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Reese L, Ladwig-Wiegard M, Fersen LV, Haase G, Will H, Merle R, Encke D, Maegdefrau H, Baumgartner K, Thöne-Reineke C. Deflighting zoo birds and its welfare considerations. Anim Welf 2020. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.29.1.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
For over a century the practice of deflighting has taken place in zoological collections in order to ensure birds remain in open-topped enclosures. Over time, efforts have been made to improve or develop new (surgical) techniques, reduce risk of complications during deflighting and
minimise stress and pain during the procedure. However, increased public interest in issues of animal welfare has coincided with a questioning of the practice of removing a birds ability to fly. The ensuing debate, which continues to progress among a variety of differing stakeholders, has
led to various legislative adjustments across a number of countries. Despite significant legislation, the dialogue has been both subjective and highly emotive. A plethora of opinions exist as to why deflighting should be outlawed, why it is necessary, or how it has the potential to improve
a birds living conditions. However, most are based on assumption or issues unrelated to welfare. To the authors knowledge, to date, no scientific data have been published on the welfare implications of deflighting for the commonly deflighted bird species, such as waterfowl, flamingos (Phoenicopteridae),
pelicans (Pelecanidae), storks (Ciconiidae), cranes (Gruidae) and herons (Ardeidae). The aim of this study is to present an overview of the relevance of deflighting to zoo husbandry, the species primarily affected, the techniques currently in use, the legality in
differing countries and the extent of scientific knowledge as regards potential ethological and welfare concerns. An urgent need for evidence-based studies is highlighted, to further inform this practice at a species-specific level.
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Horn S, Raabe A, Will H, Tackenberg O. TurbSeed—A model for wind dispersal of seeds in turbulent currents based on publicly available climate data. Ecol Modell 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wimmer P, Blanchette P, Schreiner S, Ching W, Groitl P, Berscheminski J, Branton PE, Will H, Dobner T. Cross-talk between phosphorylation and SUMOylation regulates transforming activities of an adenoviral oncoprotein. Oncogene 2012; 32:1626-37. [PMID: 22614022 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of post-translational modification (PTM) by the small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMOs), a multitude of proteins have been described to be reversibly modified, resulting in the alteration of several cellular pathways. Interestingly, various pathogens gain access to this modification system, although the molecular mechanisms and functional consequences are barely understood. We show here that the adenoviral oncoprotein E1B-55K is a substrate of the SUMO conjugation system, which is directly linked to its C-terminal phosphorylation. This regulative connection is indispensable for modulation of the tumor suppressor p53/chromatin-remodeling factor Daxx by E1B-55K and, consequently, its oncogenic potential in primary mammalian cells. In virus infection, E1B-55K PTMs are necessary for localization to viral transcription/replication sites. Furthermore, we identify the E2 enzyme Ubc9 as an interaction partner of E1B-55K, providing a possible molecular explanation for SUMO-dependent modulation of cellular target proteins. In conclusion, these results for the first time provide evidence how E1B-55K PTMs are regulated and subsequently facilitate exploitation of the host cell SUMOylation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wimmer
- Department of Molecular Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute-Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
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Sommer G, Dittmann J, Kuehnert J, Reumann K, Schwartz PE, Will H, Coulter BL, Smith MT, Heise T. The RNA-binding protein La contributes to cell proliferation and CCND1 expression. Oncogene 2011; 30:434-44. [PMID: 20856207 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The La protein is an essential RNA-binding protein implicated in different aspects of RNA metabolism. Herein, we report that small interfering (siRNA)-mediated La depletion reduces cell proliferation of different cell lines concomitant with a reduction in cyclin D1 (CCND1) protein. To exclude off-target effects we demonstrate that exogenous La expression in La-depleted cells restores cell proliferation and CCND1 protein levels. In contrast, proliferation of immortalized CCND1 knockout cells is not affected by La depletion, supporting a functional coherence between La, CCND1 and proliferation. Furthermore, we document by reversible in vivo crosslinking and ribonucleoprotein (RNP) immunoprecipitation an association of the La protein with CCND1 messengerRNA and that CCND1 internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent translation is modulated by La protein level within the cell. In addition, we show elevated La protein expression in cervical cancer tissue and its correlation with aberrant CCND1 protein levels in cervical tumor tissue lysates. In conclusion, this study establishes a role of La in cell proliferation and CCND1 expression and demonstrates for the first time an overexpression of the RNA-binding protein La in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sommer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Matthes E, Funk A, Krahn I, Gaertner K, von Janta-Lipinski M, Lin L, Will H, Sirma H. Strong and selective inhibitors of hepatitis B virus replication among novel N4-hydroxy- and 5-methyl-beta-L-deoxycytidine analogues. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:2523-30. [PMID: 17404006 PMCID: PMC1913238 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00001-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel N(4)-hydroxy- and 5-methyl-modified beta-L-deoxycytidine analogues were synthesized and evaluated as anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) agents. Their in vitro efficiencies were investigated in HepG2.2.15 cells stably transfected with HBV. beta-L-2',3'-Didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-N(4)-hydroxycytidine (beta-L-Hyd4C) was most effective in reducing secreted HBV DNA (50% effective concentration [EC(50)], 0.03 microM), followed by beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thia-N(4)-hydroxycytidine (EC(50), 0.51 microM), beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-N(4)-hydroxycytidine (EC(50), 0.55 microM), and beta-L-5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (EC(50), 0.9 microM). The inhibition of the presumed target, the HBV DNA polymerase, by the triphosphates of some of the beta-L-cytidine derivatives was also assessed. In accordance with the cell culture data, beta-L-Hyd4C triphosphate was the most active inhibitor, with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 0.21 microM. The cytotoxicities of some of the 4-NHOH-modified beta-L-nucleosides were dramatically lower than those of the corresponding cytidine analogues with the unmodified 4-NH(2) group. The 50% cytotoxic concentrations for beta-L-Hyd4C in HepG2 and HL-60 cells were 2,500 microM and 3,500 microM, respectively. In summary, our results demonstrate that at least beta-L-Hyd4C can be recommended as a highly efficient and extremely selective inhibitor of HBV replication for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Matthes
