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Spahr A, Divnic‐Resnik T. Impact of health and lifestyle food supplements on periodontal tissues and health. Periodontol 2000 2022; 90:146-175. [PMID: 35916868 PMCID: PMC9804634 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
According to the new classification, periodontitis is defined as a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease associated with dysbiotic biofilms and characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus. This definition, based on the current scientific evidence, clearly indicates and emphasizes, beside the microbial component dental biofilm, the importance of the inflammatory reaction in the progressive destruction of periodontal tissues. The idea to modulate this inflammatory reaction in order to decrease or even cease the progressive destruction was, therefore, a logical consequence. Attempts to achieve this goal involve various kinds of anti-inflammatory drugs or medications. However, there is also an increasing effort in using food supplements or so-called natural food ingredients to modulate patients' immune responses and maybe even improve the healing of periodontal tissues. The aim of this chapter of Periodontology 2000 is to review the evidence of various food supplements and ingredients regarding their possible effects on periodontal inflammation and wound healing. This review may help researchers and clinicians to evaluate the current evidence and to stimulate further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Spahr
- Discipline of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Tihana Divnic‐Resnik
- Discipline of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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2
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Azuma MM, Cardoso CDBM, da Silva CC, de Oliveira PHC, Jacinto RDC, Andrada AC, Cintra LTA. The use of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of oral diseases. Oral Dis 2020; 28:264-274. [PMID: 33022782 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) have been reported to exert important roles in the inflammatory response. There are many inflammatory diseases in dentistry which support the administration of ω-3 PUFAs as an adjunct therapy during the treatment of these diseases. The aim of this review was to evaluate the use of ω-3 PUFAs as an adjuvant therapy during the treatment of buccal diseases. The review showed that supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs was used for treatment of gingivitis, periodontal diseases, apical periodontitis, stomatitis, and orthodontic tooth movement. The results indicate that ω-3 PUFAs decreased the number of pro-inflammatory mediators in the gingival tissues of individuals with gingivitis and periodontitis. In apical periodontitis, the supplementation suppressed bone resorption and promoted bone formation in the periapical area of rats. During orthodontic movement, the supplementation showed a decrease of bone resorption in rats. It also showed that painful symptoms of recurrent aphthous stomatitis were alleviated in supplemented patients. In conclusion, the ω-3 PUFAs may be used as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of inflammatory diseases that affect the oral cavity. However, more studies are required to elucidate the role of ω-3 PUFAs in decreasing oral cavity inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Maffei Azuma
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Cristiane Cantiga da Silva
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | | | - Rogério de Castilho Jacinto
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Andrada
- Division of Endodontics, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, Brazil.,Dental Assistance Center for Disabled Persons (CAOE) of the São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil
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3
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Yang M, Li L, Soh Y, Heo SM. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids and aspirin on Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis in rats. J Periodontol 2019; 90:1307-1319. [PMID: 31106412 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease caused by bacteria which can result in periodontal tissue inflammation, as well as alveolar bone resorption. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids plus aspirin (ASA) on ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. METHODS Ninety-six male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (age 6 weeks) were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 12 each) and had ligatures placed for 7 days, followed by daily treatment with specific drug regimens for 14 days. The rats were sacrificed 20 days after drug treatment, and their maxillary were subjected to histomorphometric analysis. RAW264.7 cells were cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or receptor activator (NF)-κB ligand (RANKL), and treated with various concentrations of omega-3 and ASA. Then, cyclooxygenase (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression and receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B (RANK), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), MMP-2, and Cathepsin-K gene expression were detected. RESULTS The administration of omega-3 fatty acids and aspirin significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in serum of rats. Histomorphometric analysis showed omega-3 fatty acids plus aspirin promoted alveolar bone increase. Omega-3 fatty acids only, aspirin only, or omega-3 fatty acids plus aspirin also inhibited the protein expressions of COX-2 and iNOS in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, omega-3 combined with ASA also inhibited the RANKL-induced gene expressions of MMPs in dose-dependent manners. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that omega-3 fatty acids plus aspirin could decrease alveolar bone loss, while simultaneously increasing the protection against periodontal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, South Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeon-Ju, South Korea.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, South Korea
