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Ma J, Luo F, Hsiung CH, Dai J, Tan Z, Ye S, Ding L, Shen B, Zhang X. Chemical Control of Fluorescence Lifetime towards Multiplexing Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202403029. [PMID: 38641550 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime imaging has been a powerful tool for biomedical research. Recently, fluorescence lifetime-based multiplexing imaging has expanded imaging channels by using probes that harbor the same spectral channels and distinct excited state lifetime. While it is desirable to control the excited state lifetime of any given fluorescent probes, the rational control of fluorescence lifetimes remains a challenge. Herein, we chose boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) as a model system and provided chemical strategies to regulate the fluorescence lifetime of its derivatives with varying spectral features. We find electronegativity of structural substituents at the 8' and 5' positions is important to control the lifetime for the green-emitting and red-emitting BODIPY scaffolds. Mechanistically, such influences are exerted via the photo-induced electron transfer and the intramolecular charge transfer processes for the 8' and 5' positions of BODIPY, respectively. Based on these principles, we have generated a group of BODIPY probes that enable imaging experiments to separate multiple targets using fluorescence lifetime as a signal. In addition to BODIPY, we envision modulation of electronegativity of chemical substituents could serve as a feasible strategy to achieve rational control of fluorescence lifetime for a variety of small molecule fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chia-Heng Hsiung
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianan Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zizhu Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Songtao Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lina Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Baoxing Shen
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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Green MJ, Ge H, Flower SE, Pourzand C, Botchway SW, Wang HC, Kuganathan N, Kociok-Köhn G, Li M, Xu S, James TD, Pascu SI. Fluorescent naphthalimide boronates as theranostics: structural investigations, confocal fluorescence and multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy in living cells. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:1082-1095. [PMID: 38033726 PMCID: PMC10685793 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
New design and synthetic strategies were developed to generate functional phenyl boronic acid (BA)-based fluorescent probes incorporating the 1,8-naphthalimide (NI) tag. This fluorescent core was anchored onto the BA unit through small organic linkers consisting of nitrogen groups which can arrest, and internally stabilise the phenyl-boronate units. The newly synthesised fluorophores were characterised spectroscopically by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and evaluated for their ability to bind to a naturally occurring polysaccharide, β-d-glucan in DMSO and simultaneously as act as in vitro cell imaging reagents. The uptake of these new NI-boronic acid derivatives was studied living cancer cells (HeLa, PC-3) in the presence, and absence, of β-d-glucan. Time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) of DMSO solutions and two-photon fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) techniques allowed an insight into the probes' interaction with their environment. Their cellular uptake and distributions were imaged using laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy under single- and two-photon excitation regimes (λmax 910 nm). FLIM facilitated the estimation of the impact of the probe's cellular surroundings using the fluorophore lifetime. The extent to which this was mediated by the β-d-glucan was visualised by 2-photon FLIM in living cells. The fluorescence lifetime observed under a range of temperatures varied appreciably, indicating that changes in the environment can be sensed by these probes. In all cases, the cellular membrane penetration of these new probes was remarkable even under variable temperature conditions and localisation was widely concentrated in the cellular cytoplasm, without specific organelle trapping: we conclude that these new probes show promise for cellular imaging in living cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Calverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Haobo Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Calverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Stephen E Flower
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Calverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Charareh Pourzand
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath BA2 7AY UK
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- STFC Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Harwell Oxfordshire OX11 0QX UK
| | - Hui-Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Calverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | | | - Gabriele Kociok-Köhn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Calverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
- Materials and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC2), University of Bath Calverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Calverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Suying Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Calverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University Baoding 071003 P. R. China
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Calverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Sofia I Pascu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Calverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath BA2 7AY UK
