Lymph node upstaging for non-small cell lung cancer after uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopy

Habitat-based radiomics from contrast-enhanced CT and clinical data to predict lymph node metastasis in clinical N0 peripheral lung adenocarcinoma ≤ 3 cm

This study aims to develop an integrated model combining habitat-based radiomics and clinical data to predict lymph node metastasis in patients with clinical N0 peripheral lung adenocarcinomas measuring ≤ 3 cm in diameter. We retrospectively analyzed 1132 patients with lung adenocarcinoma from two centers who underwent surgical resection with lymph node dissection and had preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans showing peripheral nodules ≤ 3 cm. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to identify independent risk factors for the clinical model. Radiomics and habitat models were constructed by extracting and analyzing radiomic features and habitat regions from contrast-enhanced CT images. Subsequently, a combined model was developed by integrating habitat-based radiomic features with clinical characteristics. Model performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The habitat model exhibited promising predictive performance for lymph node metastasis, outperforming other standalone models with AUCs of 0.962, 0.865, and 0.853 in the training, validation, and external test cohorts, respectively. The combined model demonstrated superior discriminative ability, achieving the highest AUCs of 0.983, 0.950, and 0.877 for the training, validation, and external test cohorts, respectively. The integration of habitat-based radiomic features with clinical data offers a non-invasive approach to assess the risk of lymph node metastasis, potentially supporting clinicians in optimizing patient management decisions.

Impact of CA9 expression in the diagnosis of lymph-node metastases in non-small cell lung cancer based on [18F]FDG PET/CT

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer is the leading cause of the global cancer incidence and mortality. It is important to obtain an accurate diagnosis of lymph-node metastasis before surgery to select the therapeutic strategy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) is considered a marker of hypoxia and it has reported that CA9 is associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. In this study, the correlation between the CA9 expression for lymph-node metastases in NSCLC and [18F]FDG PET/CT results was investigated in order to clarify the efficacy of [18F]FDG PET/CT for detecting lymph-node metastases of NSCLC patients.

METHODS

Among the 564 patients who underwent surgical treatment for NSCLC between 2010 and 2016 at our hospital, a total of 338 patients who underwent preoperative [18F]FDG PET/CT were included in this study. CA9 expression was evaluated by immunochemistry. A lymph node with maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) ≥2.5 on [18F]FDG PET/CT was preoperatively defined as a metastatic lymph node.

RESULT

CA9 positivity was detected in 122 patients; the other 216 patients were CA9-negative. The CA9-positive NSCLC cases significantly associated with pleural invasion (p = 0.0063), pT-factor (p = 0.0080), pN-factor (p = 0.036) and pStage (p = 0.043). CA9-positive patients presented significantly poorer survival rate for OS than that of the CA9-negative patients (p = 0.0024). In the multivariable analysis, histological SCC and CA9 positivity were independent poor-prognosis factors for OS. For the total patient population, the sensitivity and specificity of [18F]FDG PET/CT for lymph-node metastases were 54% and 89%, respectively. In contrast, the sensitivity and specificity were particularly low in the CA9-positive SCC cases (36% and 69%, respectively).

CONCLUSION

[18F]FDG PET/CT might not be useful for diagnosing lymph-node metastases of CA9-positive SCC cases of NSCLC.

Uniportal thoracoscopic mediastinal lymphadenectomy using appropriate surgical steps

Background

Although lymphadenectomies play an important role in the surgical treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the quality of lymphadenectomies via a uniportal approach has only been evaluated in a few studies. We describe the surgical steps for a mediastinal lymphadenectomy via uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (uVATS) and compare the quality of mediastinal lymphadenectomies using uVATS versus multiportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (mVATS).

Methods

Between April 2017 and January 2023, we analyzed data from 304 patients with NSCLC who underwent (bi-)lobectomy with nodal dissection (ND)2a-1 or greater lymphadenectomy via uVATS or mVATS. We compared patient characteristics and perioperative results, including the number of harvested lymph nodes (LNs), between the two approaches. In addition, the factors associated with N-upstage were identified.

Results

No significant differences in the total number of harvested LNs were detected between the two approaches. Significantly more LN#2R/4R zone LNs were harvested in the uVATS group compared with the number harvested in the mVATS group [uVATS group: 8.5, interquartile range (IQR), 5-12.3; mVATS group: 7, IQR, 5-9, P=0.0177], while no significant differences in total nodes or nodes harvested in other zones were detected. Multivariable analysis revealed that pathologic invasion size [odds ratio: 1.0200, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0100-1.0400, P=0.0050], but not approach (uVATS, odds ratio: 0.6240, 95% CI: 0.3160-1.2300, P=0.1750), significantly contributed to N factor upstages.

