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Marvanová S, Pěnčíková K, Pálková L, Ciganek M, Petráš J, Lněničková A, Vondráček J, Machala M. Benzo[b]naphtho[d]thiophenes and naphthylbenzo[b]thiophenes: Their aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activities and environmental presence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:162924. [PMID: 36933742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocyclic compounds (PASHs) belong among ubiquitous environmental pollutants; however, their toxic effects remain poorly understood. Here, we studied the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activity of dibenzothiophene, benzo[b]naphtho[d]thiophenes, and naphthylbenzo[b]thiophenes, as well as their presence in two types of environmental matrices: river sediments collected from both rural and urban areas, and in airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) sampled in cities with different levels and sources of pollution. Benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene, benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene, 2,2-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene, and 2,1-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene were newly identified as efficient AhR agonists in both rat and human AhR-based reporter gene assays, with 2,2-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene being the most potent compound identified in both species. Benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]thiophene and 3,2-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene elicited AhR-mediated activity only in the rat liver cell model, while dibenzothiophene and 3,1-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene were inactive in either cell type. Independently of their ability to activate the AhR, benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]thiophene, 2,1-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene, 3,1-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene, and 3,2-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene inhibited gap junctional intercellular communication in a model of rat liver epithelial cells. Benzo[b]naphtho[d]thiophenes were dominant PASHs present in both PM2.5 and sediment samples, with benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene being the most abundant one, followed by benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene. The levels of naphthylbenzo[b]thiophenes were mostly low or below detection limit. Benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene and benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene were identified as the most significant contributors to the AhR-mediated activity in the environmental samples evaluated in this study. Both induced nuclear translocation of the AhR, and they induced CYP1A1 expression in a time-dependent manner, suggesting that their AhR-mediated activity may depend on the rate of their intracellular metabolism. In conclusion, some PASHs could be significant contributors to the overall AhR-mediated toxicity of complex environmental samples suggesting that more attention should be paid to the potential health impacts of this group of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soňa Marvanová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Pěnčíková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pálková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ciganek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Petráš
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Lněničková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Titaley IA, Trine LSD, Wang T, Duberg D, Davis EL, Engwall M, Massey Simonich SL, Larsson M. Extensive chemical and bioassay analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds in a creosote-contaminated superfund soil following steam enhanced extraction. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:120014. [PMID: 36007793 PMCID: PMC9869926 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are organic compounds commonly found in contaminated soil. Previous studies have shown the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in creosote-contaminated soils during steam enhanced extraction (SEE). However, less is known about the removal of alkyl-PAHs and heterocyclic compounds, such as azaarenes, and oxygen- and sulfur-heterocyclic PACs (OPACs and PASHs, respectively). Further, the impact of SEE on the freely dissolved concentration of PACs in soil as well as the soil bioactivity pre- and post-SEE have yet to be addressed. To fulfil these research gaps, chemical and bioanalytical analysis of a creosote-contaminated soil, collected from a U.S. Superfund site, pre- and post-SEE were performed. The decrease of 64 PACs (5-100%) and increase in the concentrations of nine oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs) (150%) during SEE, some of which are known to be toxic and can potentially contaminate ground water, were observed. The freely dissolved concentrations of PACs in soil were assessed using polyoxymethylene (POM) strips and the concentrations of 66 PACs decreased post-SEE (1-100%). Three in vitro reporter gene bioassays (DR-CALUX®, ERα-CALUX® and anti-AR CALUX®) were used to measure soil bioactivities pre- and post-SEE and all reporter gene bioassays measured soil bioactivity decreases post-SEE. Mass defect suspect screening tentatively identified 27 unique isomers of azaarenes and OPAC in the soil. As a remediation technique, SEE was found to remove alkyl-PAHs and heterocyclic PACs, reduce the concentrations of freely dissolved PACs, and decrease soil bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Titaley
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden.