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Alwraikat A, Jaradat A, Marji SM, Bayan MF, Alomari E, Naser AY, Alyami MH. Development of a Novel, Ecologically Friendly Generation of pH-Responsive Alginate Nanosensors: Synthesis, Calibration, and Characterisation. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8453. [PMID: 37896546 PMCID: PMC10610811 DOI: 10.3390/s23208453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of the intracellular pH is particularly crucial for the detection of numerous diseases, such as carcinomas, that are characterised by a low intracellular pH. Therefore, pH-responsive nanosensors have been developed by many researchers due to their ability to non-invasively detect minor changes in the pH of many biological systems without causing significant biological damage. However, the existing pH-sensitive nanosensors, such as the polyacrylamide, silica, and quantum dots-based nanosensors, require large quantities of organic solvents that could cause detrimental damage to the ecosystem. As a result, this research is aimed at developing a new generation of pH-responsive nanosensors comprising alginate natural polymers and pH-sensitive fluorophores using an organic, solvent-free, and ecologically friendly method. Herein, we successfully synthesised different models of pH-responsive alginate nanoparticles by varying the method of fluorophore conjugation. The synthesised pH nanosensors demonstrated a low MHD with a relatively acceptable PDI when using the lowest concentration of the cross-linker Ca+2 (1.25 mM). All the pH nanosensors showed negative zeta potential values, attributed to the free carboxylate groups surrounding the nanoparticles' surfaces, which support the colloidal stability of the nanosensors. The synthesised models of pH nanosensors displayed a high pH-responsiveness with various correlations between the pH measurements and the nanosensors' fluorescence signal. In summation, pH-responsive alginate nanosensors produced using organic, solvent-free, green technology could be harnessed as potential diagnostics for the intracellular and extracellular pH measurements of various biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalaziz Alwraikat
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, P.O. Box 33, Amman 11622, Jordan; (A.A.); (A.J.); (E.A.); (A.Y.N.)
| | - Abdolelah Jaradat
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, P.O. Box 33, Amman 11622, Jordan; (A.A.); (A.J.); (E.A.); (A.Y.N.)
| | - Saeed M. Marji
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O. Box 1, Amman 19392, Jordan; (S.M.M.); (M.F.B.)
| | - Mohammad F. Bayan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O. Box 1, Amman 19392, Jordan; (S.M.M.); (M.F.B.)
| | - Esra’a Alomari
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, P.O. Box 33, Amman 11622, Jordan; (A.A.); (A.J.); (E.A.); (A.Y.N.)
| | - Abdallah Y. Naser
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, P.O. Box 33, Amman 11622, Jordan; (A.A.); (A.J.); (E.A.); (A.Y.N.)
| | - Mohammad H. Alyami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 66462, Saudi Arabia
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Bleeker J, Kahn AP, Baumgartner LM, Grozema FC, Vermaas DA, Jager WF. Quinolinium-Based Fluorescent Probes for Dynamic pH Monitoring in Aqueous Media at High pH Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2050-2059. [PMID: 37128994 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal pH imaging using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is an excellent technique for investigating dynamic (electro)chemical processes. However, probes that are responsive at high pH values are not available. Here, we describe the development and application of dedicated pH probes based on the 1-methyl-7-amino-quinolinium fluorophore. The high fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield, the high (photo)stability, and the inherent water solubility make the quinolinium fluorophore well suited for the development of FLIM probes. Due to the flexible fluorophore-spacer-receptor architecture, probe lifetimes are tunable in the pH range between 5.5 and 11. An additional fluorescence lifetime response, at tunable pH values between 11 and 13, is achieved by deprotonation of the aromatic amine at the quinolinium core. Probe lifetimes are hardly affected by temperature and the presence of most inorganic ions, thus making FLIM imaging highly reliable and convenient. At 0.1 mM probe concentrations, imaging at rates of 3 images per second, at a resolution of 4 μm, while measuring pH values up to 12 is achieved. This enables the pH imaging of dynamic electrochemical processes involving chemical reactions and mass transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorrit Bleeker
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Aron P Kahn
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenz M Baumgartner
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand C Grozema
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - David A Vermaas
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Wolter F Jager
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
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5