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
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Schildgen O, Sirma H, Funk A, Wend U, Hartmann H, Olotu C, Helm M, Rockstroh J, Willems W, Will H, Gerlich W. P.099 Primary resistance of a novel hepatitis B virus variant to adefovir. J Clin Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(06)80281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Will H, Scholz P, Ondruschka B, Burckhardt W. Propanoxidation an Katalysatoren mit Perowskitstruktur im Multimode-Mikrowellenreaktor– Teil 2. CHEM-ING-TECH 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200403363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Funk A, Hohenberg H, Mhamdi M, Will H, Sirma H. Spread of hepatitis B viruses in vitro requires extracellular progeny and may be codetermined by polarized egress. J Virol 2004; 78:3977-83. [PMID: 15047813 PMCID: PMC374299 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.8.3977-3983.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses can spread by different mechanisms: via intracellular particles through cell junctions to neighboring cells or via secreted virions to adjacent or remote cells. The observation of clusters of hepadnavirus-infected cells both in vivo and in primary hepatocytes neither proves the first mechanism nor excludes the second. In order to test which mechanism, if not both, is used by hepatitis B viruses in order to spread, we used primary duck hepatocytes and duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) as an infection model. If extracellular progeny virus alone determines spreading, neutralizing antisera or drugs blocking virus binding to hepatocytes should abolish secondary infection. In order to test this, we used DHBV envelope-specific neutralizing antisera, as well as suramin, a known inhibitor of infection. Both reagents strongly reduced hepatocellular attachment of viral particles and almost completely abolished primary infection, whereas an ongoing intracellular infection was not affected as long as no progeny virus was released. In contrast, incubation of infected primary hepatocytes with these reagents during release of progeny virus completely prevented secondary infection. Moreover, the combination of electron and immunofluorescence microscopy analyses revealed the residence of viral particles in cytoplasmic vesicles preferentially located near the basolateral membrane of infected hepatocytes. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that hepatitis B viruses mainly spread by secreted, extracellular progeny and point to polarized egress of viral particles into intercellular compartments, which restricts their diffusion and favors transmission of virus to adjacent cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Cells, Cultured
- Ducks
- Hepadnaviridae Infections/etiology
- Hepadnaviridae Infections/virology
- Hepatitis B Virus, Duck/immunology
- Hepatitis B Virus, Duck/pathogenicity
- Hepatitis B Virus, Duck/physiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/etiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/virology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Inclusion Bodies, Viral/ultrastructure
- Microscopy, Electron
- Neutralization Tests
- Suramin/pharmacology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- A Funk
- Department of General Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institut für experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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Will H, Scholz P, Ondruschka B. Propanoxidation an Katalysatoren mit Perowskitstruktur im Multimode-Mikrowellenreaktor– Temperaturmessung und Auswertung der Temperatur-Umsatzkurven. CHEM-ING-TECH 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200403333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Meier P, Scougall CA, Will H, Burrell CJ, Jilbert AR. A duck hepatitis B virus strain with a knockout mutation in the putative X ORF shows similar infectivity and in vivo growth characteristics to wild-type virus. Virology 2004; 317:291-8. [PMID: 14698667 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepadnaviruses including human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) express X proteins, HBx and DHBx, respectively. Both HBx and DHBx are transcriptional activators and modulate cellular signaling in in vitro assays. To test whether the DHBx protein plays a role in virus infection, we compared the in vivo infectivity and growth characteristics of a DHBV3 strain with a stop codon in the X-like ORF (DHBV3-X-K.O.) to those of the wild-type DHBV3 strain. Here we report that the two strains showed no significant difference in (i). their ability to induce infection that resulted in stable viraemia measured by serum surface antigen (DHBsAg) and DHBV DNA, and detection of viral proteins and replicative DNA intermediates in the liver; (ii). the rate of spread of infection in liver and extrahepatic sites after low-dose virus inoculation; and (iii). the ability to produce transient or persistent infection under balanced age/dose conditions designed to detect small differences between the strains. Thus, none of the infection parameters assayed were detectably affected by the X-ORF knockout mutation, raising the question whether DHBx expression plays a physiological role during in vivo infection with wild-type DHBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Meier
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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Abstract
Promyelocytic leukaemia (PML) nuclear bodies (NBs) are macromolecular nuclear domains present in virtually every mammalian cell. PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) were functionally linked to various fundamental cellular processes, including transcriptional control, tumour suppression and apoptosis regulation. Supporting the important function of PML and its associated NBs in apoptosis regulation, several apoptotic regulators localise to PML-NBs, and cells from PML-deficient mice show severe apoptotic defects, including induction of genotoxic stress and death receptor CD95 (Fas/APO-1) activation. Based on the current literature, we hypothesise that PML-NBs regulate apoptosis through different molecular mechanisms, on the one hand by acting as macromolecular scaffolds for recruitment and post-translational modification of the apoptotic key regulator p53, and on the other by regulating the subcellular bioavailability and quality of some apoptotic signal transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Hofmann
- 1Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg 20251, Germany.
