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Husain M, Rasool KG, Sutanto KD, Omer AO, Tufail M, Aldawood AS. Laboratory Evaluation of Indigenous and Commercial Entomopathogenic Nematodes against Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). INSECTS 2024; 15:290. [PMID: 38667420 PMCID: PMC11050374 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The red palm weevil (RPW) is a significant threat to date palms. Conventional pest control has been ineffective. This study aims to evaluate entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) indigenous to Saudi Arabia and commercial against RPW. We used 33 soil samples collected from four areas of Saudi Arabia. The indigenous EPNs were isolated and cultured using an insect baiting method to obtain infective juveniles. Pathogenicity bioassays were conducted against different stages of RPW, including eggs, larvae, and adults. The bioassay was performed using all the isolates at 1 × 106 IJ/mL. Distilled water was used as a control. The results revealed that only 9.09% of soil samples contained positive EPNs. Through DNA sequencing analysis, the positive samples were identified as indigenous isolates belonging to Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema carpocapsae EPN species. In pathogenicity tests, 90% mortality of RPW eggs was observed after five days. Similar mortality trends were seen in RPW larvae and adults, with 90% mortality recorded after ten days for all the EPN treatments. Mortality increased with the duration of post-EPN inoculation exposure. The 1 × 106 IJ/mL concentrations of EPN effectively killed various stages of RPW in the laboratory. More research is needed to test EPNs against RPW in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mureed Husain
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.G.R.); (K.D.S.); (A.O.O.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Khawaja G. Rasool
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.G.R.); (K.D.S.); (A.O.O.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Koko D. Sutanto
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.G.R.); (K.D.S.); (A.O.O.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Abdalsalam O. Omer
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.G.R.); (K.D.S.); (A.O.O.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Muhammad Tufail
- Department of Plant Protection, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 3200, Pakistan;
| | - Abdulrahman S. Aldawood
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.G.R.); (K.D.S.); (A.O.O.); (A.S.A.)
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Kgosiemang JL, Ramakuwela T, Figlan S, Cochrane N. Antifungal Effect of Metabolites from Bacterial Symbionts of Entomopathogenic Nematodes on Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:148. [PMID: 38392820 PMCID: PMC10890388 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases such as Fusarium head blight (FHB) are significant biotic stressors, negatively affecting wheat production and quality. This study explored the antifungal activity of the metabolites produced by the bacterial symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) against FHB-causing Fusarium sp. Fusarium graminearum. To achieve this, the symbiotic bacteria of nine EPN isolates from the EPN collection at the Agricultural Research Council-Small Grains (ARC-SG) were isolated from the cadavers of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae after infection with EPNs. Broth cultures (crude) and their supernatants (filtered and autoclaved) of each bacterial isolate were used as bacterial metabolite treatments to test their inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth and spore germination of F. graminearum. Mycelial growth inhibition rates varied among both bacterial isolates and treatments. Crude metabolite treatments proved to be more effective than filtered and autoclaved metabolite treatments, with an overall inhibition rate of 75.25% compared to 23.93% and 13.32%, respectively. From the crude metabolite treatments, the Xenorhabdus khoisanae SGI 197 bacterial isolate from Steinernema beitlechemi SGI 197 had the highest mean inhibition rate of 96.25%, followed by Photorhabdus luminescens SGI 170 bacteria isolated from Heterorhabditis bacteriophora SGI 170 with a 95.79% mean inhibition rate. The filtered metabolite treatments of all bacterial isolates were tested for their inhibitory activity against Fusarium graminearum spore germination. Mean spore germination inhibition rates from Xenorhabdus spp. bacterial isolates were higher (83.91 to 96.29%) than those from Photorhabdus spp. (6.05 to 14.74%). The results obtained from this study suggest that EPN symbiotic bacterial metabolites have potential use as biological control agents of FHB. Although field efficacy against FHB was not studied, the significant inhibition of mycelial growth and spore germination suggest that the application of these metabolites at the flowering stage may provide protection to plants against infection with or spread of F. graminearum. These metabolites have the potential to be employed as part of integrated pest management (IPM) to inhibit/delay conidia germination until the anthesis (flowering stage) of wheat seedlings has passed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Leumo Kgosiemang
- Agricultural Research Council-Small Grains, Bethlehem 9701, South Africa
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa
| | - Tshimangadzo Ramakuwela