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Wu D, Durán-Sampedro G, Fitzgerald S, Garre M, O'Shea DF. Double click macrocyclization with Sondheimer diyne of aza-dipyrrins for B-F ree bioorthogonal imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1951-1954. [PMID: 36722871 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06461h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sequential azide/diyne cycloadditions proved highly effective for the macrocyclization of a bis-azido aza-dipyrrin. Macrocyclic aza-dipyrrin could be produced in 30 min at rt in water with changes in fluorescence intensity and lifetimes measurable upon reaction. Live cell microscopy showed that aza-dipyrrins were suitable for confocal and STED super-resolution imaging and a bioorthogonal response to macrocyclization could be detected in cellular compartments. These results will encourage a broader examination of the sensing and imaging uses of aza-dipyrrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | | | - Sheila Fitzgerald
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Massimiliano Garre
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Donal F O'Shea
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Peng X, Huang J, Li M, Chen Z, Yan W, Qu J. Lipid Membrane Alterations in Tumor Spheroids Revealed by Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy Imaging. Anal Chem 2023; 95:575-580. [PMID: 36576346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cultured tumor spheroid models, as one type of in vitro model, have been proven to have more physiological similarities to in vivo animal models than cells in 2D cultures. Tumor spheroids have been widely used in preclinical experiments of anticancer drug treatments, providing reliable data in pathogenetic research. Currently, different 3D cell culture conditions, even in the same cell line, generate heterogeneous spheroids in morphology and size, resulting in different growth rates or drug-killing responses. Therefore, the measurement and evaluation of the properties of tumor spheroids have become highly demanding tasks with huge challenges. For functional characterization of tumor spheroids, the microenvironment sensitivity and quantitative properties of the fluorescence lifetime microscopy imaging (FLIM) technique have great advantages for improving the reliability of cell physiological testing. In this paper, we have proposed a FLIM-based approach to observe the lipid components labeled with Nile red of cells in both 3D and 2D cultures. The imaging data and analysis provided basic information on the sizes, morphologies, and cell membrane fluorescence lifetime values of the tumor spheroids. FLIM data showed that the microenvironment of the cell membrane in the 3D model was largely altered compared to that in the 2D culture. Next, a series of parameters that may influence the lipid components of tumor cells and tumor spheroids were tested by FLIM, including pH, viscosity, and polarity. The results showed that pH and viscosity contributed little to the change in fluorescence lifetime values, while the change in cell membrane polarity was the main cause of the alterations in fluorescence lifetime data, suggesting that cell membrane polarity should be considered a marker in distinguishing tumor spheroids from cellular physiological status. In conclusion, this FLIM-based testing process has been proven to be a quantitative method for measuring the differences between the cells of the 3D model from the 2D cultured cells with satisfactory sensitivity and accuracy, providing a high potential standard assay in the quality evaluation and control of tumor spheroids for future anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Peng
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonics and Biophotonics, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Huang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonics and Biophotonics, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, P. R. China
| | - Mingyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Sipailou #2, Nanjing, Jiangsu210096, P. R. China
| | - Zaozao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Sipailou #2, Nanjing, Jiangsu210096, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yan
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonics and Biophotonics, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, P. R. China
| | - Junle Qu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonics and Biophotonics, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, P. R. China
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Thalhammer A, Bröker NK. Biophysical Approaches for the Characterization of Protein-Metabolite Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2554:199-229. [PMID: 36178628 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2624-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With an estimate of hundred thousands of protein molecules per cell and the number of metabolites several orders of magnitude higher, protein-metabolite interactions are omnipresent. In vitro analyses are one of the main pillars on the way to establish a solid understanding of how these interactions contribute to maintaining cellular homeostasis. A repertoire of biophysical techniques is available by which protein-metabolite interactions can be quantitatively characterized in terms of affinity, specificity, and kinetics in a broad variety of solution environments. Several of those provide information on local or global conformational changes of the protein partner in response to ligand binding. This review chapter gives an overview of the state-of-the-art biophysical toolbox for the study of protein-metabolite interactions. It briefly introduces basic principles, highlights recent examples from the literature, and pinpoints promising future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Thalhammer
- Physical Biochemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Nina K Bröker
