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Xu L, Wang Q, Yang R, Ganbold D, Tsogbadrakh N, Dong K, Liu M, Altantogtokh D, Liu Q, Undrakhbold S, Boldgiv B, Liang W, Stenseth NC. Climate-driven marmot-plague dynamics in Mongolia and China. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11906. [PMID: 37488160 PMCID: PMC10366125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38966-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of plague has rebounded in the Americas, Asia, and Africa alongside rapid globalization and climate change. Previous studies have shown local climate to have significant nonlinear effects on plague dynamics among rodent communities. We analyzed an 18-year database of plague, spanning 1998 to 2015, in the foci of Mongolia and China to trace the associations between marmot plague and climate factors. Our results suggested a density-dependent effect of precipitation and a geographic location-dependent effect of temperature on marmot plague. That is, a significantly positive relationship was evident between risk of plague and precipitation only when the marmot density exceeded a certain threshold. The geographical heterogeneity of the temperature effect and the contrasting slopes of influence for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) and other regions in the study (nQTP) were primarily related to diversity of climate and landscape types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Dalantai Ganbold
- National Center for Zoonotic Diseases, Ulaanbaatar, 211137, Mongolia
| | | | - Kaixing Dong
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | | | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Sainbileg Undrakhbold
- Professional Biological Society of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14201, Mongolia
- Department of Biology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14201, Mongolia
| | - Bazartseren Boldgiv
- Department of Biology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14201, Mongolia.
| | - Wannian Liang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Nils Chr Stenseth
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- The Centre for Pandemics and One-Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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2
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Lotfy WM. Plague in Egypt: Disease biology, history and contemporary analysis: A minireview. J Adv Res 2015; 6:549-54. [PMID: 26199744 PMCID: PMC4506964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plague is a zoonotic disease with a high mortality rate in humans. Unfortunately, it is still endemic in some parts of the world. Also, natural foci of the disease are still found in some countries. Thus, there may be a risk of global plague re-emergence. This work reviews plague biology, history of major outbreaks, and threats of disease re-emergence in Egypt. Based on the suspected presence of potential natural foci in the country, the global climate change, and the threat posed by some neighbouring countries disease re-emergence in Egypt should not be excluded. The country is in need for implementation of some preventive measures.
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Ben-Ari T, Neerinckx S, Agier L, Cazelles B, Xu L, Zhang Z, Fang X, Wang S, Liu Q, Stenseth NC. Identification of Chinese plague foci from long-term epidemiological data. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:8196-201. [PMID: 22570501 PMCID: PMC3361404 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1110585109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Carrying out statistical analysis over an extensive dataset of human plague reports in Chinese villages from 1772 to 1964, we identified plague endemic territories in China (i.e., plague foci). Analyses rely on (i) a clustering method that groups time series based on their time-frequency resemblances and (ii) an ecological niche model that helps identify plague suitable territories characterized by value ranges for a set of predefined environmental variables. Results from both statistical tools indicate the existence of two disconnected plague territories corresponding to Northern and Southern China. Altogether, at least four well defined independent foci are identified. Their contours compare favorably with field observations. Potential and limitations of inferring plague foci and dynamics using epidemiological data is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Ben-Ari
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7625, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Simon Neerinckx
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lydiane Agier
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernard Cazelles
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7625, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Unité de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes, UMI 209, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 93142 Bondy Cedex, France
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management on Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management on Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Xiye Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shuchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Nils C. Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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4
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MacMillan K, Monaghan AJ, Apangu T, Griffith KS, Mead PS, Acayo S, Acidri R, Moore SM, Mpanga JT, Enscore RE, Gage KL, Eisen RJ. Climate predictors of the spatial distribution of human plague cases in the West Nile region of Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:514-23. [PMID: 22403328 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
East Africa has been identified as a region where vector-borne and zoonotic diseases are most likely to emerge or re-emerge and where morbidity and mortality from these diseases is significant. Understanding when and where humans are most likely to be exposed to vector-borne and zoonotic disease agents in this region can aid in targeting limited prevention and control resources. Often, spatial and temporal distributions of vectors and vector-borne disease agents are predictable based on climatic variables. However, because of coarse meteorological observation networks, appropriately scaled and accurate climate data are often lacking for Africa. Here, we use a recently developed 10-year gridded meteorological dataset from the Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting Model to identify climatic variables predictive of the spatial distribution of human plague cases in the West Nile region of Uganda. Our logistic regression model revealed that within high elevation sites (above 1,300 m), plague risk was positively associated with rainfall during the months of February, October, and November and negatively associated with rainfall during the month of June. These findings suggest that areas that receive increased but not continuous rainfall provide ecologically conducive conditions for Yersinia pestis transmission in this region. This study serves as a foundation for similar modeling efforts of other vector-borne and zoonotic disease in regions with sparse observational meteorologic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine MacMillan
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA.