Conclusions

The use of appropriate surgical steps enabled us to achieve similar quality lymphadenectomies via mVATS or uVATS.

Histology of the Primary Tumor Correlates with False Positivity of Integrated 18F-FDG-PET/CT Lymph Node Staging in Resectable Lung Cancer Patients

This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and false positivity rate of lymph node (LN) staging assessed by integrated 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) in patients with operable lung cancer to the tumor histology. In total, 129 consecutive patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing anatomical lung resections were included. Preoperative LN staging was evaluated in the relationship to the histology of the resected specimens (group 1: lung adenocarcinoma/LUAD; group 2: squamous cell carcinoma/SQCA). Statistical analysis was performed by the Mann-Whitney U-test, the chi² test, and binary logistic regression analysis. To establish an easy-to-use algorithm for the identification of LN false positivity, a decision tree including clinically meaningful parameters was generated. In total, 77 (59.7%) and 52 (40.3%) patients were included in the LUAD and SQCA groups, respectively. SQCA histology, non-G1 tumors, and tumor SUVmax > 12.65 were identified as independent predictors of LN false positivity in the preoperative staging. The corresponding ORs and their 95% CIs were 3.35 [1.10-10.22], p = 0.0339; 4.60 [1.06-19.94], p = 0.0412; and 2.76 [1.01-7.55], and p = 0.0483. The preoperative identification of false-positive LNs is an important aspect of the treatment regimen for patients with operable lung cancer; thus, these preliminary findings should be further evaluated in larger patient cohorts.

Rate and Predictors of Unforeseen PN1/PN2-Disease in Surgically Treated cN0 NSCLC-Patients with Primary Tumor > 3 cm: Nationwide Results from Italian VATS-Group Database

Background. Since no robust data are available on the real rate of unforeseen N1-N2 disease (uN) and the relative predictive factors in clinical-N0 NSCLC with peripheral tumours > 3 cm, the usefulness of performing a (mini)invasive mediastinal staging in this setting is debated. Herein, we investigated these issues in a nationwide database. Methods. From 01/2014 to 06/2020, 15,784 thoracoscopic major lung resections were prospectively recorded in the “Italian VATS-Group” database. Among them, 1982 clinical-N0 peripheral solid-type NSCLC > 3 cm were identified, and information was retrospectively reviewed. A mean comparison of more than two groups was made by ANOVA (Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons), while associations between the categorical variables were estimated with a Chi-square test. The multivariate logistic regression model and Kaplan–Meyer method were used to identify the independent predictors of nodal upstaging and survival results, respectively. Results. At pathological staging, 229 patients had N1-involvement (11.6%), and 169 had uN2 disease (8.5%). Independent predictors of uN1 were SUVmax (OR: 1.98; CI 95: 1.44–2.73, p = 0.0001) and tumour-size (OR: 1.52; CI: 1.11–2.10, p = 0.01), while independent predictors of uN2 were age (OR: 0.98; CI 95: 0.96–0.99, p = 0.039), histology (OR: 0.48; CI 95: 0.30–0.78, p = 0.003), SUVmax (OR: 2.07; CI 95: 1.15–3.72, p = 0.015), and the number of resected lymph nodes (OR: 1.03; CI 95: 1.01–1.05, p = 0.002). Conclusions. The unforeseen N1-N2 disease in cN0/NSCLCs > 3 cm undergoing VATS resection is observable in between 12 and 8% of all cases. We have identified predictors that could guide physicians in selecting the best candidate for (mini)invasive mediastinal staging.

Uniportal VATS for Diagnosis and Staging in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

Uniportal VATS has become an accepted approach in minimally invasive thoracic surgery since its first report for lobectomy in 2011. Since the initial restrictions in indications, it has been used in almost all procedures, from conventional lobectomies to sublobar resections, bronchial and vascular sleeve procedures and even tracheal and carinal resections. In addition to its use for treatment, it provides an excellent approach for suspicious solitary undiagnosed nodules after bronchoscopic or transthoracic image-guided biopsy. Uniportal VATS is also used as a surgical staging method in NSCLC due to its low invasiveness in terms of chest tube duration, hospital stay and postoperative pain. In this article, we review the evidence of uniportal VATS accuracy for NSCLC diagnosis and staging and provide technical details and recommendations for its safe performance for that purpose.

