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Song HY, Shen R, Mahasin H, Guo YN, Wang DG. DNA replication: Mechanisms and therapeutic interventions for diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e210. [PMID: 36776764 PMCID: PMC9899494 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and integral cellular DNA replication is modulated by multiple replication-associated proteins, which is fundamental to preserve genome stability. Furthermore, replication proteins cooperate with multiple DNA damage factors to deal with replication stress through mechanisms beyond their role in replication. Cancer cells with chronic replication stress exhibit aberrant DNA replication and DNA damage response, providing an exploitable therapeutic target in tumors. Numerous evidence has indicated that posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of replication proteins present distinct functions in DNA replication and respond to replication stress. In addition, abundant replication proteins are involved in tumorigenesis and development, which act as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in some tumors, implying these proteins act as therapeutic targets in clinical. Replication-target cancer therapy emerges as the times require. In this context, we outline the current investigation of the DNA replication mechanism, and simultaneously enumerate the aberrant expression of replication proteins as hallmark for various diseases, revealing their therapeutic potential for target therapy. Meanwhile, we also discuss current observations that the novel PTM of replication proteins in response to replication stress, which seems to be a promising strategy to eliminate diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yun Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Rong Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Hamid Mahasin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Ya-Nan Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - De-Gui Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
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Livesey M, Rossouw SC, Blignaut R, Christoffels A, Bendou H. Transforming RNA-Seq gene expression to track cancer progression in the multi-stage early to advanced-stage cancer development. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284458. [PMID: 37093793 PMCID: PMC10124877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer progression can be tracked by gene expression changes that occur throughout early-stage to advanced-stage cancer development. The accumulated genetic changes can be detected when gene expression levels in advanced-stage are less variable but show high variability in early-stage. Normalizing advanced-stage expression samples with early-stage and clustering of the normalized expression samples can reveal cancers with similar or different progression and provide insight into clinical and phenotypic patterns of patient samples within the same cancer. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate cancer progression through RNA-Seq expression profiles across the multi-stage process of cancer development. METHODS RNA-sequenced gene expression of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma, Lung cancer, Liver cancer, Cervical cancer, and Testicular cancer were downloaded from the UCSC Xena database. Advanced-stage samples were normalized with early-stage samples to consider heterogeneity differences in the multi-stage cancer progression. WGCNA was used to build a gene network and categorized normalized genes into different modules. A gene set enrichment analysis selected key gene modules related to cancer. The diagnostic capacity of the modules was evaluated after hierarchical clustering. RESULTS Unnormalized RNA-Seq gene expression failed to segregate advanced-stage samples based on selected cancer cohorts. Normalization with early-stage revealed the true heterogeneous gene expression that accumulates across the multi-stage cancer progression, this resulted in well segregated cancer samples. Cancer-specific pathways were enriched in the normalized WGCNA modules. The normalization method was further able to stratify patient samples based on phenotypic and clinical information. Additionally, the method allowed for patient survival analysis, with the Cox regression model selecting gene MAP4K1 in cervical cancer and Kaplan-Meier confirming that upregulation is favourable. CONCLUSION The application of the normalization method further enhanced the accuracy of clustering of cancer samples based on how they progressed. Additionally, genes responsible for cancer progression were discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Livesey
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sophia Catherine Rossouw
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Renette Blignaut
- Department of Statistics and Population Studies, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alan Christoffels
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hocine Bendou
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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Yu M, Wang H, Xu H, Lv Y, Li Q. High MCM8 expression correlates with unfavorable prognosis and induces immune cell infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:10027-10049. [PMID: 36575045 PMCID: PMC9831725 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MCM8 has been reported highly expressed in several human malignancies. However, its role in HCC has not yet been researched. METHODS The prognostic significance of MCM8 mRNA expression was analyzed using datasets from TCGA and GEO databases. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay was used to detect the MCM8 protein expression in HCC tissues. The Cox regression analysis was employed to determine the independent prognostic value of MCM8. Then, we established a nomogram for OS and RFS prediction based on MCM8 protein expression. We analyzed the DNA methylation and genetic alteration of MCM8 in HCC. Moreover, GO, KEGG and GSEA were utilized to explore the potential biological functions of MCM8. Subsequently, we evaluate the correlations between MCM8 expression and composition of the tumor microenvironment as well as immunocyte infiltration ratio in HCC. RESULTS MCM8 mRNA and protein were significantly overexpressed in HCC tissues. High MCM8 protein expression was an independent risk factor for OS and RFS of HCC patients. MCM8 expression is altered in 60% of queried HCC patients. In addition, higher methylation of the CpG site cg03098629, cg10518808, and 17230679 correlated with lower MCM8 levels. MCM8 expression correlated with cell cycle and DNA replication signaling. Moreover, MCM8 may be correlated with different compositions of the tumor microenvironment and immunocyte infiltration ratio in HCC. CONCLUSIONS MCM8 was highly expressed in HCC tissues and was associated with poor prognosis. Meanwhile, high expression of MCM8 may induce immune cell infiltration and may be a promising prognostic biomarker for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huaxiang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Hongyang Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuhang Lv