| | | | - Thanh Wang
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Daniel Duberg
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Eva L Davis
- Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Groundwater, Watershed and Ecosystems Restoration Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, OK, 74820, USA
| | - Magnus Engwall
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Staci L Massey Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
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Ma Q, Yang X, Guo Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang S, Xie HQ, Xiang T, Li Z, Nie T, Yan Y, Qu G, Jiang G. Effect-directed analysis of estrogenic chemicals in sediments from an electronic-waste recycling area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119369. [PMID: 35513195 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) pollution is of great concern due to the release of hazardous chemicals during the improper e-waste disposal. Many chemicals leached from e-waste were reported to pose estrogenic effects. To date, little is known regarding the occurrence and biological effects of estrogenic chemicals in sediments near an e-waste area. In this study, an effect-directed analysis (EDA) is applied to determine the estrogenic chemicals in sediments of four sites collected from a typical e-waste recycling city in China. Following screening with the ER-CALUX assay, the extract of sample with the most potent effect was subjected in fractionation using reverse phase liquid chromatography. Based on a target analysis for the active fractions, four compounds, including estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A, were identified, and these contributed to 17% of the total toxic effects in the sample. A further nontarget analysis screened four candidates, namely diethylstilbestrol (DES), hexestrol (HES), nandrolone and durabolin, and the total contribution was found to be 48% from the active sample. Specifically, DES and HES were only detected in the active sample and were found to be the primary drivers of estrogenic effects. An examination of the identified chemicals in the four sites indicated that these estrogenic chemicals may originate from e-waste recycling, livestock excretion and domestic waste. These findings uncovered the estrogenic pollutants in sediments from an e-waste area. Considering single endpoint in biological assay is not abundant to screen chemicals with different toxic effects, further EDA studies with multiple endpoints are required to better understand the occurrence of representative or unknown chemicals in e-waste-polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianchi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Yunhe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yanna Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Songyan Zhang
- Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Heidi Qunhui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tongtong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zikang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tong Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Yuhao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310000, China
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Applicability of Scrape Loading-Dye Transfer Assay for Non-Genotoxic Carcinogen Testing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168977. [PMID: 34445682 PMCID: PMC8396440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) is recognized as one of the key hallmarks for identifying non-genotoxic carcinogens (NGTxC). Currently, there is a demand for in vitro assays addressing the gap junction hallmark, which would have the potential to eventually become an integral part of an integrated approach to the testing and assessment (IATA) of NGTxC. The scrape loading-dye transfer (SL-DT) technique is a simple assay for the functional evaluation of GJIC in various in vitro cultured mammalian cells and represents an interesting candidate assay. Out of the various techniques for evaluating GJIC, the SL-DT assay has been used frequently to assess the effects of various chemicals on GJIC in toxicological and tumor promotion research. In this review, we systematically searched the existing literature to gather papers assessing GJIC using the SL-DT assay in a rat liver epithelial cell line, WB-F344, after treating with chemicals, especially environmental and food toxicants, drugs, reproductive-, cardio- and neuro-toxicants and chemical tumor promoters. We discuss findings derived from the SL-DT assay with the known knowledge about the tumor-promoting activity and carcinogenicity of the assessed chemicals to evaluate the predictive capacity of the SL-DT assay in terms of its sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for identifying carcinogens. These data represent important information with respect to the applicability of the SL-DT assay for the testing of NGTxC within the IATA framework.
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Sun HZ, Qin GQ, Wang FG, Bai Y, Zhang Z, Fang ZZ. Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) exert strong inhibitory effects towards human carboxylesterases (CESs). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:141140. [PMID: 32736114 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been reported to pose a severe risk towards human health, and hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) were potential substances basis for PCBs' toxicity. This study aims to determine the inhibition of OH-PCBs towards human carboxylesterases (CESs), including CES1 and CES2. For phenotypic analysis of CES1 and CES2 activity, we used the hydrolysis metabolism of 2-(2-benzoyl3-methoxyphenyl) benzothiazole (BMBT) and fluorescein diacetate (FD) catalyzed by human liver microsomes (HLMs) as the probe reactions. Preliminary inhibition screening showed that the inhibition potential of OH-PCBs towards CES1 and CES2 increased with the increased numbers of chlorine atoms in OH-PCBs. Both 2'-OH-PCB61 and 2'-OH-PCB65 showed concentration-dependent inhibition towards both CES1 and CES2. Lineweaver-Burk plots showed that 2'-OH-PCB61 and 2'-OH-PCB65 exerted non-competitive inhibition towards CES1 and competitive inhibition towards CES2. The inhibition kinetics parameters (Ki) were 6.8 μM and 7.0 μM for 2'-OH-PCB61 and 2'-OH-PCB65 towards CES1, respectively. The inhibition kinetics parameters (Ki) were 1.4 μM and 1.0 μM for 2'-OH-PCB61 and 2'-OH-PCB65 towards CES2, respectively. In silico docking methods elucidate the contribution of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts towards the binding of 2'-OH-PCB61 and 2'-OH-PCB65 with CES1 and CES2. All these results will provide a new perspective for elucidation of toxicity mechanism of PCBs and OH-PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhi Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
| | - Guo-Qiang Qin
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Fei-Ge Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- General Surgery Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhong-Ze Fang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China.