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Ben Ari T, Neerinckx S, Gage KL, Kreppel K, Laudisoit A, Leirs H, Stenseth NC. Plague and climate: scales matter. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002160. [PMID: 21949648 PMCID: PMC3174245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plague is enzootic in wildlife populations of small mammals in central and eastern Asia, Africa, South and North America, and has been recognized recently as a reemerging threat to humans. Its causative agent Yersinia pestis relies on wild rodent hosts and flea vectors for its maintenance in nature. Climate influences all three components (i.e., bacteria, vectors, and hosts) of the plague system and is a likely factor to explain some of plague's variability from small and regional to large scales. Here, we review effects of climate variables on plague hosts and vectors from individual or population scales to studies on the whole plague system at a large scale. Upscaled versions of small-scale processes are often invoked to explain plague variability in time and space at larger scales, presumably because similar scale-independent mechanisms underlie these relationships. This linearity assumption is discussed in the light of recent research that suggests some of its limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Ben Ari
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 7625, Paris, France
| | - Simon Neerinckx
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kenneth L. Gage
- Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Center of Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Katharina Kreppel
- Liverpool University Climate and Infectious Diseases of Animals Group (LUCINDA), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Great Britain
| | - Anne Laudisoit
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nils Chr. Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe E. Brooks
- a New York State Department of Health , Bureau of Rodent Control , Albany , New York
| | - William B. Jackson
- b Environmental Studies Center Department of Biology , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio
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7
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Whitehall JS. Plague in a time of war: an experience in South Vietnam. Med J Aust 2009; 191:671-3. [DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb03376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Pham HV, Dang DT, Tran Minh NN, Nguyen ND, Nguyen TV. Correlates of environmental factors and human plague: an ecological study in Vietnam. Int J Epidemiol 2009; 38:1634-41. [PMID: 19584125 PMCID: PMC2800783 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyp244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human plague caused by Yersinia pestis remains a public health threat in endemic countries, because the disease is associated with increased risk of mortality and severe economic and social consequences. During the past 10 years, outbreaks of plague have occasionally occurred in Vietnam's Central Highlands region. The present study sought to describe and analyse the occurrence of plague and its association with ecological factors. METHODS The study included all 510 communes of the Central Highlands region (with a total population of approximately 4 million) where 95% of incidence of plague cases in Vietnam had been reported from 1997 through 2002. Plague was clinically ascertained by using a standard protocol by WHO. Data on domestic fleas and rodents were obtained by using traps and periodic surveillance in accordance with the WHO guidelines. Temperature, duration of sunshine, rainfall and humidity were recorded as monthly averages by local meteorological stations. The association between these ecological factors and plague was assessed by using the Poisson regression model. RESULTS From 1997 through 2002, 472 cases of plague were reported, of whom 24 (5.1%) died. The incidence of plague peaked during the dry season, with approximately 63% of cases occurring from February through April. The risk of plague occurrence was associated with an increased monthly flea index (RR and 95% CI: 1.93; 1.61-2.33 for months with the flea index >1) and increased rodent density (RR 1.23; 1.15-1.32 per each 3% increase in density). Moreover, the risk of plague increased during the dry season (RR 2.07; 1.64-2.62), when rainfall fell <10 mm (RR 1.44; 1.17-1.77). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the flea index, rodent density and rainfall could be used as ecological indicators of plague risk in Vietnam. The data also suggest that the occurrence of plague in Vietnam's Central Highlands is likely resulted from multiple causes that remain to be delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau V Pham
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology of Tay Nguyen, Dak Lak, Vietnam.
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9
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Cieslak TJ, Christopher GW, Kortepeter MG, Rowe JR, Pavlin JA, Culpepper RC, Eitzen EM. Immunization against potential biological warfare agents. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:843-50. [PMID: 10880299 DOI: 10.1086/313812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/1999] [Revised: 12/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The intentional release of biological agents by belligerents or terrorists is a possibility that has recently attracted increased attention. Law enforcement agencies, military planners, public health officials, and clinicians are gaining an increasing awareness of this potential threat. From a military perspective, an important component of the protective pre-exposure armamentarium against this threat is immunization. In addition, certain vaccines are an accepted component of postexposure prophylaxis against potential bioterrorist threat agents. These vaccines might, therefore, be used to respond to a terrorist attack against civilians. We review the development of vaccines against 10 of the most credible biological threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Cieslak
- Operational Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702 USA.