| | - Yunjo Soh
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, South Korea
| | - Seok-Mo Heo
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, South Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeon-Ju, South Korea
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Zhang J, Liang H, Zheng Y, Wang D, Xia J, Peng W, Cheng K, Wang L, Liu Y, Peng W, Li Q. Photodynamic therapy versus systemic antibiotic for the treatment of periodontitis in a rat model. J Periodontol 2019; 90:798-807. [PMID: 30632612 DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the therapeutic effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with Toluidine blue O hydrogel versus systemic antibiotic (SA) in treating periodontitis on rats. METHODS Thirty-two Wistar rats were divided into four groups and treated differently: Negative control (NC) group, normal rats; positive control (PC) group, rats with periodontitis; SA group, rats with periodontitis treated with systemic antibiotic; PDT group, rats with periodontitis treated with PDT. After treatment, gingival sulcus bacterial load was measured by counting the colony forming units per milliliter (CFU mL-1 ). The tooth and periodontal tissues were histologically processed to analyze histological and immunohistochemical profile. Gingival samples were obtained to quantify interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. RESULTS Gingival sulcus bacteria load is significantly lower in PDT group compared with the SA group. The histological analysis showed that some extremely effective repair signs of periodontal tissue were presented in PDT group, such as no periodontal pocket, no bone resorption, few inflammatory cells, massive fibroblasts and collagen fibers. Several effective repair signs of periodontal tissue were also observed in SA group, such as shallow periodontal pocket, small amount of inflammatory cells, substantial fibroblasts and collagen fibers. There were lower cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metalloproteinase -8 (MMP-8) and RANK immunolabeling, higher osteoprotegerin immunolabeling in PDT group compared with SA group. The IL-1β and TNF-α levels in PDT group were lower than those in NC group, but higher than those in SA group. CONCLUSION PDT was effective to treat experimental periodontitis and was superior to systemic metronidazole as a treatment for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxing Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixin Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongcai Wang
- College of mechanical engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Xia
- College of mechanical engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenming Peng
- College of mechanical engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangjie Cheng
- College of mechanical engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Yunfeng Liu
- College of mechanical engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Peng
- College of mechanical engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingyong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Local administration of Tiludronic Acid downregulates important mediators involved in periodontal tissue destruction in experimental periodontitis in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 88:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Serna Muñoz C, Pérez Silva A, Solano F, Castells MT, Vicente A, Ortiz Ruiz AJ. Effect of antibiotics and NSAIDs on cyclooxygenase-2 in the enamel mineralization. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29515175 PMCID: PMC5841276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in childhood could disturb enamel mineralization. Forty-two Swiss mice were divided into seven groups: controls; amoxicillin; amoxicillin/clavulanate; erythromycin; acetaminophen; ibuprofen and celecoxib, to inhibit cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2). SEM-EDX analysis was conducted on all cusps of the third molars. Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), aluminum, potassium, sodium, magnesium and chlorine were quantified. The stoichiometric Ca/P molar ratios were calculated. Immunohistochemical quantification of COX2 in incisors was carried out by image analysis using COX2-specific immunostaining. Groups treated with antibiotics showed no significant differences in the content of the chemical elements. Only acetaminophen and celecoxib showed a significant decrease in Ca and P compared with the control samples. Ca/P ratios showed no difference. Groups treated with amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, erythromycin and acetaminophen showed significantly lower amounts of immunoreactive COX2 at the enamel organ maturation stage of the mouse incisors. Our results suggest that COX2 is involved in the maturation stage of the enamel organ and that its inhibition would appear to alter amelogenesis, producing hypomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Serna Muñoz
- Department of Integral Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Amparo Pérez Silva
- Department of Integral Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Solano
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Teresa Castells
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine & Research Supporting Facility, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ascensión Vicente
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Antonio José Ortiz Ruiz