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Abstract
Most organisms have developed sophisticated machineries to preserve their genomic integrity. On the contrary hepatitis B virus (HBV), like a lot of other viruses can undergo rapid and drastic sequence changes, especially if the virus has to cope with natural or therapy induced antiviral mechanisms in the host. Here, we try to summarize possible implications for the molecular pathogenesis of HBV based on the extensive research on the genetic variants of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Burda
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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Fischer L, Kalinina T, Rogiers X, Will H, Sterneck M. GLY145ARG mutation emerging under HBIG treatment in patients with recurrent HBV after liver transplantation strongly reduces viral secretion. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:3633-6. [PMID: 11750543 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(01)02563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Fischer
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Will H. [Not Available]. Luzif Amor 2001; 8:7-21. [PMID: 11634269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Will H. [Not Available]. Luzif Amor 2001; 12:65-85. [PMID: 11639056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Pult I, Netter HJ, Bruns M, Prassolov A, Sirma H, Hohenberg H, Chang SF, Frölich K, Krone O, Kaleta EF, Will H. Identification and analysis of a new hepadnavirus in white storks. Virology 2001; 289:114-28. [PMID: 11601923 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We identified, cloned, and functionally characterized a new avian hepadnavirus infecting storks (STHBV). STHBV has the largest DNA genome of all avian hepadnaviruses and, based on sequence and phylogenetic analysis, is most closely related to, but distinct from, heron hepatitis B virus (HHBV). Unique for STHBV among the other avian hepadnaviruses is a potential HNF1 binding site in the preS promoter. In common only with HHBV, STHBV has a myristylation signal on the S and not the preS protein, two C terminally located glycosylation sites on the precore/core proteins and lacks the phosphorylation site essential for the transcriptional transactivation activity of duck-HBV preS protein. The cloned STHBV genomes were competent in gene expression, replication, and viral particle secretion. STHBV infected primary duck hepatocytes very inefficiently suggesting a restricted host range, similar to other hepadnaviruses. This discovery of stork infections unravels novel evolutionary aspects of hepadnaviruses and provides new opportunities for hepadnavirus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pult
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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Thoma C, Hasselblatt P, Köck J, Chang SF, Hockenjos B, Will H, Hentze MW, Blum HE, von Weizsäcker F, Offensperger WB. Generation of stable mRNA fragments and translation of N-truncated proteins induced by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Mol Cell 2001; 8:865-72. [PMID: 11684021 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(01)00364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Binding of phosphorothioate-modified antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS ODNs) to target mRNAs is commonly thought to mediate RNA degradation or block of translation. Here we demonstrate cleavage of target mRNAs within the AS ODN binding region with subsequent degradation of the 5' but not the 3' cleavage product. Some, if not all, 3' mRNA fragments lacked a 5' cap structure, whereas their poly(A) tail length remained unchanged. Furthermore, they were efficiently translated into N-terminally truncated proteins as demonstrated in three settings: production of shortened hepadnaviral surface proteins, alteration of the subcellular localization of a fluorescent protein, and shift of the transcription factor C/EBPalpha isoform expression levels. Thus, AS treatment may result in the synthesis of N-truncated proteins with biologically relevant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thoma
- Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Dandri M, Burda MR, Gocht A, Török E, Pollok JM, Rogler CE, Will H, Petersen J. Woodchuck hepatocytes remain permissive for hepadnavirus infection and mouse liver repopulation after cryopreservation. Hepatology 2001; 34:824-33. [PMID: 11584382 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2001.28189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Isolated hepatocytes represent a relevant model of the liver and are highly required both for research and therapeutic applications. However, sources of primary liver cells from human beings and from some animal species are limited. Therefore, cryopreservation of hepatocytes could greatly facilitate advances in various research areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether cryopreserved primary woodchuck hepatocytes could be used for woodchuck hepatitis B virus (WHV) infection studies, and whether they could maintain their regenerative potential in vivo after thawing. Critical steps for good quality of cryopreserved hepatocytes included the use of University of Wisconsin (UW) solution as a main component of the freezing medium, stepwise reduction of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to avoid osmotic shock, and maintenance of low concentrations of DMSO in the culture medium. After cryopreservation, cell viability was still high (70% to 80%), and 50% to 60% of thawed cells attached to the plates. The appearance of covalently closed circular (ccc)DNA and of WHV-replicative forms a few days after in vitro infection demonstrated that thawed woodchuck hepatocytes were still susceptible to viral infection, thus proving maintenance of a very high hepatocyte-specific differentiation status. Furthermore, transplantation of woodchuck hepatocytes into the liver of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)/recombination activation gene-2 (RAG-2) mice, a model of liver regeneration, demonstrated that cryopreserved cells retained the ability to divide and to extensively repopulate a xenogenic liver. Notably, in vivo susceptibility to infection with WHV and proliferative capacity of frozen/thawed woodchuck hepatocytes in recipient mice were identical to those observed by transplanting fresh hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dandri
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Kalinina T, Riu A, Fischer L, Will H, Sterneck M. A dominant hepatitis B virus population defective in virus secretion because of several S-gene mutations from a patient with fulminant hepatitis. Hepatology 2001; 34:385-94. [PMID: 11481624 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2001.26516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that certain pathogenic hepatitis B virus (HBV) variants may play a role in the pathogenesis of fulminant hepatitis (FHB). Recently, we isolated from a patient with fulminant recurrent hepatitis B after liver transplantation variants with enhanced replication competence and a possible defect in viral particle secretion. Both viral features may have contributed to the severity of the disease. The aim of this study was to prove the secretion defect of these variants, to analyze the consequences, and to identify the responsible viral mutations. The variant genomes and appropriate wild-type/variant hybrid genomes were functionally characterized after transfection in human hepatoma cells. Two cloned genomes and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified mixture of full-length genomes showed a block in viral particle secretion. This was caused by a combination of amino acid changes in the S-protein including the mutation G145R frequently emerging after hyperimmunoglobulin treatment. The mutations induced retention of the surface proteins in an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-like compartment, but no intracellular accumulation. These data provide evidence for the in vivo existence of a dominant HBV population with a severe defect in viral particle secretion caused by mutations in the S-gene. This viral phenotype in combination with the enhanced replication competence may have contributed to the fulminant clinical course of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kalinina
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität Hamburg; Universitätskrankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Dandri M, Burda MR, Török E, Pollok JM, Iwanska A, Sommer G, Rogiers X, Rogler CE, Gupta S, Will H, Greten H, Petersen J. Repopulation of mouse liver with human hepatocytes and in vivo infection with hepatitis B virus. Hepatology 2001; 33:981-8. [PMID: 11283864 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2001.23314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mice containing livers repopulated with human hepatocytes would provide excellent in vivo models for studies on human liver diseases and hepatotropic viruses, for which no permissive cell lines exist. Here, we report partial repopulation of the liver of immunodeficient urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)/recombinant activation gene-2 (RAG-2) mice with normal human hepatocytes isolated from the adult liver. In the transplanted mice, the production of human albumin was demonstrated, indicating that human hepatocytes remained functional in the mouse liver for at least 2 months after transplantation. Inoculation of transplanted mice with human hepatitis B virus (HBV) led to the establishment of productive HBV infection. According to human-specific genomic DNA analysis and immunostaining of cryostat liver sections, human hepatocytes were estimated to constitute up to 15% of the uPA/RAG-2 mouse liver. This is proof that normal human hepatocytes can integrate into the mouse hepatic parenchyma, undergo multiple cell divisions, and remain permissive for a human hepatotropic virus in a xenogenic liver. This system will provide new opportunities for studies on etiology and therapy of viral and nonviral human liver diseases, as well as on hepatocyte biology and hepatocellular transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dandri
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut for Experimental Virology and Immunology, University Hospital Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Germany