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Bizzarri BM, Manini P, Lino V, d'Ischia M, Kapralov M, Krasavin E, Mráziková K, Šponer J, Šponer JE, Di Mauro E, Saladino R. High‐Energy Proton‐Beam‐Induced Polymerization/Oxygenation of Hydroxynaphthalenes on Meteorites and Nitrogen Transfer from Urea: Modeling Insoluble Organic Matter? Chemistry 2020; 26:14919-14928. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mattia Bizzarri
- Ecological and Biological Sciences Department (DEB) University of Tuscia Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc 01100 Viterbo Italy
| | - Paola Manini
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Naples Federico II Campus Monte S. Angelo Via Cinthia 21 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Valeria Lino
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Naples Federico II Campus Monte S. Angelo Via Cinthia 21 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Naples Federico II Campus Monte S. Angelo Via Cinthia 21 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Michail Kapralov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research JINR's Laboratory of Radiation Biology Dubna Russia
| | - Eugene Krasavin
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research JINR's Laboratory of Radiation Biology Dubna Russia
| | - Klaudia Mráziková
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Královopolská 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šponer
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Královopolská 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Judit E. Šponer
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Královopolská 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Ernesto Di Mauro
- Ecological and Biological Sciences Department (DEB) University of Tuscia Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc 01100 Viterbo Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Ecological and Biological Sciences Department (DEB) University of Tuscia Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc 01100 Viterbo Italy
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Xiao H, Krauss M, Floehr T, Yan Y, Bahlmann A, Eichbaum K, Brinkmann M, Zhang X, Yuan X, Brack W, Hollert H. Effect-Directed Analysis of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonists in Sediments from the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11319-11328. [PMID: 27640527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The construction of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) in the Yangtze River raises great concern in ecotoxicological research since large amounts of pollutants enter the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) water bodies after TGD impoundment. In this work, effect-directed analysis (EDA), combining effect assessment, fractionation procedure, and target and nontarget analyses, was used to characterize aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists in sediments of the TGR. Priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) containing four to five aromatic rings were found to contribute significantly to the overall observed effects in the area of Chongqing. The relatively high potency fractions in the Kaixian area were characterized by PAHs and methylated derivatives thereof and heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) such as dinaphthofurans. Benzothiazole and derivatives were identified as possible AhR agonists in the Kaixian area based on nontarget liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). To our knowledge, this study is the first one applying the EDA approach and identifying potential AhR agonists in TGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Xiao
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Tilman Floehr
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Arnold Bahlmann
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Kathrin Eichbaum
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen 52074, Germany
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Xingzhong Yuan
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Werner Brack
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen 52074, Germany
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen 52074, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210046, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400030, China
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, China
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López-Doval JC, Meirelles ST, Cardoso-Silva S, Moschini-Carlos V, Pompêo M. Ecological and toxicological responses in a multistressor scenario: Are monitoring programs showing the stressors or just showing stress? A case study in Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 540:466-476. [PMID: 26094799 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP) is located in the Brazilian State of São Paulo and reservoirs in this region are vital for water supply and energy production. Changes in economic, social, and demographic trends produced pollution of water bodies, decreasing water quality for human uses and affecting freshwater populations. The presence of emerging pollutants, classical priority substances, nutrient excess and the interaction with tropical-climate conditions require periodic reviews of water policies and monitoring programs in order to detect and manage these threats in a global change scenario. The objective of this