- Physical Biochemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Health and Medical University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Koda K, Keller S, Kojima R, Kamiya M, Urano Y. Measuring the pH of Acidic Vesicles in Live Cells with an Optimized Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Probe. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11264-11271. [PMID: 35913787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acidification of intracellular vesicles, such as endosomes and lysosomes, is a key pathway for regulating the function of internal proteins. Most conventional methods of measuring pH are not satisfactory for quantifying the pH inside these vesicles. Here, we investigated the molecular requirements for a fluorescence probe to measure the intravesicular acidic pH in living cells by means of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). The developed probe, m-DiMeNAF488, exhibits a pH-dependent equilibrium between highly fluorescent and moderately fluorescent forms, which has distinct and detectable fluorescence lifetimes of 4.36 and 0.58 ns, respectively. The pKa(τ) value of m-DiMeNAF488 was determined to be 4.58, which would be favorable for evaluating the pH in the acidic vesicles. We were able to monitor the pH changes in phagosomes during phagocytosis by means of FLIM using m-DiMeNAF488. This probe is expected to be a useful tool for investigating acidic pH-regulated biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryosuke Kojima
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Mako Kamiya
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Urano
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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Zhou J, Li J, Zhang KY, Liu S, Zhao Q. Phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes as lifetime-based biological sensors for photoluminescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Di Costanzo L, Panunzi B. Visual pH Sensors: From a Chemical Perspective to New Bioengineered Materials. Molecules 2021; 26:2952. [PMID: 34065629 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many human activities and cellular functions depend upon precise pH values, and pH monitoring is considered a fundamental task. Colorimetric and fluorescence sensors for pH measurements are chemical and biochemical tools able to sense protons and produce a visible signal. These pH sensors are gaining widespread attention as non-destructive tools, visible to the human eye, that are capable of a real-time and in-situ response. Optical “visual” sensors are expanding researchers’ interests in many chemical contexts and are routinely used for biological, environmental, and medical applications. In this review we provide an overview of trending colorimetric, fluorescent, or dual-mode responsive visual pH sensors. These sensors include molecular synthetic organic sensors, metal organic frameworks (MOF), engineered sensing nanomaterials, and bioengineered sensors. We review different typological chemical entities of visual pH sensors, three-dimensional structures, and signaling mechanisms for pH sensing and applications; developed in the past five years. The progression of this review from simple organic molecules to biological macromolecules seeks to benefit beginners and scientists embarking on a project of pH sensing development, who needs background information and a quick update on advances in the field. Lessons learned from these tools will aid pH determination projects and provide new ways of thinking for cell bioimaging or other cutting-edge in vivo applications.
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Gehlen MH. The centenary of the Stern-Volmer equation of fluorescence quenching: From the single line plot to the SV quenching map. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews 2020; 42:100338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Sen T, Mamontova AV, Titelmayer AV, Shakhov AM, Astafiev AA, Acharya A, Lukyanov KA, Krylov AI, Bogdanov AM. Influence of the First Chromophore-Forming Residue on Photobleaching and Oxidative Photoconversion of EGFP and EYFP. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5229. [PMID: 31652505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)—one of the most widely applied genetically encoded fluorescent probes—carries the threonine-tyrosine-glycine (TYG) chromophore. EGFP efficiently undergoes green-to-red oxidative photoconversion (“redding”) with electron acceptors. Enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP), a close EGFP homologue (five amino acid substitutions), has a glycine-tyrosine-glycine (GYG) chromophore and is much less susceptible to redding, requiring halide ions in addition to the oxidants. In this contribution we aim to clarify the role of the first chromophore-forming amino acid in photoinduced behavior of these fluorescent proteins. To that end, we compared photobleaching and redding kinetics of EGFP, EYFP, and their mutants with reciprocally substituted chromophore residues, EGFP-T65G and EYFP-G65T. Measurements showed that T65G mutation significantly increases EGFP photostability and inhibits its excited-state oxidation efficiency. Remarkably, while EYFP-G65T demonstrated highly increased spectral sensitivity to chloride, it is also able to undergo redding chloride-independently. Atomistic calculations reveal that the GYG chromophore has an increased flexibility, which facilitates radiationless relaxation leading to the reduced fluorescence quantum yield in the T65G mutant. The GYG chromophore also has larger oscillator strength as compared to TYG, which leads to a shorter radiative lifetime (i.e., a faster rate of fluorescence). The faster fluorescence rate partially compensates for the loss of quantum efficiency due to radiationless relaxation. The shorter excited-state lifetime of the GYG chromophore is responsible for its increased photostability and resistance to redding. In EYFP and EYFP-G65T, the chromophore is stabilized by π-stacking with Tyr203, which suppresses its twisting motions relative to EGFP.