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Rang A, Heise T, Will H. Lack of a role of the interferon-stimulated response element-like region in interferon alpha -induced suppression of Hepatitis B virus in vitro. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:3531-5. [PMID: 11106638 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c000584200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiviral effect of interferon-alpha (IFNalpha) on hepatitis B virus (HBV) is well documented in vitro and in vivo, but the mechanisms involved are elusive. Recently, an interferon-stimulated response like element (ISRE) competent for binding of interferon-stimulated gene factor-3gamma (p48) has been identified in the HBV enhancer I region. Mutation of this element was shown to abrogate IFNalpha-mediated reduction of HBV X-gene promoter-driven reporter gene expression. This suggested a role of the ISRE and of p48 in IFNalpha-induced antiviral activity against productive HBV infection. Here, we analyzed the antiviral effect of both IFNalpha and enhanced p48 expression on complete HBV genomes containing the wild-type or mutated ISRE. In human hepatoma cells transfected with both genomes, viral RNA and replicative intermediates were reduced by IFNalpha treatment to a similar degree. Enhanced p48 expression increased IFNalpha-induced suppression of HBV RNA significantly from 75 +/- 22.5% to 46 +/- 9.8%, but this was independent of the integrity of the ISRE-like region. These data imply that p48 neither mediates the antiviral activity of IFNalpha against HBV nor down-regulates enhancer I activity by binding directly to the HBV ISRE-like region, but rather argue for an indirect role of p48.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rang
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität Hamburg, Martinistrabetae 52, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
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Grob P, Jilg W, Bornhak H, Gerken G, Gerlich W, Günther S, Hess G, Hüdig H, Kitchen A, Margolis H, Michel G, Trepo C, Will H, Zanetti A, Mushahwar I. Serological pattern "anti-HBc alone": report on a workshop. J Med Virol 2001. [PMID: 11074473 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9071(200012)62:4<450::aid-jmv9>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In areas with low hepatitis B virus (HBV) endemicity such as most parts of Europe and the United States "anti-HBc alone" is found in 10-20% of all individuals with HBV markers, i.e., 1-4% of the population. In about 10% of these individuals HBV DNA is detected by PCR, the proportions varying greatly depending on the population studied, being highest in individuals coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) (above 35%) and HIV (above 85%). A small proportion of individuals with "anti-HBc alone" are in the window phase of an HBV infection or in a stage of late HBV immunity. For the large proportion of these individuals this is not the case and they are thought to have an unresolved HBV-infection or a chronic infection in a late or "low grade" productive state. Currently, limited studies have been performed concerning the clinical aspects of individuals with "anti-HBc alone" and suspected chronic HBV infection. The majority of these individuals seem to be healthy. Some chronic carriers with "anti-HBc alone," however, do present signs of chronic hepatitis. Individuals with "anti-HBc alone" are potentially infectious. This is exemplified by a few case reports of HBV transmission to sexual contacts, perinatal transmission between mother and newborns and in blood recipients. Recommendations are given in relation to both the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the individuals with "anti-HBc alone" and in the blood banking and transplantation services.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grob
- Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
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27
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Chang SF, Netter HJ, Hildt E, Schuster R, Schaefer S, Hsu YC, Rang A, Will H. Duck hepatitis B virus expresses a regulatory HBx-like protein from a hidden open reading frame. J Virol 2001; 75:161-70. [PMID: 11119585 PMCID: PMC113909 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.1.161-170.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck hepatitis B viruses (DHBV), unlike mammalian hepadnaviruses, are thought to lack X genes, which encode transcription-regulatory proteins believed to contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. A lack of association of chronic DHBV infection with hepatocellular carcinoma development supports this belief. Here, we demonstrate that DHBV genomes have a hidden open reading frame from which a transcription-regulatory protein, designated DHBx, is expressed both in vitro and in vivo. We show that DHBx enhances neither viral protein expression, intracellular DNA synthesis, nor virion production when assayed in the full-length genome context in LMH cells. However, similar to mammalian hepadnavirus X proteins, DHBx activates cellular and viral promoters via the Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and localizes primarily in the cytoplasm. The functional similarities as well as the weak sequence homologies of DHBx and the X proteins of mammalian hepadnaviruses strongly suggest a common ancestry of ortho- and avihepadnavirus X genes. In addition, our data disclose similar intracellular localization and transcription regulatory functions of the corresponding proteins, raise new questions as to their presumed role in hepatocarcinogenesis, and imply unique opportunities for deciphering of their still-enigmatic in vivo functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Chang
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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28
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Grob P, Jilg W, Bornhak H, Gerken G, Gerlich W, Günther S, Hess G, Hüdig H, Kitchen A, Margolis H, Michel G, Trepo C, Will H, Zanetti A, Mushahwar I. Serological pattern "anti-HBc alone": report on a workshop. J Med Virol 2000; 62:450-5. [PMID: 11074473 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9071(200012)62:4<450::aid-jmv9>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In areas with low hepatitis B virus (HBV) endemicity such as most parts of Europe and the United States "anti-HBc alone" is found in 10-20% of all individuals with HBV markers, i.e., 1-4% of the population. In about 10% of these individuals HBV DNA is detected by PCR, the proportions varying greatly depending on the population studied, being highest in individuals coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) (above 35%) and HIV (above 85%). A small proportion of individuals with "anti-HBc alone" are in the window phase of an HBV infection or in a stage of late HBV immunity. For the large proportion of these individuals this is not the case and they are thought to have an unresolved HBV-infection or a chronic infection in a late or "low grade" productive state. Currently, limited studies have been performed concerning the clinical aspects of individuals with "anti-HBc alone" and suspected chronic HBV infection. The majority of these individuals seem to be healthy. Some chronic carriers with "anti-HBc alone," however, do present signs of chronic hepatitis. Individuals with "anti-HBc alone" are potentially infectious. This is exemplified by a few case reports of HBV transmission to sexual contacts, perinatal transmission between mother and newborns and in blood recipients. Recommendations are given in relation to both the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the individuals with "anti-HBc alone" and in the blood banking and transplantation services.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grob
- Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
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29
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Fogal V, Gostissa M, Sandy P, Zacchi P, Sternsdorf T, Jensen K, Pandolfi PP, Will H, Schneider C, Del Sal G. Regulation of p53 activity in nuclear bodies by a specific PML isoform. EMBO J 2000; 19:6185-95. [PMID: 11080164 PMCID: PMC305840 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.22.6185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent modification of the promyelocytic leukaemia protein (PML) by SUMO-1 is a prerequisite for the assembly of nuclear bodies (NBs), subnuclear structures disrupted in various human diseases and linked to transcriptional and growth control. Here we demonstrate that p53 is recruited into NBs by a specific PML isoform (PML3) or by coexpression of SUMO-1 and hUbc9. NB targeting depends on the direct association of p53, through its core domain, with a C-terminal region of PML3. The relocalization of p53 into NBs enhances p53 transactivation in a promoter-specific manner and affects cell survival. Our results indicate the existence of a cross-talk between PML- and p53-dependent growth suppression pathways, implying an important role for NBs and their resident proteins as modulators of p53 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fogal
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy
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30
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Böker H, Northoff G, Lenz C, von Schmeling C, Eppel A, Härtling F, Will H, Lempa G, Meier M, Hell D. [Reconstruction of mutism. Studies of subjective experiences of former patients with the modified Landfield categories]. Psychiatr Prax 2000; 27:389-96. [PMID: 11140162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The subjective experience of catatonic patients was investigated with the repertory grid-technique after recovery from the acute state of disease and compared with non-catatonic schizoaffective and depressive patients. METHODS The sample consists of 18 catatonic patients, 22 schizoaffective, 16 unipolar depressive, 8 unipolar manic and 23 patients with bipolar affective disorder as well as of 32 psychiatrically healthy orthopaedic controls. Interviews were held well before discharge. The contents of personal constructs was analyzed by means of modified Landfield categories. RESULTS "Self" of catatonic patients did not differ significantly from the other groups. The "Idealself" of catatonic patients differed significantly in the categories "high self esteem" (from the controls and the non-catatonic group) and "high empathy" (from the controls). The "disease-self" ("In the acute catatonic state") was construed as isolated (lack of social contact). The results underline the importance of an active therapeutical interaction in the acute catatonic state. The modified Landfield Categories proved to be a useful psychodiagnostic instrument for the idiographic assessment of personality in particular, and for psychiatric therapy research in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Böker
- Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich.