work is to determine whether the monitoring program of the São Paulo's Environmental Agency, is sufficient to explain the toxicological and biological responses observed in organisms in reservoirs of the MRSP, and whether it can identify the possible agents causing these responses. For that, we used publicly available data on water quality compiled by this agency in their routine monitoring program. A general overview of these data and a chemometric approach to analyze the responses of biotic indexes and toxicological bioassays, as a function of the physical and chemical parameters monitored, were performed. Data compiled showed temporal and geographical information gaps on variables measured. Toxicological responses have been observed in the reservoirs of the MRSP, together with a high incidence of impairments of the zooplankton community. This demonstrates the presence of stressors that affect the viability of organisms and populations. The statistical approach showed that the data compiled by the environmental agency are insufficient to identify and explain the factors causing the observed ecotoxicological responses and impairments in the zooplankton community, and are therefore insufficient to identify clear cause-effect relationships. Stressors different from those analyzed could be responsible for the observed responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C López-Doval
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, do Matão Str., Travessa 14, 321, Butantã, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sergio Tadeu Meirelles
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, do Matão Str., Travessa 14, 321, Butantã, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sheila Cardoso-Silva
- São Paulo State University - UNESP "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Environmental Sciences Program, 3 de Março Avenue n. 511, PO Box: 18087-180, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane Moschini-Carlos
- São Paulo State University - UNESP "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Environmental Sciences Program, 3 de Março Avenue n. 511, PO Box: 18087-180, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Pompêo
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, do Matão Str., Travessa 14, 321, Butantã, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Faust D, Vondráček J, Krčmář P, Šmerdová L, Procházková J, Hrubá E, Hulinková P, Kaina B, Dietrich C, Machala M. AhR-mediated changes in global gene expression in rat liver progenitor cells. Arch Toxicol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0979-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Hinger G, Brinkmann M, Bluhm K, Sagner A, Takner H, Eisenträger A, Braunbeck T, Engwall M, Tiehm A, Hollert H. Some heterocyclic aromatic compounds are Ah receptor agonists in the DR-CALUX assay and the EROD assay with RTL-W1 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 18:1297-1304. [PMID: 21431309 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heterocyclic aromatic compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen heteroatoms (NSO-HET) have been detected in air, soil, marine, and freshwater systems. However, only few publications are available investigating NSO-HET using in vitro bioassays. To support better characterization of environmental samples, selected NSO-HET were screened for dioxin-like activity in two bioassays. METHODS The present study focuses on the identification and quantification of dioxin-like effects of 12 NSO-HET using the DR-CALUX assay, and the 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay with the permanent fish liver cell line RTL-W1. Changes of the total medium compound concentrations during the test procedure due to, e.g., sorption or volatilization were quantified using GC/MS. RESULTS The NSO-HET benzofuran, 2,3-dimethylbenzofuran, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophen, acridine, xanthene, and carbazole caused a response in the DR-CALUX assay. Only benzofuran and 2,3-dimethylbenzofuran were also positive in the EROD assay. All other compounds were inactive in the EROD assay. Relative potency (REP) values ranged from (2.80 ± 1.32) · 10(-8) to (3.26 ± 2.03) · 10(-6) in the DR-CALUX and from (3.26 ± 0.91) · 10(-7) to (4.87 ± 1.97) · 10(-7) in the EROD assay. CONCLUSIONS The REP values were comparable to those of larger polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g., fluoranthene and pyrene. Thus, and because of the ubiquitous distribution of heterocyclic aromatic compounds in the environment, the provided data will further facilitate the bioanalytical and analytical characterization of environmental samples towards these toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Hinger