- Department of Integral Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Özdem M, Kırzıoğlu FY, Yılmaz HR, Vural H, Fentoğlu Ö, Uz E, Koçak A, Yiğit A. Antioxidant effects of melatonin in heart tissue after induction of experimental periodontitis in rats. J Oral Sci 2018; 59:23-29. [PMID: 28367898 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.16-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of melatonin on the oxidative stress in heart tissues after induction of experimental periodontitis in rats. Thirty Wistar Albino male rats were divided into four groups as follows: healthy + saline solution (Hs, n = 7), healthy + melatonin (Hm, n = 7), periodontitis + saline solution (Ps, n = 8), and periodontitis + melatonin (Pm, n = 8). Experimental periodontitis was induced using a ligature placed at the gingival margin of the maxillary second molars. Melatonin was applied intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg) every day for 2 weeks. After sacrificing the rats, serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels, and melatonin levels were evaluated. The Pm group exhibited lower alveolar bone loss than the Ps group. Melatonin levels increased in the periodontitis groups, and the Pm group had lower MDA levels and higher GSH-Px levels than the Ps group. These findings suggest that melatonin administration reduces MDA and increases GSH-Px levels in heart tissue, and these effects may be due to its antioxidant properties. Further studies are needed to understand the effects of melatonin on the association between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhsin Özdem
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Abant Izzet Baysal University
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Azuma MM, Gomes-Filho JE, Ervolino E, Cardoso CDBM, Pipa CB, Kawai T, Conti LC, Cintra LTA. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Reduce Inflammation in Rat Apical Periodontitis. J Endod 2018; 44:604-608. [PMID: 29397217 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) on pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators were evaluated in a rat model of pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis (AP). METHODS Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: control, untreated rats (group C); control rats treated with ω-3 PUFAs (group C-O); rats with pulp exposure-induced AP (group AP); and rats with pulp exposure-induced AP treated with ω-3 PUFAs (group AP-O). Omega-3 PUFAs were administered orally once a day for 15 days before pulp exposure; this treatment was continued for 30 days after pulp exposure. The rats were sacrificed 30 days after pulp exposure, and their dissected jaws were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis to detect immunoreactivity for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-10 on the periapical bone surface. The results were statistically evaluated using analysis of variance and the Tukey post-test. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS Immunoreactivity for the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-17 was higher in the AP group than in the AP-O, C, and C-O groups (P < .05). Immunoreactivity for the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was lower in the AP group than in the AP-O group (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs can modulate the inflammatory response in rat AP, decreasing levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-17 but increasing levels of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Maffei Azuma
- Department of Endodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - João Eduardo Gomes-Filho
- Department of Endodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edilson Ervolino
- Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Barbosa Pipa
- Department of Endodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Periodontology, NOVA Southeastern University College of Dental Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | - Leticia Citelli Conti
- Department of Endodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra
- Department of Endodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Kantarci A, Hasturk H, Van Dyke TE. Animal models for periodontal regeneration and peri-implant responses. Periodontol 2000 2017; 68:66-82. [PMID: 25867980 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Translation of experimental data to the clinical setting requires the safety and efficacy of such data to be confirmed in animal systems before application in humans. In dental research, the animal species used is dependent largely on the research question or on the disease model. Periodontal disease and, by analogy, peri-implant disease, are complex infections that result in a tissue-degrading inflammatory response. It is impossible to explore the complex pathogenesis of periodontitis or peri-implantitis using only reductionist in-vitro methods. Both the disease process and healing of the periodontal and peri-implant tissues can be studied in animals. Regeneration (after periodontal surgery), in response to various biologic materials with potential for tissue engineering, is a continuous process involving various types of tissue, including epithelia, connective tissues and alveolar bone. The same principles apply to peri-implant healing. Given the complexity of the biology, animal models are necessary and serve as the standard for successful translation of regenerative materials and dental implants to the clinical setting. Smaller species of animal are more convenient for disease-associated research, whereas larger animals are more appropriate for studies that target tissue healing as the anatomy of larger animals more closely resembles human dento-alveolar architecture. This review focuses on the animal models available for the study of regeneration in periodontal research and implantology; the advantages and disadvantages of each animal model; the interpretation of data acquired; and future perspectives of animal research, with a discussion of possible nonanimal alternatives. Power calculations in such studies are crucial in order to use a sample size that is large enough to generate statistically useful data, whilst, at the same time, small enough to prevent the unnecessary use of animals.