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31
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Böker H, Hell D, Budischewski K, Eppel A, Härtling F, Rinnert H, von Schmeling F, Will H, Schoeneich F, Northoff G. Personality and object relations in patients with affective disorders: idiographic research by means of the repertory grid technique. J Affect Disord 2000; 60:53-9. [PMID: 10940448 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper presents an idiographic approach to evaluate the self concept and the self-object-relationship of patients suffering from affective disorders. METHODS Significant dimensions of the personality and the object relations of 127 depressive patients and 34 orthopaedic patients were investigated with the repertory grid-technique. The self concept and the object relations were compared by means of nomothetically used idiographic results after recovery from manifest depression. RESULTS 'Low self esteem' was frequently found in patients with a long lasting course of illness and the ICD-10-diagnoses of 'bipolar affective disorder' and 'dysthymia'. The object relations of the depressive sample were characterised by the dimension 'symbiotic near'; 'ambivalent' and 'indifferent' partnership relationships were found much more frequently in the controls. CONCLUSIONS The idiographic results help to differentiate the spectrum of affective disorders. They underline the importance of the interpersonal dimension of depression and may be used as a basis of a therapeutic appraisal. LIMITATIONS The repertory grid-technique may not be used as a diagnostic instrument. However, the combination of idiographic results with further clinical informations enables the multidimensional assessment of the self concept and psychosocial coping mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Böker
- Psychiatric University Hospital, Postfach 68, CH-8029 Zürich, Switzerland.
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32
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Günther S, Piwon N, Jung A, Iwanska A, Schmitz H, Will H. Enhanced replication contributes to enrichment of hepatitis B virus with a deletion in the core gene. Virology 2000; 273:286-99. [PMID: 10915599 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation in immunosuppressed patients of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with a deletion in the C gene is associated with severe liver disease. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotype of such genomes in vitro. Four C gene fragments with different types of deletions were inserted in the context of a wild-type genome and tested by transfection into HuH7 cells. The deletions did not influence mRNA and surface protein levels. Truncated C gene translation products were expressed only from variants with in-frame deletions, whereas full-length polymerase was expressed from all variants at a similar or higher level than in wild-type virus. None of the variants was competent for autonomous replication; however, they produced 2- to 4.5-fold more progeny DNA than wild-type HBV when sufficiently complemented with wild-type core protein. Similarly, when variant and wild-type DNA were cotransfected in different ratios, the variants produced 2- to 5-fold more progeny DNA relative to the wild-type; this enrichment required the expression of the viral polymerase in cis. The mechanism of enrichment depended on the percentage of variant in the transfected DNA mixture. When the transfected DNA contained a small percentage of variant, enhanced replication of the variant accompanied by no or little suppression of wild-type replication was seen. Accordingly, overall production of progeny virus was slightly increased. At a high percentage of variant DNA, replication of both variant and wild-type decreased, probably due to a shortage of wild-type core protein. In conclusion, emergence of C gene deletion variants in vivo may be due to enhanced replication mediated at the level of encapsidation or reverse transcription. If the variants constitute a small part of the ccc DNA, they can be fully trans-complemented by wild-type virus which may increase the overall virus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Günther
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin, Hamburg, 20359, Federal Republic of Germany.
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33
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Böker H, Budischewski K, Eppel A, Härtling F, Rinnert J, von Schmeling C, Will H, Northoff G, Schoeneich F. [Self concept and object relations of patients with affective disorders--individual centered diagnosis with the repertory-grid technique]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2000; 50:328-34. [PMID: 11004888 DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-9094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Significant dimensions of the self concept and the object relations of 127 depressive patients and 34 orthopaedic patients were investigated with the repertory-grid-technique. Self concept and object relations were compared by means of nomothethically used idiographic results after recovery from manifest depression. The object relations of the depressive sample were characterised by the dimension "symbiotic near"; "ambivalent" and "indifferent" partnership relationships were found much more frequently in the controls. The idiographic results contribute to a differentiation of the spectrum of affective disorders. They underline the importance of the interpersonal dimension of depression and may be used as a basis of a therapeutic orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Böker
- Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich.
