuolar compartment and endosome markers. Together, these results suggest that in response to environmental cues, multiple CHX transporters differentially modulate K(+) and pH homeostasis of distinct intracellular compartments, which alter membrane trafficking events likely to be critical for adaptation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil Chanroj
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Yongxian Lu
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Senthilkumar Padmanaban
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Kei Nanatani
- the Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Uozumi
- the Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Rajini Rao
- the Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and
| | - Heven Sze
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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Niu Q, Ke T, Zhang L, Hui F, Chen J. [Construction of a recombination plasmid labelled with green fluorescence and its application in Clonostachys rosea]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2011; 51:991-997. [PMID: 22043802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We constructed a recombinant eukaryotic expression vector harboring green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the hygromycin resistance gene hph, and observed its expression in Clonostachys rosea. METHODS We used PCR, enzyme digestion, phosphorylation, ligation and transformation to construct the plasmid. Using protoplast preparation and transformation technologies, we expressed the plasmid in the fungi C. rosea. RESULTS We created the eukaryotic expression vector, transformed it into C. rosea and observed green fluorescence with fluorescence microscope. CONCLUSION The successful construction of the pANGH3 recombinant plasmid and its expression in C. rosea establishes a new model for studying fungal infection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Niu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
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44
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Kalivoda EJ, Horzempa J, Stella NA, Sadaf A, Kowalski RP, Nau GJ, Shanks RMQ. New vector tools with a hygromycin resistance marker for use with opportunistic pathogens. Mol Biotechnol 2011; 48:7-14. [PMID: 20972648 PMCID: PMC3617578 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of many bacterial strains to tolerate antibiotics can limit the number of molecular tools available for research of these organisms. To help address this problem, we have modified a diverse set of vectors to include a broadly expressed hygromycin resistance (HmR) marker. Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic not used to treat infections in humans and has antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms. Vectors with four replication origins are represented, with potential applications including general cloning, allelic replacement, and transcriptional analysis. We show that vectors with the broad host range pBBR1-replicon conferred HmR to Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens, and a pC194-based vector was able to confer HmR to Francisella tularensis. We also used a subset of these plasmids to manipulate the genome of S. marcescens. Each vector has an origin of transfer for conjugation, and is also able to replicate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to take advantage of the powerful yeast recombineering system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Kalivoda
- The Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Eye Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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45
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Koh S, Kim H, Kim J, Goo E, Kim YJ, Choi O, Jwa NS, Ma J, Nagamatsu T, Moon JS, Hwang I. A novel light-dependent selection marker system in plants. Plant Biotechnol J 2011; 9:348-358. [PMID: 20731786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitizers are common in nature and play diverse roles as defense compounds and pathogenicity determinants and as important molecules in many biological processes. Toxoflavin, a photosensitizer produced by Burkholderia glumae, has been implicated as an essential virulence factor causing bacterial rice grain rot. Toxoflavin produces superoxide and H₂O₂ during redox cycles under oxygen and light, and these reactive oxygen species cause phytotoxic effects. To utilize toxoflavin as a selection agent in plant transformation, we identified a gene, tflA, which encodes a toxoflavin-degrading enzyme in the Paenibacillus polymyxa JH2 strain. TflA was estimated as 24.56 kDa in size based on the amino acid sequence and is similar to a ring-cleavage extradiol dioxygenase in the Exiguobacterium sp. 255-15; however, unlike other extradiol dioxygenases, Mn(2+) and dithiothreitol were required for toxoflavin degradation by TflA. Here, our results suggested toxoflavin is a photosensitizer and its degradation by TflA serves as a light-dependent selection marker system in diverse plant species. We examined the efficiencies of two different plant selection systems, toxoflavin/tflA and hygromycin/hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) in both rice and Arabidopsis. The toxoflavin/tflA selection was more remarkable than hygromycin/hpt selection in the high-density screening of transgenic Arabidopsis seeds. Based on these results, we propose the toxoflavin/tflA selection system, which is based on the degradation of the photosensitizer, provides a new robust nonantibiotic selection marker system for diverse plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serry Koh
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
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Subramanyam K, Subramanyam K, Sailaja KV, Srinivasulu M, Lakshmidevi K. Highly efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of banana cv. Rasthali (AAB) via sonication and vacuum infiltration. Plant Cell Rep 2011; 30:425-436. [PMID: 21212957 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A reproducible and efficient transformation method was developed for the banana cv. Rasthali (AAB) via Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of suckers. Three-month-old banana suckers were used as explant and three Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (EHA105, EHA101, and LBA4404) harboring the binary vector pCAMBIA1301 were used in the co-cultivation. The banana suckers were sonicated and vacuum infiltered with each of the three A. tumefaciens strains and co-cultivated in the medium containing different concentrations of acetosyringone for 3 days. The transformed shoots were selected in 30 mg/l hygromycin-containing selection medium and rooted in rooting medium containing 1 mg/l IBA and 30 mg/l hygromycin. The presence and integration of the hpt II and gus genes into the banana genome were confirmed by GUS histochemical assay, polymerase chain reaction, and southern hybridization. Among the different combinations tested, high transformation efficiency (39.4 ± 0.5% GUS positive shoots) was obtained when suckers were sonicated and vacuum infiltered for 6 min with A. tumefaciens EHA105 in presence of 50 μM acetosyringone followed by co-cultivation in 50 μM acetosyringone-containing medium for 3 days. These results suggest that an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol for stable integration of foreign genes into banana has been developed and that this transformation system could be useful for future studies on transferring economically important genes into banana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondeti Subramanyam