- Aquatic Toxicology and Ecology Section, Department of Zoology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Dietrich C, Kaina B. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in the regulation of cell-cell contact and tumor growth. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1319-28. [PMID: 20106901 PMCID: PMC6276890 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor, which is activated by a large group of environmental pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and planar polychlorinated biphenyls. Ligand binding leads to dimerization of the AhR with aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator and transcriptional activation of several xenobiotic phase I and phase II metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome P4501A1 and glutathione-S-transferase, respectively. Since phase I enzymes convert inert carcinogens to active genotoxins, the AhR plays a key role in tumor initiation. Besides this classical route, the AhR mediates tumor promotion and recent evidence suggests that the AhR also plays a role in tumor progression. To date, no mechanistic link could be established between the canonical pathway involving xenobiotic metabolism and AhR-dependent tumor promotion and progression. A hallmark of tumor promotion is unbalanced proliferation, whereas tumor progression is characterized by dedifferentiation, increased motility and metastasis of tumor cells. Tumor progression and presumably also tumor promotion are triggered by loss of cell-cell contact. Cell-cell contact is known to be a critical regulator of proliferation, differentiation and cell motility in vitro and in vivo. Increasing evidence suggests that activation of the AhR may lead to deregulation of cell-cell contact, thereby inducing unbalanced proliferation, dedifferentiation and enhanced motility. In line with this is the finding of increased AhR expression and malignancy in some animal and human cancers. Here, we summarize our current knowledge on non-canonical AhR-driven pathways being involved in deregulation of cell-cell contact and discuss the data with respect to tumor initiation, promotion and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Dietrich
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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Pablos MV, Fernández C, del Mar Babín M, María Navas J, Carbonell G, Martini F, García-Hortigüela P, Vicente Tarazona J. Use of a novel battery of bioassays for the biological characterisation of hazardous wastes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:1594-1600. [PMID: 19217160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Four toxicity bioassays were used for the biological characterisation of nine hazardous wastes and extracts. This evaluation included conventional and novel bioassays, and combined in vivo and in vitro tests in order to facilitate the effect characterisation. This test battery incorporated different relevant taxonomic groups for the aquatic compartment and covered several ecotoxicological endpoints. The toxicity bioassays used for this characterisation were the acute immobilisation daphnia test, an acute toxicity test with larvae of Xenopus laevis, an in vitro test with the fish cell line RTG-2 comprising endpoints for cellular defence and viability, and finally the DR-CALUX assay to detect dioxin-like compounds. The aim of this study is to contribute to the development of a cost-effective battery of toxicity tests for the acute screening of hazardous and toxic wastes for the aquatic compartment. For this objective, the correlations between toxicity data derived from all bioassay were studied using a multivariate analysis, including the Principal Component Analysis. The results showed that Daphnia and Xenopus were effective assays to detect toxicity and they could be incorporated to a screening test battery. On the other hand, the toxicity results with the in vitro test RTG-2 showed that this test could be a good alternative to in vivo tests, demonstrating an acceptable sensitivity for toxicity detection and contributing other advantages as reducing assays cost and animal testing. Finally DR-CALUX test implemented the tests-batteries in the screening of hazardous wastes when there is a suspicious that dioxin-like compounds are presented in the samples.
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Skoczyńska E, Korytár P, De Boer J. Maximizing chromatographic information from environmental extracts by GCxGC-ToF-MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:6611-6618. [PMID: 18800538 DOI: 10.1021/es703229t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) coupled with a time-of-flight (ToF) detector allows the separation of many constituents of previously unresolved complex mixtures (UCM) of contaminants in sediment samples. In addition to the powerful chromatographic resolution, automated mass spectral deconvolution and identification system software enables a spectral deconvolution of closely eluting peaks. An extract of highly polluted sediment from the river Elbe (Czech Republic) was submitted to noninvasive extraction and fractionation, and analyzed by GCxGC-ToF-MS. More than 400 compounds were tentatively identified from three fractions. Some of the identified analytes, although not belonging to the group of priority pollutants, are known to have a toxic potential. Examples are chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylated PAHs, quinones, aminoquinones, dinaphthofurans, and thiaarenes. Due to the lack of a more thorough cleanup, the life-span of the GC-column is substantially reduced, whereas the ion source of the MS needs more frequent maintenance. The procedure described is, however, not meant for routine purposes. This procedure delivers, in one run, a wealth of information that may be useful for further elucidation of toxicological properties of sediment samples by a tentative identification of previously unknown compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Skoczyńska
- Wageningen IMARES: Institiute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies, P.O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands.