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34
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Dandri M, Burda MR, Will H, Petersen J. Increased hepatocyte turnover and inhibition of woodchuck hepatitis B virus replication by adefovir in vitro do not lead to reduction of the closed circular DNA. Hepatology 2000; 32:139-46. [PMID: 10869302 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2000.8701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the nucleotide analogue adefovir on woodchuck hepatitis B virus (WHV) replication and, in particular, to determine whether the pool of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) could be reduced by adefovir treatment in primary cultures of woodchuck hepatocytes isolated from a chronic carrier. Strong reduction of WHV-DNA synthesis (90%) and secretion (up to 98%) was observed with all 3 doses of adefovir used (1, 10, and 100 micromol/L), whereas in the absence of the drug, high amounts of viral particles were continuously secreted in the culture medium until the end of the study (27 days). Secretion of envelope proteins and viral RNA levels remained constant both in the adefovir-treated and -untreated cultures for the entire course of the study. Intracellular core protein levels declined by approximately 50% in all the cultures, independent of adefovir treatment. There was no indication of cccDNA loss in the adefovir-treated hepatocyte cultures even when cell turnover was induced for 14 days by the addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to the culture medium. Our data show that adefovir has a very strong inhibitory effect on WHV-DNA synthesis in chronically infected primary hepatocyte cultures and indicate that cccDNA is a very stable molecule that appears to be efficiently transmitted to the dividing hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dandri
- Heinrich Pette Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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35
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus-infected patients frequently have viral particles with DNA derived from differently spliced RNA. Which factors influence the synthesis of these splice variants is unclear. We analysed the type of splice variants produced from different genotypes and determined whether they are secreted as efficiently as wild-type virus. We demonstrate production of a single splice variant from genotypes D, C, and E as dominant species in two hepatoma cell lines. The type of minor splice variants synthesised varied between genotypes but was identical in both hepatoma cell lines. A novel splice variant with a deletion in the core gene was identified for genotype D. Viral DNA from intracellular compared with extracellular viral particles was spliced approximately five times more often than wild-type-sized genomes. A variable amount of the major splice variant was also identified in sera from patients infected with genotypes A, D, and C. These data indicate genotype A-, C-, D-, and E- as well as hepatoma cell line-independent synthesis of a dominant single splice variant and argue for a biological function of the corresponding splice sites. This study clearly demonstrates the intracellular accumulation of viral particles containing spliced genomes and offers a tool for the investigation of underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sommer
- Heinrich-Pette Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie, Universität Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
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36
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Pitkänen J, Doucas V, Sternsdorf T, Nakajima T, Aratani S, Jensen K, Will H, Vähämurto P, Ollila J, Vihinen M, Scott HS, Antonarakis SE, Kudoh J, Shimizu N, Krohn K, Peterson P. The autoimmune regulator protein has transcriptional transactivating properties and interacts with the common coactivator CREB-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:16802-9. [PMID: 10748110 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m908944199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy, caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene, is an autosomal recessive autoimmune disease characterized by the breakdown of tolerance to organ-specific antigens. The 545 amino acid protein encoded by AIRE contains several structural motifs suggestive of a transcriptional regulator and bears similarity to cellular proteins involved in transcriptional control. We show here that AIRE fused to a heterologous DNA binding domain activates transcription from a reporter promoter, and the activation seen requires the full-length protein or more than one activation domain. At the structural level AIRE forms homodimers through the NH(2)-terminal domain, and molecular modeling for this domain suggests a four-helix bundle structure. In agreement, we show that the common transcriptional coactivator CREB-binding protein (CBP) interacts with AIRE in vitro and in yeast nuclei through the CH1 and CH3 conserved domains. We suggest that the transcriptional transactivation properties of AIRE together with its interaction with CBP might be important in its function as disease-causing mutations almost totally abolish the activation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pitkänen
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33101 Tampere, Finland.
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37
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Abstract
Tetracycline (tet)-responsive expression vectors allow controlled inducible expression of proteins in mammalian cells. This system is widely used for experimental research both in vivo and in vitro. In our attempts to use this system to study the antiviral effect of IFNalpha on hepatitis B virus, we discovered an unexpected feature of the tet-responsive promoter (tet promoter) of the currently available expression vectors. IFNalphawas found to stimulate tet promoter activity after transient transfection in a dose- and cell type-dependent manner. By sequence inspection, an IFNalpha-stimulated response element (ISRE)-like sequence was identified in the linker regions located between the heptameric tet operator sequences. Gel shift assays revealed binding of IFN-stimulated gene factors to these sequences, indicating that they mediate the IFNalpha-mediated promoter stimulation. These data demonstrate an unexpected feature of the tet-responsive expression system which needs to be taken into account when using this system for analysis of cytokine functions in vitro and in vivo. The data also imply that the tet promoter-based expression system can be rendered non-responsive to IFNalpha by mutagenesis of the ISREs and this may be essential when considering gene therapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rang
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Martinistrasse 52, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
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38
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is predominantly treated with interferon alpha (IFNalpha), which results in efficient reduction of the viral load only in 10-20% of treated patients. The mechanisms induced by IFNalpha resulting in reduction of viremia in responding patients are unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize HBV-specific IFNalpha-induced intracellular inhibitory mechanisms and IFNalpha-sensitive HBV targets. METHODS To determine the antiviral activity, cells transiently transfected with HBV DNA were treated with IFNalpha and thereafter, viral products were quantified at different time points. RESULTS Time-dependent reduction of RNA, replicative DNA-intermediates, core protein and secreted HBsAg/HBeAg levels was observed in IFNalpha-treated cells. Viral RNA levels were reduced most effectively early post-treatment whereas those of core protein and replicative intermediates decreased later. By expression of subgenomic HBV sequences, an RNA target region mediating IFNalpha-induced RNA degradation was mapped. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that HuH7 cells transiently transfected with HBV-DNA represent a system well suited for detailed analysis of IFNa-induced antiviral mechanisms and HBV targets. At least two IFNalpha-induced HBV-specific antiviral activities are active in this system: one reduces the levels of core protein and replicative intermediates, the other leads to posttranscriptional degradation of HBV-RNA. Based on the established in vitro system a detailed characterization of the IFNalpha-sensitive RNA-region and of factors mediating this intracellular antiviral effect is feasible. This may lead to the development of novel strategies for therapy of chronic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rang
- Department of General Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie, Hamburg, Germany
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39
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Will H. [Otto F. Kerberg: psychoanalysis, psychoanalytic psychotherapy and supportive psychotherapy: Current controversies. PPmP 49 (1999) 91-99]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 1999; 49:432-3. [PMID: 10593142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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40
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Chang SF, Netter HJ, Bruns M, Schneider R, Frölich K, Will H. A new avian hepadnavirus infecting snow geese (Anser caerulescens) produces a significant fraction of virions containing single-stranded DNA. Virology 1999; 262:39-54. [PMID: 10489339 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.9844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the identification and functional analysis of an evolutionary distinct new avian hepadnavirus. Infection of snow geese (Anser caerulescens) with a duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV)-related virus, designated SGHBV, was demonstrated by detection of envelope proteins in sera with anti-DHBV preS and S antibodies. Comparative sequence analysis of the PCR-amplified SGHBV genomes revealed unique SGHBV sequence features compared with other avian hepadnaviruses. Unlike DHBV, SGHBV shows an open reading frame in an analogous position to orthohepadnavirus X genes. Four of five cloned genomes were competent in replication, gene expression, and virus particle secretion in chicken hepatoma cells. Primary duck hepatocytes were permissive for infection with SGHBV, suggesting a similar or identical host range. SGHBV was found to secrete a significant fraction of virion-like particles containing single-stranded viral DNA. This was observed both in cell culture medium of SGHBV DNA-transfected LMH cells and in viremic sera of several birds, suggesting that it is a stable trait of SGHBV. Taken together, SGHBV has several unique features that expand the knowledge of the functional and evolutionary diversity of hepadnaviruses and offers new experimental opportunities for studies on the life cycle of hepadnaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Chang
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität Hamburg, Martinistrabetae 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
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41
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Abstract
A C-terminal truncated form of membrane-type 4 matrix metalloproteinase (MT4-MMP; MMP 17), lacking the hemopexin-like and transmembrane domain, was expressed in Escherichia coli. The catalytic domain was produced by tryptic activation of the recombinant proenzyme and proved to be catalytically active towards the fluorogenic substrate for matrix metalloproteinases (7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl) acetyl-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu(3-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-L-2,3-diaminopro-p ionyl)-Ala-Arg-NH2. In contrast to the other three MT-MMPs (MT1-, MT2-, and MT3-MMP), the catalytic domain of MT4-MMP does not activate progelatinase A, nor does it hydrolyze one of the offered extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as collagen types I, II, III, IV, and V, gelatin, fibronectin, laminin or decorin. TIMP-1, a poor inhibitor of MT1-, MT2- and MT3-MMP, suppresses MT4-MMP activity effectively. The progelatinase A/TIMP-2 complex that usually reacts like TIMP-2 also inhibits MT4-MMP. TIMP-2, a strong inhibitor of other MT-MMPS, inhibits MT4-MMP at low concentrations. With increasing TIMP-2 concentration, however, activity passes through a minimum and then increases until at high TIMP-2 concentration the activity is the same as in the absence of TIMP-2. TIMP-1 or the progelatinase A/TIMP-2 complex do not prevent reactivation of MT4-MMP catalytic domain at high TIMP-2 concentrations.