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingsong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China
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Wang F, Liu W, Liang J, Wang H, Tang J, Zeng J, Huang D, Yang Q, Li L. Proteomic methods identified P75 as marker of poor prognosis in pleuropulmonary blastoma. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 238:154067. [PMID: 36067610 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the causes of the rapid progression of pleuropulmonary blastoma and to identify molecular markers related to its prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three pairs of fresh frozen samples of pleuropulmonary blastoma tumors and adjacent normal tissues were analyzed for proteomics, focusing on the protein molecules with significantly increased expression in tumor tissues and related to the cell cycle and DNA replication. The top five protein molecules were selected and verified by immunohistochemistry. To analyze the correlation between the expression of verified protein molecules in pleuropulmonary blastoma and early recurrence/metastasis of pleuropulmonary blastoma. RESULTS Compared with the adjacent normal tissues, 1759 proteins were upregulated and 967 proteins were downregulated in pleuropulmonary blastoma. The top five proteins related to the cell cycle and DNA replication were ORC2, P75, Skp2, MCM4 and PCNA. However, only P75, MCM4 and PCNA were upregulated in pleuropulmonary blastoma as determined by immunohistochemistry. Further analysis showed that the expression of P75 in the recurrence/metastasis group was significantly higher than that in the no recurrence/metastasis group, while the expression of MCM4 and PCNA was not significantly different between the recurrence/metastasis group and the no recurrence/metastasis group. CONCLUSIONS MCM4, PCNA and P75 may all play an important role in the progression of pleuropulmonary blastoma. Among them, P75 is related to the prognosis and may be used as a marker to predict the prognosis of pleuropulmonary blastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhua Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jue Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiahang Zeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongmei Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinglin Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Ren X, Zhang Q, Guo W, Wang L, Wu T, Zhang W, Liu M, Kong D. Cell-cycle and apoptosis related and proteomics-based signaling pathways of human hepatoma Huh-7 cells treated by three currently used multi-RTK inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:944893. [PMID: 36071844 PMCID: PMC9444053 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.944893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib, lenvatinib and regorafenib, the multi-RTK inhibitors with potent anti-angiogenesis effects, are currently therapeutic drugs generally recommended for the patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To date, however, there have been no published studies on the mechanism underling differential effects of the three drugs on HCC cell proliferation, and the proteomic analysis in HCC cell lines treated by regorafenib or lenvatinib. The present study for the first time performed a direct comparison of the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in the Huh-7 cells caused by sorafenib, regorafenib and lenvatinib at respective IC50 using flow cytometry technique, as well as their pharmacological interventions for influencing whole cell proteomics using tandem mass tag-based peptide-labeling coupled with the nLC-HRMS technique. Sorafenib, regorafenib and lenvatinib at respective IC50 drove the remaining surviving Huh-7 cells into a G0/G1 arrest, but lenvatinib and regorafenib were much more effective than sorafenib. Lenvatinib produced a much stronger induction of Huh-7 cells into early apoptosis than sorafenib and regorafenib, while necrotic cell proportion induced by regorafenib was 2.4 times as large as that by lenvatinib. The proteomic study revealed 419 proteins downregulated commonly by the three drugs at respective IC50. KEGG pathway analysis of the downregulated proteins indicated the ranking of top six signaling pathways including the spliceosome, DNA replication, cell cycle, mRNA surveillance, P53 and nucleotide excision repair involved in 33 proteins, all of which were directly related to their pharmacological effects on cell cycle and cell apoptosis. Notably, lenvatinib and regorafenib downregulated the proteins of PCNA, Cyclin B1, BCL-xL, TSP1, BUD31, SF3A1 and Mad2 much more strongly than sorafenib. Moreover, most of the proteins in the P53 signaling pathway were downregulated with lenvatinib and regorafenib by more than 36% at least. In conclusion, lenvatinib and regorafenib have much stronger potency against Huh-7 cell proliferation than sorafenib because of their more potent effects on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. The underling mechanism may be at least due to the 33 downregulated proteins centralizing the signal pathways of cell cycle, p53 and DNA synthesis based on the present proteomics study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Ren
- Department of Radiotherapy, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Radiotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qingning Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenyan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Liu, ; Dezhi Kong,
| | - Dezhi Kong
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Liu, ; Dezhi Kong,
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Yu Z, Wu J, Zhang L, Liu SY. Potential molecular target screening and bioinformatics analysis of cholangiocarcinoma based on GEO database. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2022; 30:128-135. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v30.i3.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma is a highly malignant tumor with a poor prognosis. Targeted therapy is important for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, and it is therefore of great clinical importance to identify novel molecular targets for targeted therapy of this malignancy.
AIM To identify potential molecular targets for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma and identify the key genes involved in cholangiocarcinoma by bioinformatics analysis.
METHODS We downloaded two sets of cholangiocarcinoma expression profile data from GEO database. GEO2R online analysis tool was used to screen differentially expressed genes in cholangiocarcinoma tumor tissues and normal tissues, and we performed GO enrichment analysis, KEGG pathway analysis, and protein interaction network for differentially expressed genes. We used Cytoscape software to calculate key genes. The GEPIA database was used to verify the expression of hub genes in cholangiocarcinoma tissues.