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Automated fractionation procedure for polycyclic aromatic compounds in sediment extracts on three coupled normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1185:31-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Klein GP, Hodge EM, Diamond ML, Yip A, Dann T, Stern G, Denison MS, Harper PA. Gas-phase ambient air contaminants exhibit significant dioxin-like and estrogen-like activity in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:697-703. [PMID: 16675423 PMCID: PMC1459922 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Several adverse health effects, such as respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity, have been linked to exposure to particulate matter in ambient air; however, the biologic activity of gas-phase ambient organic air contaminants has not been examined as thoroughly. Using aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-based and estrogen receptor (ER)-based cell bioassay systems, we assessed the dioxin-like and estrogenic activities of gas-phase organic ambient air contaminants compared with those of particulate-phase contaminants using samples collected between seasons over 2 years from an urban and a rural location in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada. The concentration of the sum (Sigma) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which was highest in the gas phase, was 10-100 times more abundant than that of Sigmapolychlorinated biphenyls, Sigmanitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and Sigmaorganochlorine pesticides, and 10(3) to 10(4) times more abundant than Sigmapolychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans. Gas-phase samples induced significant AHR- and ER-dependent gene expression. The activity of the gas-phase samples was greater than that of the particulate-phase samples in the estrogen assay and, in one case, in the AHR assay. We found no strong associations between either summer or winter seasons or urban or rural locations in the relative efficacy of the extracts in either the ER or AHR assay despite differences in chemical composition, concentrations, and abundance. Our results suggest that mechanistic studies of the health effects of ambient air must consider gas and particulate phases because chemicals present in both phases can affect AHR and ER signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail P Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre for Urban Health Initiatives, University of Toronto, and Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Vondrácek J, Svihálková-Sindlerová L, Pencíková K, Krcmár P, Andrysík Z, Chramostová K, Marvanová S, Valovicová Z, Kozubík A, Gábelová A, Machala M. 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole and 5,9-dimethyldibenzo[c,g]carbazole exert multiple toxic events contributing to tumor promotion in rat liver epithelial 'stem-like' cells. Mutat Res 2006; 596:43-56. [PMID: 16406433 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immature liver progenitor cells have been suggested to be an important target of hepatotoxins and hepatocarcinogens. The goal of the present study was to assess the impact of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC) and its tissue-specific carcinogenic N-methyl (N-MeDBC) and 5,9-dimethyl (DiMeDBC) derivatives on rat liver epithelial WB-F344 cells, in vitro model of liver progenitor cells. We investigated the cellular events associated with both tumor initiation and promotion, such as activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), changes in expression of enzymes involved in metabolic activation of DBC and its derivatives, effects on cell cycle, cell proliferation/apoptosis and inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). N-MeDBC, a tissue-specific sarcomagen, was only a weak inhibitor of GJIC or inducer of AhR-mediated activity, and it did not affect either cell proliferation or apoptosis. DBC was efficient GJIC inhibitor, while DiMeDBC manifested the strongest AhR inducing activity. Accordingly, DiMeDBC was also the most potent inducer of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and CYP1A2 expression among the three compounds tested. Both DBC and DiMeDBC induced expression of CYP1B1 and aldo-keto reductase 1C9 (AKR1C9). N-MeDBC failed to significantly upregulate CYP1A1/2 and it only moderately increased CYP1B1 or AKR1C9. Only the potent liver carcinogens, DBC and DiMeDBC, caused a significant increase of p53 phosphorylation at Ser15, an increased accumulation of cells in S-phase and apoptosis at micromolar concentrations. In addition, DiMeDBC was found to stimulate cell proliferation of contact-inhibited WB-F344 cells at 1 microM concentration, which is a mode of action that might further contribute to its hepatocarcinogenicity. The present data seem to suggest that the AhR activation, induction of enzymes involved in metabolic activation, inhibition of GJIC or stimulation of cell proliferation might all contribute to the hepatocarcinogenic effects of DBC and DiMeDBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vondrácek
- Laboratory of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
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