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42
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Kirschning E, Jensen K, Dübel S, Rutter G, Hohenberg H, Will H. Primary structure of the antigen-binding domains of a human oligodendrocyte-reactive IgM monoclonal antibody derived from a patient with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 99:122-30. [PMID: 10496185 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several murine IgM monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) promoting remyelination in mice were shown to be germline gene-encoded natural autoantibodies that react with oligodendrocytes and intracellular antigens. Here, we show that human oligodendrocyte-reactive IgM mAb DS1F8 derived from a patient with multiple sclerosis targets microtubule-like structures similar to the murine mAbs. Sequencing of the cDNAs of the variable regions revealed that the antigen-binding domains are also encoded by germline genes. These similarities of mAb DS1F8 to the murine mAbs promoting remyelination suggest that this human mAb is a natural autoantibody. This may imply that the engineering of human autoantibodies for therapy of demyelinating diseases is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kirschning
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology at the University of Hamburg, Germany.
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43
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Sternsdorf T, Puccetti E, Jensen K, Hoelzer D, Will H, Ottmann OG, Ruthardt M. PIC-1/SUMO-1-modified PML-retinoic acid receptor alpha mediates arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:5170-8. [PMID: 10373566 PMCID: PMC84360 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.7.5170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion proteins involving the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha) and PML or PLZF nuclear protein are the genetic markers of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). APLs with PML-RARalpha or PLZF-RARalpha fusion protein differ only in their response to retinoic acid (RA) treatment: the t(15;17) (PML-RARalpha-positive) APL blasts are sensitive to RA in vitro, and patients enter disease remission after RA treatment, while those with t(11;17) (PLZF-RARalpha-positive) APLs do not. Recently it has been shown that complete remission can be achieved upon treatment with arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in PML-RARalpha-positive APL, even when the patient has relapsed and the disease is RA resistant. This appears to be due to apoptosis induced by As2O3 in the APL blasts by poorly defined mechanisms. Here we report that (i) As2O3 induces apoptosis only in cells expressing the PML-RARalpha, not the PLZF-RARalpha, fusion protein; (ii) PML-RARalpha is partially modified by covalent linkage with a PIC-1/SUMO-1-like protein prior to As2O3 treatment, whereas PLZF-RARalpha is not; (iii) As2O3 treatment induces a change in the modification pattern of PML-RARalpha toward highly modified forms; (iv) redistribution of PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) upon As2O3 treatment is accompanied by recruitment of PIC-1/SUMO-1 into PML-NBs, probably due to hypermodification of both PML and PML-RARalpha; (v) As2O3-induced apoptosis is independent of the DNA binding activity located in the RARalpha portion of the PML-RARalpha fusion protein; and (vi) the apoptotic process is bcl-2 and caspase 3 independent and is blocked only partially by a global caspase inhibitor. Taken together, these data provide novel insights into the mechanisms involved in As2O3-induced apoptosis in APL and predict that treatment of t(11;17) (PLZF-RARalpha-positive) APLs with As2O3 will not be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sternsdorf
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- S Günther
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie, Universität Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany.
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Santantonio T, Gunther S, Sterneck M, Rendina M, Messner M, Launois B, Francavilla A, Pastore G, Will H. Liver graft infection by HBV S-gene mutants in transplant patients receiving long-term HBIg prophylaxis. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46:1848-54. [PMID: 10430358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS HBV reinfection of transplant livers occurs frequently even in the presence of high doses of anti-HBs immunoglobulins. We analyzed, retrospectively, whether and which type of S-gene variants were selected by long-term polyclonal anti-HBs (HBIg) treatment leading to reinfection of patients transplanted because of chronic HBs-positive end-stage liver disease. METHODOLOGY The preS2/S gene of the viral genomes obtained from sera before transplantation and during HBV reinfection was amplified by PCR and directly sequenced. RESULTS According to transaminase and HBV DNA hybridization analysis, 3/18 (17%) liver transplant patients had HBV and hepatitis recurrence during anti-HBs therapy. A HBV S-gene mutant containing a G to A nucleotide mutation at position 587, converting Glycine to Arginine (G145A), was identified in all three patients as the dominant population at reinfection but not pre-transplantation. Contrary to the S-gene, no consistent nucleotide changes were found in the pre-S2 region of HBV genomes when comparing the reinfection and pre-transplantation samples. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that long-term polyclonal anti-HBs immunoprophylaxis selected the most commonly described G145R S-gene escape HBV variant which became the dominant virus population and was responsible for graft infection. Therefore, immunoglobulins with high affinity for the G145R HBs variant should be included in HBIg to prevent recurrent HBV infection in transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Santantonio
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität Hamburg, Germany.