- Agricultural Research Council-Small Grains, Bethlehem 9701, South Africa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Sandiswa Figlan
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa
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Soni S, Patil J, Linga V, Mhatre PH, Gowda MT, Ganguli J, Půža V. Steinernema shori n. sp., a new entomopathogenic nematode (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) from India. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e72. [PMID: 37681419 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, morphological and molecular features were used to identify a new Steinernema sp. from Chhattisgarh, India. Morphological and molecular features provide evidence for placing the new species into the "bicornutum" clade. The new species is characterized by the following morphological features: infective juveniles with a body length of 587 (494-671) μm; a distance from the anterior end to excretory pore of 46 (43-50) μm; a distance from anterior end to nerve ring of 72 μm (61-85 μm); and E% of 88 (77-97). The first-generation males are characterised by 27 genital papillae and very short spicules, with a length of 61 μm (53-67) μm. The SW% and GS% ratio of S. shori n. sp. are 139 (107-190) and 75 (62-90), respectively. The new species is further characterized by sequences of the internal transcribed spacer and partial 28S regions of the ribosomal DNA. Phylogenetic analyses show that S. shori n. sp. is most closely related to S. abbasi, S. kandii, and S. yirgalemense.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Soni
- Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur-492012, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - J Patil
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru-560024, Karnataka, India
| | - V Linga
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru-560024, Karnataka, India
| | - P H Mhatre
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Station, Udhagamandalam, Nilgiris-643004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M T Gowda
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi-221305, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - J Ganguli
- Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur-492012, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - V Půža
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05CeskéBudejovice, Czech Republic
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Steinernema populi n. sp. (Panagrolaimomorpha, Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode species from China. J Helminthol 2022; 96:e57. [PMID: 35900158 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x22000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Steinernema populi n. sp. was recovered by baiting from beneath poplar trees in China. Morphological and molecular features provided evidence for placing the new species into the Kushidai clade. The new species is characterized by the following morphological features: third-stage infective juveniles (IJ) with a body length of 1095 (973-1172) μm, a distance from the anterior end to excretory pore of 77 (70-86) μm and a tail length of 64 (55-72) μm. The Body length/Tail length (c) ratio and Anterior end to Excretory pore/ Tail length × 100 (E%) of S. populi n. sp. are substantially greater than those of all other 'Feltiae-Kushidai-Monticolum' group members. The first-generation males can be recognized by a spicule length of 66 (57-77) μm and a gubernaculum length of 46 (38-60) μm. The new species is further characterized by sequences of the internal transcribed spacer and partial 28S regions of the ribosomal DNA. Phylogenetic analyses show that Steinernema akhursti and Steinernema kushidai are the closest relatives to S. populi n. sp.
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Matuska-Łyżwa J, Żarnowiec P, Kaca W. Comparison of Biological Activity of Field Isolates of Steinernema feltiae with a Commercial S. feltiae Biopesticide Product. INSECTS 2021; 12:816. [PMID: 34564257 PMCID: PMC8466843 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Insect trap studies were carried out to determine the presence of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) from the family Steinernematidae in the soils of Poland and to compare the biological activities of field nematode isolates with nematodes from commercial biopesticide. The fauna of these organisms in central Poland is poorly studied in both taxonomic and biological terms. Tilled soils representative of this region were sampled from cultivated fields. EPN were isolated from soil samples under laboratory conditions and identified using a key for species identification and molecular analysis. Basic morphometric parameters of infective juveniles and adult males of the first generation were determined. The research showed that males and infective juveniles Steinernema feltiae from Łoniów were the largest. The smallest infective juveniles were found in the isolate from Oblasy, and the smallest males in the isolate from Danków. In Poland, new field isolates showed close genetic similarity to other S. feltiae isolates. The research showed that the field isolates from Poland had greater infectivity and rate of reproduction compared with nematodes from the commercial biopesticide. The findings indicate the potential use of field S. feltiae isolates from Poland (iso1Lon, iso1Dan and iso1Obl) to develop new biopesticide products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Matuska-Łyżwa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland; (P.Ż.); (W.K.)