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Saab S, Buteau B, Leclère L, Bron AM, Creuzot-Garcher CP, Bretillon L, Acar N. Involvement of plasmalogens in post-natal retinal vascular development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101076. [PMID: 24963632 PMCID: PMC4071069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Proper development of retinal blood vessels is essential to ensure sufficient oxygen and nutrient supplies to the retina. It was shown that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) could modulate factors involved in tissue vascularization. A congenital deficiency in ether-phospholipids, also termed “plasmalogens”, was shown to lead to abnormal ocular vascularization. Because plasmalogens are considered to be reservoirs of PUFAs, we wished to improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which plasmalogens regulate retinal vascular development and whether the release of PUFAs by calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) could be involved. Methods and Results By characterizing the cellular and molecular steps of retinal vascular development in a mouse model of plasmalogen deficiency, we demonstrated that plasmalogens modulate angiogenic processes during the early phases of retinal vascularization. They influence glial activity and primary astrocyte template formation, endothelial cell proliferation and retinal vessel outgrowth, and impact the expression of the genes involved in angiogenesis in the retina. These early defects led to a disorganized and dysfunctional retinal vascular network at adult age. By comparing these data to those obtained on a mouse model of retinal iPLA2 inhibition, we suggest that these processes may be mediated by PUFAs released from plasmalogens and further signalling through the angiopoietin/tie pathways. Conclusions These data suggest that plasmalogens play a crucial role in retinal vascularization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Saab
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
| | - Bénédicte Buteau
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Leclère
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
| | - Alain M. Bron
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Catherine P. Creuzot-Garcher
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Lionel Bretillon
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
| | - Niyazi Acar
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the periodontium involving interactions between bacterial products, numerous cell populations and inflammatory mediators. It is generally accepted that periodontitis is initiated by complex and diverse microbial biofilms which form on the teeth, i.e. dental plaque. Substances released from this biofilm such as lipopolysaccharides, antigens and other virulence factors, gain access to the gingival tissue and initiate an inflammatory and immune response, leading to the activation of host defence cells. As a result of cellular activation, inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, arachidonic acid metabolites and proteolytic enzymes collectively contribute to tissue destruction and bone resorption. This review summarises recent studies on the pathogenesis of periodontitis, with the main focus on inflammatory mediators and their role in periodontal disease.
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Deves C, de Assunção TM, Ducati RG, Campos MM, Basso LA, Santos DS, Batista EL. The transition state analog inhibitor of Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase (PNP) Immucillin-H arrests bone loss in rat periodontal disease models. Bone 2013; 52:167-75. [PMID: 23026564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) is a purine-metabolizing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of 6-oxypurine (deoxy)nucleosides to their respective bases and (deoxy)ribose-1-phosphate. It is a key enzyme in the purine salvage pathway of mammalian cells. The present investigation sought to determine whether the PNP transition state analog inhibitor (Immucillin-H) arrests bone loss in two models of induced periodontal disease in rats. Periodontal disease was induced in rats using ligature or LPS injection followed by administration of Immucillin-H for direct analysis of bone loss, histology and TRAP staining. In vitro osteoclast differentiation and activation of T CD4+ cells in the presence of Immucillin-H were carried out for assessment of RANKL expression, PNP and Cathepsin K activity. Immucillin-H inhibited bone loss induced by ligatures and LPS, leading to a reduced number of infiltrating osteoclasts and inflammatory cells. In vitro assays revealed that Immucillin-H could not directly abrogate differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells, but affected lymphocyte-mediated osteoclastogenesis. On the other hand, incubation of pre-activated T CD4+ with Immucillin-H decreased RANKL secretion with no compromise of cell viability. The PNP transition state analog Immucillin-H arrests bone loss mediated by T CD4+ cells with no direct effect on osteoclasts. PNP inhibitor may have an impact in the treatment of diseases characterized by the presence of pathogens and imbalances of bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida Deves
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Pesquisas/ Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CP-BMF), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, RS, Brazil
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Koontongkaew S, Meesuk L, Aupaphong V, Ayudhaya TDN, Poachanukoon O. Inhibitory effect of Zingiber cassumunar extracts on lipopolysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase expression in human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:507-16. [PMID: 23278498 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induce the production of proinflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Zingiber cassumunar is a medicinal plant that possesses anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the Z. cassumunar extract on the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2 and MMP-2 in HGFs challenged with LPS. MATERIAL AND METHODS HGFs were treated with LPS in the presence or absence of Z. cassumunar extracts. The levels of expression of COX-1, COX-2 and MMP-2 mRNAs and of COX-1, COX-2 and MMP-2 proteins were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. MMP-2 activities in cell-culture supernatants were determined using gelatin zymography. MAPK activation was evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS LPS treatment of HGFs resulted in the activation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK. Z. cassumunar extracts significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK in HGFs stimulated with LPS. A lesser inhibitory effect was observed for the phosphorylation of p38. RT-PCR and western blot analyses showed that Z. cassumunar extracts inhibited the LPS-induced expression of COX-2 mRNA and COX-2 protein, respectively, but not of COX-1 mRNA or COX-1 protein. Pretreatment of HGFs with Z. cassumunar also attenuated the induction of MMP-2 with LPS. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that Z. cassumunar extracts inhibit COX-2 and MMP-2 production by LPS-activated human gingival fibroblasts through blocking the proinflammatory signaling pathway involving ERK1/2, JNK and p38.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Koontongkaew
- Oral Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Klong Luang, Prathumthani, Thailand.
