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Divaris K, Slade GD, Ferreira Zandona AG, Preisser JS, Ginnis J, Simancas-Pallares MA, Agler CS, Shrestha P, Karhade DS, Ribeiro ADA, Cho H, Gu Y, Meyer BD, Joshi AR, Azcarate-Peril MA, Basta PV, Wu D, North KE. Cohort Profile: ZOE 2.0-A Community-Based Genetic Epidemiologic Study of Early Childhood Oral Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8056. [PMID: 33139633 PMCID: PMC7663650 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is an aggressive form of dental caries occurring in the first five years of life. Despite its prevalence and consequences, little progress has been made in its prevention and even less is known about individuals' susceptibility or genomic risk factors. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) of ECC ("ZOE 2.0") is a community-based, multi-ethnic, cross-sectional, genetic epidemiologic study seeking to address this knowledge gap. This paper describes the study's design, the cohort's demographic profile, data domains, and key oral health outcomes. Between 2016 and 2019, the study enrolled 8059 3-5-year-old children attending public preschools in North Carolina, United States. Participants resided in 86 of the state's 100 counties and racial/ethnic minorities predominated-for example, 48% (n = 3872) were African American, 22% white, and 20% (n = 1611) were Hispanic/Latino. Seventy-nine percent (n = 6404) of participants underwent clinical dental examinations yielding ECC outcome measures-ECC (defined at the established caries lesion threshold) prevalence was 54% and the mean number of decayed, missing, filled surfaces due to caries was eight. Nearly all (98%) examined children provided sufficient DNA from saliva for genotyping. The cohort's community-based nature and rich data offer excellent opportunities for addressing important clinical, epidemiologic, and biological questions in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimon Divaris
- Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA; (G.D.S.); (J.G.); (M.A.S.-P.); (C.S.A.); (P.S.); (D.S.K.)
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400, USA; (P.V.B.); (K.E.N.)
| | - Gary D. Slade
- Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA; (G.D.S.); (J.G.); (M.A.S.-P.); (C.S.A.); (P.S.); (D.S.K.)
| | - Andrea G. Ferreira Zandona
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
| | - John S. Preisser
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400, USA; (J.S.P.); (H.C.); (Y.G.); (D.W.)
| | - Jeannie Ginnis
- Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA; (G.D.S.); (J.G.); (M.A.S.-P.); (C.S.A.); (P.S.); (D.S.K.)
| | - Miguel A. Simancas-Pallares
- Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA; (G.D.S.); (J.G.); (M.A.S.-P.); (C.S.A.); (P.S.); (D.S.K.)
| | - Cary S. Agler
- Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA; (G.D.S.); (J.G.); (M.A.S.-P.); (C.S.A.); (P.S.); (D.S.K.)
| | - Poojan Shrestha
- Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA; (G.D.S.); (J.G.); (M.A.S.-P.); (C.S.A.); (P.S.); (D.S.K.)
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400, USA; (P.V.B.); (K.E.N.)
| | - Deepti S. Karhade
- Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA; (G.D.S.); (J.G.); (M.A.S.-P.); (C.S.A.); (P.S.); (D.S.K.)
| | - Apoena de Aguiar Ribeiro
- Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA;
| | - Hunyong Cho
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400, USA; (J.S.P.); (H.C.); (Y.G.); (D.W.)
| | - Yu Gu
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400, USA; (J.S.P.); (H.C.); (Y.G.); (D.W.)
| | - Beau D. Meyer
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Ashwini R. Joshi
- Division of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7050, USA;
| | - M. Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and UNC Microbiome Core, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7555, USA;
| | - Patricia V. Basta
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400, USA; (P.V.B.); (K.E.N.)
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400, USA; (J.S.P.); (H.C.); (Y.G.); (D.W.)
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400, USA; (P.V.B.); (K.E.N.)
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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