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10
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Davis LS. Social rank behaviour in a captive colony of Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans). NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 1979. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1979.10428376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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11
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Yum YT. Production Of DDT-Resistance In Bangkok Strain Of Cheopis Fleas Under Laboratory Conditions. KISAENGCH'UNGHAK CHAPCHI. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1974; 12:87-94. [PMID: 12913469 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1974.12.2.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tae Yum
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Korea
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12
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Yum YT. A Survey On The Resistance Of Vietnam Fleas To Some Insecticides. KISAENGCH'UNGHAK CHAPCHI. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1974; 12:1-7. [PMID: 12913479 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1974.12.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tae Yum
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Korea
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13
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Ahn YK, Soh CT. [Flea fauna of rodents in coastal region of Korea Addendum:Insecticide susceptibility test of Xenopsylla cheopis]. KISAENGCH'UNGHAK CHAPCHI. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1974; 12:33-44. [PMID: 12913483 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1974.12.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A survey on rats and rat-fleas was performed in costal area of Korea during 1972; Inchon, Kunsan, Yosu, Busan and other areas. The number of the caught rats was 1,448. Total number of collected fleas was 2,480. Geographical distribution were described. Flea index was in 1.71 total. Mothly flea indices were 0.35-0.84 in January to March, 2.13-2.59 in April to June, 0.58 in July and 1.82-4.91 in August to November. Mortality rate of X. cheopsis to various concentration of DDT in 1 hour exposure were 43.8 % in 4.0 %, 30.4 % in 1.0 %. In 24 hours exposure, the mortalities were 100 % in 4.0 %, 91.5 % in 2.0 %, 73.5 % in 1.0 % and 37.0 % in 0.5 % DDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Kyum Ahn
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University, Korea
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14
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Pal R, Brown AW. Problems of insecticide resistance. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PARASITENKUNDE (BERLIN, GERMANY) 1974; 45:211-9. [PMID: 4156106 DOI: 10.1007/bf00348535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Velimirovic B. Plague in South-East Asia. A brief historical summary and present geographical distribution. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1972; 66:479-504. [PMID: 4263418 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(72)90280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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16
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Olson WP. Rainfall and plague in Vietnam. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 1970; 14:357-360. [PMID: 5534148 DOI: 10.1007/bf01462910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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17
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Cavanaugh DC, Deoras PJ, Hunter DH, Marshall JD, Rust JH, Purnaveja S, Winter PE. Some observations on the necessity for serological testing of rodent sera for Pasteurella pestis antibody in a plague control programme. Bull World Health Organ 1970; 42:451-9. [PMID: 5310211 PMCID: PMC2427534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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18
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Meyer KF. Effectiveness of live or killed plague vaccines in man. Bull World Health Organ 1970; 42:653-66. [PMID: 4988692 PMCID: PMC2427500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
While the safety of the available live plague vaccine EV 76 (Paris) continues to be the subject of further study, the USP formol-killed, virulent Pasteurella pestis (Yersinia pestis) suspension capable of protecting 60% of non-human primates, particularly Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus), warrants further clinical tests and field trials. Inoculated in a dosage of 2x10(9) killed plague bacilli (1 ml), followed by a booster of 400 million organisms (0.2 ml) in 1-3 months, this vaccine stimulates the appearance of passive mouse-protection antibodies (below an index of 10) and passive haemagglutinins in 60%-65% of human subjects. Recent experiences in Viet-Nam demonstrate that personnel vaccinated with the USP vaccine, although frequently exposed, enjoy almost complete freedom from the disease. One of the 4 known and confirmed cases of bubonic plague in North Americans occurred in an unvaccinated individual. Among individuals inoculated with the USP vaccine, 2 confirmed cases of pneumonic plague and 1 case of asymptomatic pharyngeal plague have been recorded. The incidence of plague in the Republic of Viet-Nam during the past 3 years is estimated at 13 263 cases in a population in part vaccinated with a live plague which exhibited inadequate immunogenic efficacy in experimental tests.
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Busvine JR, Pal R. The impact of insecticide-resistance on control of vectors and vector-borne diseases. Bull World Health Organ 1969; 40:731-44. [PMID: 5307234 PMCID: PMC2554505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A questionnaire inquiring into the nature of schemes for the insecticidal control of disease vectors, the development of resistance in these vectors, and the effect of any such resistance on their control and on the extent of disease was sent to more than 100 health authorities throughout the world. The replies to the questionnaire are summarized in this paper.Until recently, the use of insecticides in public health has been largely based on three organochlorine compounds-DDT, HCH and dieldrin. However, in some countries resistance to these has now severely affected control both of many insect species and of the diseases they transmit (e.g., malaria, yellow fever, filariasis, typhus, plague). Certain other public health problems (onchocerciasis, Chagas' disease, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis) have not so far been greatly affected by resistance, but it is difficult to be sure of the continued reliability of the organochlorines.Research in the past 5 years, much of it sponsored by WHO, has shown the value of various organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides as replacements for the organochlorines, although resistance to them, too, can occur. Attention must therefore be focused on all facets of the use of these newer compounds and particular scrutiny made of possible instances of resistance to them.
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