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Günther S, von Breunig F, Santantonio T, Jung MC, Gaeta GB, Fischer L, Sterneck M, Will H. Absence of mutations in the YMDD motif/B region of the hepatitis B virus polymerase in famciclovir therapy failure. J Hepatol 1999; 30:749-54. [PMID: 10365797 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(99)80124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Nucleoside analogues such as lamivudine and famciclovir are potent drugs for treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Breakthrough infections during lamivudine therapy are associated with mutations in the YMDD motif and putative B region of the HBV polymerase. This study investigated whether failure of famciclovir therapy is also associated with presence or emergence of particular mutations in the HBV polymerase. METHODS We analyzed longitudinally the sequence of the priming and polymerase domain in seven patients with primary non-response to therapy and two patients with a breakthrough during therapy. Two patients who responded to therapy served as a control. RESULTS The YMDD motif and the B region were conserved in all isolates. V-->I changes at position 555 just downstream of the YMDD motif were observed before and during therapy in a virus subpopulation of two patients with a primary non-response. In patients with a breakthrough, 378-V-->I and 424-N-->D mutations emerged in the N terminal part of the polymerase domain during follow-up. Lamivudine rescue therapy initiated in four patients, including a patient infected with YMDD(555-V-->I) variants, efficiently reduced viremia. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that failure of famciclovir therapy can occur independently of mutations in the YMDD motif or B region of the HBV polymerase and provide a rationale for rescue therapy with lamivudine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Günther
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Sternsdorf T, Jensen K, Reich B, Will H. The nuclear dot protein sp100, characterization of domains necessary for dimerization, subcellular localization, and modification by small ubiquitin-like modifiers. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:12555-66. [PMID: 10212234 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.18.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sp100 and promyelocytic leukemia proteins (PML) are constituents of nuclear domains, known as nuclear dots (NDs) or PML bodies, and are both covalently modified by the small ubiquitin-related protein SUMO-1. NDs play a role in autoimmunity, virus infections, and in the etiology of acute promyelocytic leukemia. To date, little is known about the function of the Sp100 protein. Here we analyzed Sp100 domains that determine its subcellular localization, dimerization, and SUMOylation. A functional nuclear localization signal and an ND-targeting region that coincides with an Sp100 homodimerization domain were mapped. Sequences similar to the Sp100 homodimerization/ND-targeting region occur in several other proteins and constitute a novel protein motif, termed HSR domain. The lysine residue of the Sp100 protein, to which SUMO-1 is covalently linked, was mapped within and may therefore modulate the previously described HP1 protein-binding site. A consensus sequence for SUMOylation of proteins in general is suggested. SUMOylation strictly depended on a functional nuclear localization signal but was not necessary for nuclear import or ND targeting. A three-dimensional structure of Sp100, which supports the mapping data and provides additional information on Sp100 structure/function relationships, was generated by computer modeling. Taken together, our studies indicate the existence of well defined Sp100 domains with functions in ND targeting, nuclear import, nuclear SUMOylation, and protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sternsdorf
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
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Sunyach C, Rollier C, Robaczewska M, Borel C, Barraud L, Kay A, Trépo C, Will H, Cova L. Residues critical for duck hepatitis B virus neutralization are involved in host cell interaction. J Virol 1999; 73:2569-75. [PMID: 10074101 PMCID: PMC104011 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.4.2569-2575.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, no detailed analysis of the neutralization properties of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) has been reported, and it is not clear whether any of the known neutralization epitopes correspond to the viral receptor binding site or to sequences involved in the cell entry pathway. We demonstrate here that antibodies directed against two overlapping peptides (amino acids 83 to 97 and 93 to 107), covering the sequences of most DHBV pre-S neutralizing epitopes, both inhibit virus binding to primary duck hepatocytes and neutralize virus infectivity. An extensive mutagenesis of the motif 88WTP90, which is the shortest sequence of the epitope recognized by the virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) 900 was performed in order to define the amino acids involved in these interactions. Single point mutations within this epitope affected neither virus replication nor infectivity but abolished virus neutralization by MAb 900 completely. Interestingly, mutants with two and three consecutive residue replacements (SIP and SIH) within this epitope retained replication competence but were no longer infectious. The loss of infectivity of SIH and SIP mutant particles was associated with significantly reduced binding to primary duck hepatocytes and could be rescued by trans complementation with wild-type pre-S protein. Taken together, these results indicate that each amino acid of the DHBV pre-S sequence 88WTP90 is critical for recognition by the neutralizing MAb 900 and that replacement of the first two or all three residues strongly reduces virus interaction with hepatocytes and abrogates infectivity. These data imply that the motif 88WTP90 contains key residues which are critical for interaction with both the neutralizing MAb and the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sunyach
- Unité de Recherche sur les Virus des Hépatites, les Rétrovirus Humains, et les Pathologies Associées, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 271, 69424 Lyon Cedex 03, France
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Guldner HH, Szostecki C, Schröder P, Matschl U, Jensen K, Lüders C, Will H, Sternsdorf T. Splice variants of the nuclear dot-associated Sp100 protein contain homologies to HMG-1 and a human nuclear phosphoprotein-box motif. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 5):733-47. [PMID: 9973607 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.5.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sp100 and PML are interferon-inducible proteins associated with a new class of nuclear domains (known as nuclear dots or PML bodies) which play a role in tumorigenesis, virus infections, and autoimmunity. While PML is extensively alternatively spliced, only two splice variants are known for Sp100. Here we describe the identification and characterization of several Sp100 splice variant proteins and support their existence by elucidation of the 3'-end of the Sp100 gene. Some of the splice variants contain a domain of significant sequence similarity with two previously described highly related interferon-inducible nuclear phosphoproteins as well as to suppressin and DEAF-1, which altogether define a novel protein motif, termed HNPP-box. One class of splice variants contains an almost complete and highly conserved copy of the DNA-binding high mobility group 1 protein sequence and thus represent novel HMG-box proteins. When expressed transiently, both major classes of Sp100 splice variant proteins localize in part to nuclear dots/PML bodies and in addition to different nuclear domains. Furthermore, PML was occasionally redistributed. These data indicate that alternatively spliced Sp100 proteins are expressed, differ in part in localization from Sp100, and might bind to chromatin via the HMG domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Guldner
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
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Fischer L, Sterneck M, Müller-Ruchholtz C, Gish R, Will H. Hepatitis B virus variants associated with clinically severe recurrence after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1999; 31:492-3. [PMID: 10083206 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Fischer
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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