RESULTS A total of 158 differentially expressed genes were identified. GO enrichment analysis showed that these differential genes were mainly involved in the cellular response to zinc ion, negative regulation of growth, cell adhesion, metabolic process, and protein homotetramerization. They were enriched in exosomes, extracellular spaces, elastic fibers, and organelle membranes. The main molecular functions are related to heparin binding, cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity, protein homodimerization activity, receptor binding, and pyridoxal phosphate binding. KEGG pathway analysis showed that differential genes are mainly involved in processes such as mineral absorption, carbon and propanoate metabolism, PPAR signaling pathway, and fatty acid degradation. A protein interaction network diagram was constructed based on the String database, and the CytoHubba plug-in of the Cytoscape software was used to calculate the key genes. The key genes were all up-regulated ones. GEPIA analysis verified that the expression of key genes in cholangiocarcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in normal tissues.
CONCLUSION In this study, eight key genes related to cholangiocarcinoma were identified, including NUSAP1, TOP2A, RAD51AP1, MCM4, KIAA0101, CDCA5, TYMS, and ZWINT. These genes provide new ideas for in-depth study of the targeted therapy of cholangiocarcinoma, and are expected to become new molecular therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Shu-Ye Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin 300170, China
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Zhang J, Zhang H, Wang Y, Wang Q. MCM2-7 in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: MCM7 Promotes Tumor Cell Proliferation. Front Oncol 2021; 11:782755. [PMID: 34993142 PMCID: PMC8724441 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.782755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) accounts for 60-70% of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cases. Finding more therapeutic targets for advanced ccRCC is an urgent mission. The minichromosome maintenance proteins 2-7 (MCM2-7) protein forms a stable heterohexamer and plays an important role in DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. In the study, we provide a comprehensive study of MCM2-7 genes expression and their potential roles in ccRCC. Methods The expression and prognosis of the MCM2-7 genes in ccRCC were analyzed using data from TCGA, GEO and ArrayExpress. MCM2-7 related genes were identified by weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and Metascape. CancerSEA and GSEA were used to analyze the function of MCM2–7 genes in ccRCC. The gene effect scores (CERES) of MCM2-7, which reflects carcinogenic or tumor suppressor, were obtained from DepMap. We used clinical and expression data of MCM2-7 from the TCGA dataset and the LASSO Cox regression analysis to develop a risk score to predict survival of patients with ccRCC. The correlations between risk score and other clinical indicators such as gender, age and stage were also analyzed. Further validation of this risk score was engaged in another cohort, E-MTAB-1980 from the ArrayExpress dataset. Results The mRNA and protein expression of MCM2-7 were increased in ccRCC compared with normal tissues. High MCM2, MCM4, MCM6 and MCM7 expression were associated with a poor prognosis of ccRCC patients. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that MCM2-7 might influence the progress of ccRCC by regulating the cell cycle. Knockdown of MCM7 can inhibit the proliferation of ccRCC cells. A two-gene risk score including MCM4 and MCM6 can predict overall survival (OS) of ccRCC patients. The risk score was successfully verified by further using Arrayexpress cohort. Conclusion We analyze MCM2-7 mRNA and protein levels in ccRCC. MCM7 is determined to promote tumor proliferation. Meanwhile, our study has determined a risk score model composed of MCM2-7 can predict the prognosis of ccRCC patients, which may help future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junneng Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine Department, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Junneng Zhang, ; Qingshui Wang,
| | - Huanzong Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine Department, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Department, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingshui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junneng Zhang, ; Qingshui Wang,
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Par S, Vaides S, VanderVere-Carozza PS, Pawelczak KS, Stewart J, Turchi JJ. OB-Folds and Genome Maintenance: Targeting Protein-DNA Interactions for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3346. [PMID: 34283091 PMCID: PMC8269290 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome stability and maintenance pathways along with their requisite proteins are critical for the accurate duplication of genetic material, mutation avoidance, and suppression of human diseases including cancer. Many of these proteins participate in these pathways by binding directly to DNA, and a subset employ oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding folds (OB-fold) to facilitate the protein-DNA interactions. OB-fold motifs allow for sequence independent binding to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and can serve to position specific proteins at specific DNA structures and then, via protein-protein interaction motifs, assemble the machinery to catalyze the replication, repair, or recombination of DNA. This review provides an overview of the OB-fold structural organization of some of the most relevant OB-fold containing proteins for oncology and drug discovery. We discuss their individual roles in DNA metabolism, progress toward drugging these motifs and their utility as potential cancer therapeutics. While protein-DNA interactions were initially thought to be undruggable, recent reports of success with molecules targeting OB-fold containing proteins suggest otherwise. The potential for the development of agents targeting OB-folds is in its infancy, but if successful, would expand the opportunities to impinge on genome stability and maintenance pathways for more effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Par
- Indiana University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (S.P.); (S.V.)
| | - Sofia Vaides
- Indiana University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (S.P.); (S.V.)
| | | | | | - Jason Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - John J. Turchi
- Indiana University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (S.P.); (S.V.)
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- NERx Biosciences, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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