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Khathwayo Z, Ramakuwela T, Hatting J, Shapiro-Ilan DI, Cochrane N. Quantification of pH tolerance levels among entomopathogenic nematodes. J Nematol 2021; 53:e2021-62. [PMID: 34286284 PMCID: PMC8267405 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2021-062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil pH affects the availability of nutrients, which impacts plant growth and development. Similarly, soil pH may also influence microorganisms in the soil, either beneficial or nonbeneficial. One such group of beneficial microorganisms is entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), parasites of soil-inhabiting insects. Entomopathogenic nematodes have a number of attributes that make them good alternatives to chemical insecticides. The objective of this study was to investigate pH tolerance of 11 steinernematids and six heterorhabditids post exposure to different pH levels. Entomopathogenic nematode populations were exposed to varying pH levels (pH2 to pH11) made up from two different chemical solutions (ammonium-acetate and citrate-phosphate). Entomopathogenic nematode populations are expected to have varying tolerance to different pH levels. The highest infective juvenile survival was obtained from pH3 to pH10 in citrate-phosphate, where all populations displayed >50% survival. Steinernema carpocapsae populations had >90% survival at pH3 to pH11 in citrate-phosphate solutions. Overall, the steinernematids had a higher survival range in ammonium-acetate pH solutions compared with the heterorhabditids. Moreover, Steinernema spp., S. carpocapsae (ScCxrd, ScAll, and ScItalian) and S. riobrave showed consistently higher survival in both acidic and alkaline solutions, when compared to the other steinernematids, suggesting that they may be applied in both acidic and alkaline soils. These findings can be of use when selecting EPNs for biological control purposes in the two countries, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin Hatting
- ARC-Small Grain, P/Bag X29, Bethlehem, 9700, South Africa
| | | | - Nicolene Cochrane
- ARC-Biometry, Central Office, P.O. Box 1134, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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Sandhi RK, Pothula R, Pothula SK, Adams BJ, Reddy GVP. First record of native entomopathogenic nematodes from Montana agroecosystems. J Nematol 2020; 52:1-11. [PMID: 32628826 PMCID: PMC7366840 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2020-060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 30 different agricultural fields in the Golden Triangle Region of Montana, USA were surveyed, and 150 soil samples were evaluated for the presence of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). The authors isolated EPNs from 10% of the collected samples. The recovered isolates were identified as Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora by using morphological and molecular analysis. Steinernema feltiae was found from two fields, Kalispell (S. feltiae 1) and Choteau (S. feltiae 2). Steinernema feltiae (1 and 2) differed significantly from each other in terms of morphological characters for infective juveniles (distance from anterior end to excretory pore and nerve ring) and 1st generation males (body length, spicule length, gubernaculum length, oesophagus, tail, and anal body diameter). Steinernema feltiae 2 and H. bacteriophora were recovered from the same field in Choteau. All these species were recovered from wheat fields with sandy clay loam and loam soils with 3.3 to 3.4% organic matter content and pH 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep K Sandhi
- Department of Research Centers, Western Triangle Agricultural Research Center, Montana State University , 9546 Old Shelby Rd., P.O. Box 656, Conrad, MT 59425
| | - Ratnasri Pothula
- Department of Biology, Monte L. Bean Museum, and Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, Brigham Young University , Provo, UT 84602
| | - Satyendra K Pothula
- Department of Biology, Monte L. Bean Museum, and Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, Brigham Young University , Provo, UT 84602
| | - Byron J Adams
- Department of Biology, Monte L. Bean Museum, and Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, Brigham Young University , Provo, UT 84602
| | - Gadi V P Reddy
- Department of Research Centers, Western Triangle Agricultural Research Center, Montana State University , 9546 Old Shelby Rd., P.O. Box 656, Conrad, MT 59425 ; USDA-ARS, Southern Insect Management Research Unit, 141 Experiment Station Road, P.O. Box 346, Stoneville, MS 38776
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Cruz-Avalos AM, Bivián-Hernández MDLÁ, Ibarra JE, Del Rincón-Castro MC. High Virulence of Mexican Entomopathogenic Fungi Against Fall Armyworm, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:99-107. [PMID: 30383250 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen fungal entomopathogenic strains were isolated from soil samples and infected field-collected fall armyworm larvae, in Guanajuato, Mexico. Isolates were identified by morphology and internal transcribed spacers sequencing. Isolates Ma22, Ma41, and Mr8 showed 99% identity with reference strains (RS) of Metarhizium anisopliae. Isolates Bb9, Bb19, Bb21, Bb40, Bb27, Bb23, and Bb39 showed identity between 99 and 100% with RS of Beauveria bassiana. Isolates Nr1, Nr2, Nr3, and Nr4 showed identity between 98 and 100% with RS of Nomuraea