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515055, India
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47
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Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells serve as a model to elucidate the bases of salt tolerance and potassium homeostasis regulation in eukaryotic cells. In this study, we show that two widely used laboratory strains, BY4741 and W303-1A, differ not only in cell size and volume but also in their relative plasma-membrane potential (estimated with a potentiometric fluorescent dye diS-C3(3) and as Hygromycin B sensitivity) and tolerance to alkali-metal cations. W303-1A cells and their mutant derivatives lacking either uptake (trk1 trk2) or efflux (nha1) systems for alkali-metal cations are more tolerant to toxic sodium and lithium cations but also more sensitive to higher external concentrations of potassium than BY4741 cells and their mutants. Moreover, our results suggest that though the two strains do not differ in the total potassium content, the regulation of intracellular potassium homeostasis is probably not the same in BY4741 and W303-1A cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Petrezselyova
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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48
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Kano S, Kurita T, Kanematsu S, Morinaga T. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the plant pathogenic fungus Rosellinia necatrix. Mikrobiologiia 2011; 80:86-92. [PMID: 21513216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Rosellinia necatrix is a soil-borne root pathogen affecting a wide range of commercially important plant species. The mycelium of R. necatrix was transformed to hygromycin B resistance by an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system using a binary plasmid vector containing the hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hph) gene controlled by the heterologous fungal Aspergillus nidulans P-gpd (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) promoter and the trpC terminator. Co-cultivation of R. necatrix strain W1015 and A. tumefaciens strain AGL-1 at 25 degrees C using the binary vector pAN26-CB1300, which contained the hygromycin B resistance cassette based on pAN26 and pCAMBIA1300, resulted in high frequencies of transformation. The presence of the hph gene in the transformants was detected by PCR, and single-copy integration of the marker gene was demonstrated by Southern blot analysis. This report of an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method should allow the development of T-DNA tagging as a system f or insertional mutagenesis in R necatrix and provide a simple and reliable method for genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Kano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Nanatsuka-cho 562, Shobara-shi, Hiroshima, 727-0023, Japan
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49
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Wu L, El-Mezawy A, Shah S. A seed coat outer integument-specific promoter for Brassica napus. Plant Cell Rep 2011; 30:75-80. [PMID: 21052676 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0945-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In search for seed coat-specific promoters for canola (Brassica napus), transgenic plants carrying a 2,121 bp fragment of Arabidopsis thaliana At4g12960 promoter (AtGILTpro) fused to the uidA reporter gene (GUS) were generated. Out of 7 independent events in transgenic canola plants raised, 2 exhibited GUS activity exclusively in the outer integument of the seed coat. GUS activity in other tissues was also observed in the remaining five transformants. Therefore, the AtGILT promoter can be used as a canola seed coat outer integument-specific promoter after the generation and selection of desired transformants from several transgenic lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wu
- Alberta Innovates-Technology Futures, PO Bag 4000, Hwy 16A & 75 St., Vegreville, AB, T9C 1T4, Canada.
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50
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Dutt M, Grosser JW. An embryogenic suspension cell culture system for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of citrus. Plant Cell Rep 2010; 29:1251-60. [PMID: 20711728 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A method for the genetic transformation of several citrus cultivars is described, including cultivars observed to be recalcitrant to conventional epicotyl-mediated transformation. Embryogenic cell suspension cultures, established from unfertilized ovules were used as target tissues for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Several modifications were made to the culture environment to investigate factors required for efficient transfer of the T-DNA and the subsequent regeneration of transgenic citrus plants. It was determined that co-cultivation of citrus cells and Agrobacterium in EME medium supplemented with maltose (EME-M) and 100 μM acetosyringone for 5 days at 25°C was optimum for transformation of each of the citrus cultivars. Efficient selection was obtained and escapes were prevented when the antibiotic hygromycin B was used as a selection antibiotic following transformation with an Agrobacterium strain containing hptII in the T-DNA region. Transgenic embryo regeneration and development was enhanced in medium that contained a liquid overlay consisting of a 1:2 mixture of 0.6 M BH3 and 0.15 M EME-M media. PCR and Southern blot analyses confirmed the presence of the T-DNA and the stable integration into the genome of regenerated plants, while RT-PCR demonstrated variable amounts of RNA being transcribed in different transgenic lines. This protocol can create an avenue for insertion of useful traits into any polyembryonic citrus cultivar that can be established as embryogenic cell suspension cultures, including popular specialty mandarins and seedless cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dutt
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
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