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Zhang WS, Hao JL, Wang S, Bi MM, Zhang H, Zhou HY. Molecular mechanism of the inhibition effect of Celecoxib on corneal collagen degradation in three dimensions. Int J Ophthalmol 2012; 5:434-9. [PMID: 22937501 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2012.04.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To clarify the molecular mechanism of Celecoxib on corneal collagen degradation and corneal ulcer. METHODS Rabbit corneal fibroblasts were harvested and suspended in serum-free MEM. Type I collagen, DMEM, collagen reconstitution buffer and corneal fibroblast suspension were mixed on ice. The resultant mixture solidify in an incubator, after which test reagents and plasminogen was overlaid and the cultures were returned to the incubator. The supernatants from collagen gel incubations were collected and the amount of hydroxyproline in the hydrolysate was measured. Immunoblot analysis of MMP1, 3 and TIMP1, 2 was performed. MMP2, 9 was detected by the method of Gelatin zymography. Cytotoxicity Assay was measured. RESULTS Celecoxib inhibited corneal collagen degradation in a dose and time manner; Celecoxib inhibited the IL-1ß induced increases in proMMP1, 2, 3, 9 and active MMP1, 2, 3, 9 in a concentration-depended manner. Celecoxib can also inhibit the IL-1ß induced increases in the TIMP1, 2. CONCLUSION Celecoxib can inhibit corneal collagen degradation induced by IL-1β, this effect is the consequence of the reduction of MMP1, 2, 3, 9 and TIMP1, 2. The results of the present study provide new insight into Celecoxib in corneal ulcer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Song Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
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Kim YS, Shin SI, Kang KL, Chung JH, Herr Y, Bae WJ, Kim EC. Nicotine and lipopolysaccharide stimulate the production of MMPs and prostaglandin E2 by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α up-regulation in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2012; 47:719-28. [PMID: 22571166 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Although hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) is up-regulated in the periodontal pockets of periodontitis patients, the expression and precise molecular mechanisms of HIF-1α remain unknown in human periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs). The aim of this study was to explore the effects, as well as the signaling pathway, of nicotine and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the expression of HIF-1α and on the production of its target genes, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-derived prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ), MMP-2 and MMP-9 in PDLCs. MATERIAL AND METHODS The expression of COX-2 and HIF-1α proteins was evaluated using western blotting. The production of PGE(2) and MMPs was evaluated using enzyme immunoassays and zymography, respectively. RESULTS LPS and nicotine synergistically induced the production of PGE(2) , MMP-2 and MMP-9, and increased the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-2 and HIF-1α proteins. Inhibition of HIF-1α activity by chetomin or knockdown of HIF1α gene expression by small interfering RNA markedly attenuated the production of LPS- and nicotine-stimulated PGE(2) and MMPs, as well as the expression of COX-2 and HIF-1α. Furthermore, pretreatment with inhibitors of COX-2, p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Jun N-terminal kinase, protein kinase C, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB decreased the expression of nicotine- and LPS-induced HIF-1α and COX-2, as well as the activity of PGE(2) and MMPs. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate novel mechanisms by which nicotine and LPS promote periodontal tissue destruction, and provide further evidence that HIF-1α is a potential target in periodontal disease associated with smoking and dental plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-S Kim
- Department of Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Biology, Seoul, Korea
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Mesa F, Aguilar M, Galindo-Moreno P, Bravo M, O'Valle F. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in gingival biopsies from periodontal patients is correlated with connective tissue loss. J Periodontol 2012; 83:1538-45. [PMID: 22324469 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.110561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study is to compare cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression in gingival biopsies from patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), patients with gingivitis (GV), and individuals with no periodontal disease (control group) and to establish its relationship with clinical variables and connective tissue loss in the lamina propria. METHODS A cross-sectional and analytic study was conducted in 108 gingival biopsies from 52 patients with CP, 39 with GV, and 17 controls. All biopsies were processed for conventional histopathologic study, immunohistochemical determination of COX-2 protein expression, and automatic quantification of connective tissue by image analysis. RESULTS The protein expression of COX-2, mainly produced by plasma cells and monocytes, was significantly related to the presence of periodontal disease, bleeding index, intensity of inflammatory infiltrate, and loss of connective tissue in the lamina propria of gingival biopsies (P <0.01, Spearman test). COX-2 expression was also directly correlated with attachment loss (P <0.05, Spearman test). CONCLUSIONS COX-2 protein expression is higher in patients with GV and CP than in individuals without periodontal disease and is inversely correlated with the amount of connective tissue in the lamina propria as determined by image analysis. This finding suggests that COX-2 participates in mechanisms and pathway signaling related to the destruction of fibrillar support structures of the periodontium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Mesa