rileyi. Qualitative selection used one concentration (1 × 108 conidia/ml) on fall armyworm eggs and neonate larvae. Strains Ma22, Ma41, and Mr8 showed 100%, and strains Bb39, Bb23, Bb9, Bb40, Bb19, and Bb21 showed 92, 89.2, 87.6, 82.8, 58, and 38% egg mortality, respectively. Bioassays on neonate larvae showed 100% mortality with strains Ma22, Ma41, Mr8, and Bb9. Strains Bb39, Bb19, Bb27, Bb23, Bb21, and Bb40 showed 74, 60, 54, 53, 28, and 19% mortality, respectively. Bioassay estimated LC50s for strains Ma41 at 7.4 × 104, Mr8 at 8.9 × 104, and Ma22 at 10 × 104 conidia/ml, on fall armyworm eggs. LC50s on neonate larvae were estimated at 2.8 × 105, 16 × 105, 26 × 105, and 36 × 105 conidia/ml for strains Ma41, Bb9, Ma22, and Mr8, respectively. Virulence genes mad1 and mad2 were found in Mr8, Ma22, and Ma41, whereas the gen gmact was found only in the strain Ma22. Genes hyd1 and hyd2 were identified in Bb9, Bb19, Bb21, and Bb27. No correlation was observed between the virulence gene detection and the estimated LC50s. Strain Ma41 showed the highest potential to be developed as a bioinsecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martha Cruz-Avalos
- Departamento de Alimentos, Posgrado en Biociencias, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - María de Los Ángeles Bivián-Hernández
- Departamento de Alimentos, Posgrado en Biociencias, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Jorge E Ibarra
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Gto. Mexico
| | - Ma Cristina Del Rincón-Castro
- Departamento de Alimentos, Posgrado en Biociencias, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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Godjo A, Afouda L, Baimey H, Couvreur M, Zadji L, Houssou G, Bert W, Willems A, Decraemer W. Steinernema kandii n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from northern Benin. NEMATOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Two nematode isolates from the genus Steinernema were collected in northern Benin. Morphological, morphometric, molecular and cross-hybridisation studies placed these nematodes into a new species, Steinernema kandii n. sp., within the bicornutum-group. Phylogenetic analyses based on both ITS and D2-D3 regions of 28S rDNA revealed that S. kandii n. sp. is different from all known Steinernema species and sister to S. abbasi (97.3-97.6% ITS nucleotide similarity) and S. bifurcatum (98.3-98.4% D2-D3 similarity). Steinernema kandii n. sp. can be separated from other members of the bicornutum-group by the greater infective juvenile (IJ) max. body diam. of 35 (27-48) μm (type isolate). It differs from S. abbasi by the greater IJ body length 707 (632-833) μm (type isolate), EP distance 55 (52-60) μm (type isolate), spicule length 67 (57-75) μm (type isolate) and the occurrence of one pair of genital papillae at the cloacal aperture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anique Godjo
- 1Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, 02 B.P.1003 Parakou, Benin
- 3Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leonard Afouda
- 1Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, 02 B.P.1003 Parakou, Benin
| | - Hugues Baimey
- 1Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, 02 B.P.1003 Parakou, Benin
| | - Marjolein Couvreur
- 2Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lionel Zadji
- 1Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, 02 B.P.1003 Parakou, Benin
| | - Gladys Houssou
- 1Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, 02 B.P.1003 Parakou, Benin
| | - Wim Bert
- 2Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Willems
- 3Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wilfrida Decraemer
- 2Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Dreyer J, Malan AP, Dicks LMT. Bacteria of the Genus Xenorhabdus, a Novel Source of Bioactive Compounds. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3177. [PMID: 30619229 PMCID: PMC6305712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Xenorhabdus of the family Enterobacteriaceae, are mutualistically associated with entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Steinernema. Although most of the associations are species-specific, a specific Xenorhabdus sp. may infect more than one Steinernema sp. During the Xenorhabdus-Steinernema life cycle, insect larvae are infected and killed, while both mutualists produce bioactive compounds. These compounds act synergistically to ensure reproduction and proliferation of the nematodes and bacteria. A single strain of Xenorhabdus may produce a variety of antibacterial and antifungal compounds, some of which are also active against insects, nematodes, protozoa, and cancer cells. Antimicrobial compounds produced by Xenorhabdus spp. have not been researched to the same extent as other soil bacteria and they may hold the answer to novel antibacterial and antifungal compounds. This review summarizes the bioactive secondary metabolites produced by Xenorhabdus spp. and their application in disease control. Gene regulation and increasing the production of a few of these antimicrobial compounds are discussed. Aspects limiting future development of these novel bioactive compounds are also pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jönike Dreyer
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Antoinette P. Malan