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Pal R, Kang H, Choi HS, Kumar ATN. Fluorescence Lifetime-Based Tumor Contrast Enhancement Using an EGFR Antibody-Labeled Near-Infrared Fluorophore. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:6653-6661. [PMID: 31481509 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Imaging techniques for highly specific detection of cancer cells in vivo can have applications ranging from preclinical drug discovery studies to clinical cancer diagnosis and surgical therapy. Although fluorescence imaging using cancer-targeted antibodies has shown promise, nonspecific probe accumulation in tissue results in significant background fluorescence, reducing detection sensitivity using traditional intensity-based continuous-wave (CW) fluorescence imaging. Here we demonstrate that fluorescence lifetime (FLT) imaging can provide significant tumor contrast enhancement over CW intensity in preclinical models of human breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Mice bearing MDA-MB-231 tumors were injected with anti-EGFR antibody conjugated to the fluorescent dye IRDye 800CW (anti-EGFR-800). Time domain fluorescence imaging was performed in vivo and in situ up to 48 hours after dye injection. RESULTS Mice injected with anti-EGFR-800 showed a significantly longer FLT (0.7 ± 0.03 ns) compared with the FLT of nonspecific probe uptake in liver (0.63 ± 0.05 ns), providing a dramatic improvement in sensitivity and specificity compared with CW intensity. IgG antibody-conjugated IRDye 800CW did not show an increased FLT compared with normal tissue, suggesting that the FLT increase of anti-EGFR-800 in tumors was associated with receptor expression. Using serial surgery, we show that FLT allows the detection of smaller residual tumors in the surgical bed than possible using CW intensity. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that FLT can significantly enhance tumor contrast using fluorescently labeled antibodies, thereby accelerating the efficient clinical application of these probes for margin assessment in image-guided surgery and for highly specific detection of tumor receptors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Pal
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Homan Kang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anand T N Kumar
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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14
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Shcheslavskiy VI, Shirmanova MV, Jelzow A, Becker W. Multiparametric Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting Luminescence Microscopy. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2019; 84:S51-S68. [PMID: 31213195 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919140049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Classic time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) technique involves detection of single photons of a periodic optical signal, registration of the photon arrival time in respect to the reference pulse, and construction of photon distribution with regard to the detection times. This technique achieves extremely high time resolution and near-ideal detection efficiency. Modern TCSPC is multi-dimensional, i.e., in addition to the photon arrival time relative to the excitation pulse, spatial coordinates within the image area, wavelength, time from the start of the experiment, and many other parameters are determined for each photon. Hence, the multi-dimensional TCSPC allows generation of photon distributions over these parameters. This review describes both classic and multi-dimensional types of TCSPC microscopy and their application for fluorescence lifetime imaging in different areas of biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Shcheslavskiy
- Becker&Hickl GmbH, Berlin, 12277, Germany. .,Privolzhskiy Medical Research University, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - M V Shirmanova
- Privolzhskiy Medical Research University, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - A Jelzow
- Becker&Hickl GmbH, Berlin, 12277, Germany
| | - W Becker
- Becker&Hickl GmbH, Berlin, 12277, Germany
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15
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Mamontova AV, Solovyev ID, Savitsky AP, Shakhov AМ, Lukyanov KA, Bogdanov AM. Bright GFP with subnanosecond fluorescence lifetime. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13224. [PMID: 30185895 PMCID: PMC6125319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31687-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) measures fluorescence decay rate at every pixel of an image. FLIM can separate probes of the same color but different fluorescence lifetimes (FL), thus it is a promising approach for multiparameter imaging. However, available GFP-like fluorescent proteins (FP) possess a narrow range of FLs (commonly, 2.3-3.5 ns) which limits their applicability for multiparameter FLIM. Here we report a new FP probe showing both subnanosecond fluorescence lifetime and exceptional fluorescence brightness (80% of EGFP). To design this probe we applied semi-rational amino acid substitutions selection. Critical positions (Thr65, Tyr145, Phe165) were altered based on previously reported effect on FL or excited state electron transfer. The resulting EGFP triple mutant, BrUSLEE (Bright Ultimately Short Lifetime Enhanced Emitter), allows for both reliable detection of the probe and recording FL signal clearly distinguishable from that of the spectrally similar commonly used GFPs. We demonstrated high performance of this probe in multiparameter FLIM experiment. We suggest that amino acid substitutions described here lead to a significant shift in radiative and non-radiative excited state processes equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilya D Solovyev
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander P Savitsky
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander М Shakhov
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow region, Russia
| | | | - Alexey M Bogdanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.