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Ma Z, Wang Y, Zhu X, Zhang C, Li S, Jin L, Shen Y, Haapasalo M. Role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the clearance of Enterococcus faecalis derived from saliva and infected root canals. J Endod 2011; 37:346-52. [PMID: 21329819 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to measure (1) the ability of polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes (PMNs) to kill oral Enterococcus faecalis strains, (2) up-regulation of inflammatory mediators by PMNs in interaction with E. faecalis, and (3) the ability of E. faecalis to cause inflammation in mouse muscle tissue. METHODS Fifteen endodontic and nine saliva strains of E. faecalis were isolated and identified by specific 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) primers. The bacteria were grown in BHI broth and incubated with mouse PMN in appropriate media to determine the ability of the PMNs to kill the bacteria. In other experiments up-regulation of interleukin (IL)-1α, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 messenger RNA in the PMNs was measured after exposure of the leukocytes to the bacteria using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Finally, the inflammatory potential of and PMN response to E. faecalis suspension in mouse muscle tissue was examined from histological sections using hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunostaining. RESULTS Murine PMNs killed about 80% of the E. faecalis cells in 1 hour, irrespective of the source of isolation of the strains. Quantitative PCR results showed that IL-1α, TNF-α, MMP-8, and COX-2 messenger RNA were markedly up-regulated in E. faecalis-stimulated PMNs or in E. faecalis-invaded muscular tissues. MMP-8 messenger RNA level was positively related to COX-2 messenger RNA level. Histological evaluation and immunostaining disclosed that all E. faecalis strains could recruit PMNs to the local infectious sites and cause abscess formation. CONCLUSION E. faecalis strains from saliva and infected root canals have the potential to recruit PMNs in the infectious sites leading to inflammation via up-regulation of PMN IL-1α, TNF-α, MMP-8, and COX-2. PMNs can play an important role in killing of E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyun Ma
- Department of Special Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Buduneli N, Kinane DF. Host-derived diagnostic markers related to soft tissue destruction and bone degradation in periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 Suppl 11:85-105. [PMID: 21323706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major challenge in clinical periodontics is to find a reliable molecular marker of periodontal tissue destruction with high sensitivity, specificity and utility. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate available literature on 'the utility of molecular markers of soft and hard periodontal tissue destruction'. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on the focused question, 'What is the utility of molecular markers of soft and hard periodontal tissue destruction', an electronic and manual search was conducted for human studies presenting clinical data for the potential of molecular markers of tissue destruction in biofluids; gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva, and serum. RESULTS Papers fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected. All relevant data from the selected papers were extracted and recorded in separate tables for molecules in GCF, saliva, and serum. CONCLUSION Within the defined limits of the Problem/Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, the present analysis reveals that (a) no single or combination of markers exists that can disclose periodontal tissue destruction adequately; (b) while the most fruitful source of biomarkers for periodontal destruction appears to be in molecules tightly related to bone and soft tissue destruction, this remains to be objectively demonstrated. Currently, clinical measurements are still the most reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Dejonckheere E, Vandenbroucke RE, Libert C. Matrix metalloproteinase8 has a central role in inflammatory disorders and cancer progression. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:73-81. [PMID: 21388856 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The predominant role of matrix metalloproteinase 8 in extracellular matrix turnover, modulation of inflammatory responses and other physiological processes is well documented. Several recent studies highlight the involvement of MMP8 in a wide range of pathologies. This review will shed light on the putative role of MMP8 as a drug target or disease marker in some inflammatory disorders and in cancer progression.