Sentinel Lymph Node in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Assessment of Feasibility and Safety by Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging and Clinical Consequences

Occult micrometastases can be missed by routine pathological analysis. Mapping of the pulmonary lymphatic system by near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging can identify the first lymph node relay. This sentinel lymph node (SLN) can be analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), which may increase micrometastasis detection and improve staging. This study analyzed the feasibility and safety of identifying SLNs in thoracic surgery by NIR fluorescence imaging in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This was a prospective, observational, single-center study. Eighty adult patients with suspected localized stage NSCLC (IA1 to IIA) were included between December 2020 and May 2022. All patients received an intraoperative injection of indocyanine green (ICG) directly in the peri tumoural area or by electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy (ENB). The SLN was then assessed using an infrared fluorescence camera. SLN was identified in 60 patients (75%). Among them, 36 SLNs associated with a primary lung tumor were analyzed by IHC. Four of them were invaded by micrometastases (11.1%). In the case of pN0 SLN, the rest of the lymphadenectomy was cancer free. The identification of SLNs in thoracic surgery by NIR fluorescence imaging seems to be a feasible technique for improving pathological staging.

Surgical Effectiveness of Uniportal-VATS Lobectomy Compared to Open Surgery in Early-Stage Lung Cancer

Background

Although the feasibility and safety of Uniportal-Video-Assisted thoracic surgery (U-VATS) has been proven, its surgical effectiveness is still debated. The aim of this study is to assess the equivalence of the U-VATS approach compared with an open technique in terms of surgical (nodal-upstaging, complications, and post-operative results) and short-term survival outcomes.

Methods

The clinical data of patients undergoing lobectomy for NSCLC at our center, from January 2014 to December 2019, were analyzed retrospectively. All patients undergoing open or U-VATS lobectomy with lymphadenectomy for early-stage lung cancer (cT1-T3N0, stages IA-IIB) were included in the study. Only 230 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. Group bias was reduced through 1:1 propensity score matching, which resulted in 46 patients in each group (open surgery and U-VATS).

Results

The intra- and post-operative mortality were null in both groups. There was no difference in the post-operative complications (p: 1.00) between U-VATS and open lobectomy. There was also no recorded difference in the pathological nodal up-staging [11 (23.9%) after thoracotomy vs. 8 (17.4%) after U-VATS, p: 0.440). The chest tube duration was longer in the open group (p: 0.025), with a higher post-operative pain (p: 0.001). Additionally, the 3-year overall survival (OS) was 78% after U-VATS lobectomy vs. 74% after open lobectomy (p: 0.204), while 3-year disease-specific survival (DSS) was 97 vs. 89% (p: 0.371), respectively. The 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 62% in the U-VATS group and 66% in the thoracotomy group, respectively (p: 0.917).

Conclusions

Uniportal-VATS lobectomy for the treatment of early-stage lung cancer seems to be a safe and effective technique with similar surgical and short-term survival outcomes as open surgery, but with lower post-operative pain and shorter in-hospital stay.

Outcomes of nodal upstaging comparing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus open thoracotomy for lung cancer

OBJECTIVES

In early stage non-small cell lung cancer, the optimal surgical approach for lymph node dissection remains controversial. Without a uniform standard for the quality of lymph node dissection, outcomes of nodal upstaging comparing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) versus open thoracotomy (OPEN) also remain controversial. Thus, we compared the clinical outcomes of nodal upstaging between each approach.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively evaluated 1319 surgically resected lung cancer cases between 2008 and 2017 at our institute. Moreover, 348 VATS and 348 OPEN cases were extracted using propensity score matching. We investigated the frequency, prognosis, and post-recurrence course of nodal upstaging between each approach.

RESULTS

A total of 193 nodal upstaging cases were identified. Nodal upstaging was more frequent in the OPEN group (24 %) than the VATS group (9%) (p < 0.001). However, multivariable analysis revealed the surgical approach was not significantly associated with nodal upstaging (OPEN: odds ratio, 1.3; 95 % confidence interval, 0.93-2.02; p = 0.108) and, after matching, nodal upstaging with each approach were of equivalent frequency (p = 0.752). The median follow-up period was 5.0 years. Nodal upstaging was an independent prognostic factor for worse overall survival, cancer-specific survival, and recurrence-free survival in multivariable analyses (all p < 0.001). Of all cases, 222 recurred after surgery. There were no significant differences in recurrence patterns and initial recurrence sites depending on surgical approach. The 5-year post-recurrence survival rate was 52 % after VATS and 30 % after OPEN; however, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.052). Moreover, post-recurrence survival rate was not significantly different between the VATS and OPEN groups (pN0: p = 0.268, pN1: p = 0.437, and pN2: p = 0.144).

CONCLUSION

Outcomes of nodal upstaging between VATS and OPEN were found to be equivalent. The difference in the frequency of nodal upstaging was not due to inferior quality of lymph node dissection with VATS; rather, that difference resulted from selection bias.