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16
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Schrimpf W, Ossato G, Hirschle P, Wuttke S, Lamb DC. Investigation of the Co-Dependence of Morphology and Fluorescence Lifetime in a Metal-Organic Framework. Small 2016; 12:3651-3657. [PMID: 27171620 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials, due to their large surface-to-volume ratio, are important for a broad range of applications and are the subject of intense research. Most studies investigate the bulk properties of these materials, which are not sensitive to the effect of heterogeneities within the sample. Herein, a new strategy based on correlative fluorescence lifetime imaging and scanning electron microscopy is presented that allows the detection and localization of those heterogeneities, and connects them to morphological and structural features of the material. By applying this method to a dye-modified metal-organic framework (MOF), two independent fluorescence quenching mechanisms in the MOF scaffold are identified and quantified. The first mechanism is based on quenching via amino groups, while the second mechanism is influenced by morphology. Furthermore, a similar correlation between the inherent luminescence lifetime and the morphology of the unmodified MOF structure is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Schrimpf
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Giulia Ossato
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Patrick Hirschle
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Stefan Wuttke
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Don C Lamb
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11, 81377, München, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Nowadays, the encapsulation of therapeutic compounds in so-called carrier systems is a very smart method to achieve protection as well as an improvement of their temporal and spatial distribution. After the successful transport to the point of care, the delivery has to be released under controlled conditions. To monitor the triggered release from the carrier, we investigated different fluorescent probes regarding their response to the pH-induced collapse of pH-sensitive liposomes (pHSLip), which occurs when the environmental pH falls below a critical value. Depending on the probe, the fluorescence decay time as well as fluorescence anisotropy can be used equally as key parameters for monitoring the collapse. Especially the application of a fluorescein labeled fatty acid (fPA) enabled the monitoring of the pHSLips collapse and the pH of its microenvironment simultaneously without interference. Varying the pH in the range of 3 < pH < 9, anisotropy data revealed the critical pH value at which the collapse of the pHSLips occurs. Complementary methods, e.g., fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering, supported the analysis based on the decay time and anisotropy. Additional experiments with varying incubation times yielded information on the kinetics of the liposomal collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Draffehn
- Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Michael U Kumke
- Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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18
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Awasthi K, Yamamoto K, Furuya K, Nakabayashi T, Li L, Ohta N. Fluorescence characteristics and lifetime images of photosensitizers of talaporfin sodium and sodium pheophorbide a in normal and cancer cells. Sensors (Basel) 2015; 15:11417-30. [PMID: 25993516 PMCID: PMC4481965 DOI: 10.3390/s150511417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectra and fluorescence lifetime images of talaporfin sodium and sodium-pheophorbide a, which can be regarded as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, were measured in normal and cancer cells. The reduction of the fluorescence intensity by photoirradiation was observed for both photosensitizers in both cells, but the quenching rate was much faster in cancer cells than in normal cells. These results are explained in terms of the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species via photoexcitation of these photosensitizers in cancer cells. The fluorescence lifetimes of both photosensitizers in cancer cells are different from those in normal cells, which originates from the different intracellular environments around the photosensitizers between normal and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Awasthi
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Kazuhito Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Photonic Science, Chitose Institute for Science and Technology, Chitose 066-8655, Japan.
| | - Kazunari Furuya
- Graduate School of Photonic Science, Chitose Institute for Science and Technology, Chitose 066-8655, Japan.
| | - Takakazu Nakabayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Liming Li
- Graduate School of Photonic Science, Chitose Institute for Science and Technology, Chitose 066-8655, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Ohta
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.
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