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Özçaka Ö, Bıçakcı N, Pussinen P, Sorsa T, Köse T, Buduneli N. Smoking and matrix metalloproteinases, neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase in chronic periodontitis. Oral Dis 2010; 17:68-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Cheng WC, Huang RY, Chiang CY, Chen JK, Liu CH, Chu CL, Fu E. Ameliorative effect of quercetin on the destruction caused by experimental periodontitis in rats. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:788-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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El-Sharkawy H, Aboelsaad N, Eliwa M, Darweesh M, Alshahat M, Kantarci A, Hasturk H, Van Dyke TE. Adjunctive treatment of chronic periodontitis with daily dietary supplementation with omega-3 Fatty acids and low-dose aspirin. J Periodontol 2010; 81:1635-43. [PMID: 20572767 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.090628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host modulatory therapy has been proposed as a treatment for periodontal diseases. Omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), were shown to have therapeutic anti-inflammatory and protective actions in inflammatory diseases including periodontitis. The goal of this study was to test an innovative strategy for periodontal treatment in a clinical experiment. METHODS Eighty healthy subjects (40 in each group) with advanced chronic periodontitis were enrolled in Mansoura, Egypt, in a parallel-design, double-masked clinical study. The control group was treated with scaling and root planing (SRP) and a placebo, whereas the ω-3 group was treated with SRP followed by dietary supplementation of fish oil (900 mg EPA + DHA) and 81 mg aspirin daily. Saliva samples were obtained from all patients at baseline and 3 and 6 months for evaluation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8). Plaque and gingival indices, bleeding on probing, probing depths, and attachment levels were recorded at the same time points. RESULTS Statistical analyses demonstrated a significant reduction in probing depths and a significant attachment gain after 3 and 6 months in the ω-3 group compared to baseline and the control group (P <0.05). Salivary RANKL and MMP-8 levels showed significant reductions in the ω-3 group in response to treatment at 3 and 6 months and compared to the control group at 6 months (P <0.01). Supplementation with ω-3 + aspirin resulted in a significant shift in the frequency of pockets with probing depths <4 mm (P <0.05). CONCLUSION The results of this preliminary clinical study suggest that dietary supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs and 81 mg aspirin may provide a sustainable, low-cost intervention to augment periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham El-Sharkawy
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Buduneli N, Buduneli E, Çetin EÖ, Kırılmaz L, Kütükçüler N. Clinical findings and gingival crevicular fluid prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1-beta levels following initial periodontal treatment and short-term meloxicam administration. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 11:1805-12. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2010.490555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Morillo JM, Bullon P, Ramirez-Tortosa MDC, Quiles JL, Newman HN, Bertoli E, Battino M. Nutrition-linked chronic disease and periodontitis: are they the two faces of the same coin? MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12349-009-0055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Local and systemic responses in matrix metalloproteinase 8-deficient mice during Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis. Infect Immun 2008; 77:850-9. [PMID: 19029300 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00873-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a bacterium-induced chronic inflammation that destroys tissues that attach teeth to jaw bone. Pathologically excessive matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8) is among the key players in periodontal destruction by initiating type I collagen degradation. We studied MMP-8 in Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis by using MMP-8-deficient (MMP8(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) mice. Alveolar bone loss, inflammatory mediator expression, serum immunoglobulin, and lipoprotein responses were investigated to clarify the role of MMP-8 in periodontitis and systemic inflammatory responses. P. gingivalis infection induced accelerated site-specific alveolar bone loss in both MMP8(-/-) and WT mice relative to uninfected mice. The most extensive bone degradation took place in the P. gingivalis-infected MMP8(-/-) group. Surprisingly, MMP-8 significantly attenuated (P < 0.05) P. gingivalis-induced site-specific alveolar bone loss. Increased alveolar bone loss in P. gingivalis-infected MMP8(-/-) and WT mice was associated with increase in gingival neutrophil elastase production. Serum lipoprotein analysis demonstrated changes in the distribution of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles; unlike the WT mice, the MMP8(-/-) mice underwent a shift toward a smaller HDL/VLDL particle sizes. P. gingivalis infection increased the HDL/VLDL particle size in the MMP8(-/-) mice, which is an indicator of lipoprotein responses during systemic inflammation. Serum total lipopolysaccharide activity and the immunoglobulin G-class antibody level in response to P. gingivalis were significantly elevated in both infected mice groups. Thus, MMP-8 appears to act in a protective manner inhibiting the development of bacterium-induced periodontal tissue destruction, possibly through the processing anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Bacterium-induced periodontitis, especially in MMP8(-/-) mice, is associated with systemic inflammatory and lipoprotein changes that are likely involved in early atherosclerosis.
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