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Leon M. T. Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Labaude S, Griffin CT. Transmission Success of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Used in Pest Control. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9020072. [PMID: 29925806 PMCID: PMC6023359 DOI: 10.3390/insects9020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes from the two genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are widely used as biological agents against various insect pests and represent a promising alternative to replace pesticides. Efficacy and biocontrol success can be enhanced through improved understanding of their biology and ecology. Many endogenous and environmental factors influence the survival of nematodes following application, as well as their transmission success to the target species. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the major topics currently considered to affect transmission success of these biological control agents, including interactions with insects, plants and other members of the soil biota including conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Labaude
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, W23 A023 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Christine T Griffin
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, W23 A023 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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Yooyangket T, Muangpat P, Polseela R, Tandhavanant S, Thanwisai A, Vitta A. Identification of entomopathogenic nematodes and symbiotic bacteria from Nam Nao National Park in Thailand and larvicidal activity of symbiotic bacteria against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195681. [PMID: 29641570 PMCID: PMC5895068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) that are symbiotically associated with Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria can kill target insects via direct infection and toxin action. There are limited reports identifying such organisms in the National Park of Thailand. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to identify EPNs and symbiotic bacteria from Nam Nao National Park, Phetchabun Province, Thailand and to evaluate the larvicidal activity of bacteria against Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. A total of 12 EPN isolates belonging to Steinernema and Heterorhabditis were obtained form 940 soil samples between February 2014 and July 2016. EPNs were molecularly identified as S. websteri (10 isolates) and H. baujardi (2 isolates). Symbiotic bacteria were isolated from EPNs and molecularly identified as P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii (13 isolates), X. stockiae (11 isolates), X. vietnamensis (2 isolates) and X. japonica (1 isolate). For the bioassay, bacterial suspensions were evaluated for toxicity against third to early fourth instar larvae of Aedes spp. The larvae of both Aedes species were orally susceptible to symbiotic bacteria. The highest larval mortality of Ae. aegypti was 99% after exposure to X. stockiae (bNN112.3_TH) at 96 h, and the highest mortality of Ae. albopictus was 98% after exposure to P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii (bNN121.4_TH) at 96 h. In contrast to the control groups (Escherichia coli and distilled water), the mortality rate of both mosquito larvae ranged between 0 and 7% at 72 h. Here, we report the first observation of X. vietnamensis in Thailand. Additionally, we report the first observation of P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii associated with H. baujardi in Thailand. X. stockiae has potential to be a biocontrol agent for mosquitoes. This investigation provides a survey of the basic diversity of EPNs and symbiotic bacteria in the National Park of Thailand, and it is a bacterial resource for further studies of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temsiri Yooyangket
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Paramaporn Muangpat
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Raxsina Polseela
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology (CEMB), Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Sarunporn Tandhavanant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aunchalee Thanwisai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology (CEMB), Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Apichat Vitta
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology (CEMB), Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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The first report of Xenorhabdus indica from Steinernema pakistanense: co-phylogenetic study suggests co-speciation between X. indica and its steinernematid nematodes. J Helminthol 2018; 93:81-90. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x17001171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDuring a survey in agricultural fields of the sub-humid region of Meerut district, India, two strains of entomopathogenic nematodes, labelled CS31 and CS32, were isolated using the Galleria baiting technique. Based on morphological and morphometric studies, and molecular data, the nematodes were identified as Steinernema pakistanense, making this finding the first report of this species from India. For the first time, we performed a molecular and biochemical characterization of the bacterial symbiont of S. pakistanense. Furthermore, a co-phylogenetic analysis of the bacteria from the monophyletic clade containing a symbiont of S. pakistanense, together with their nematode hosts, was conducted, to test the degree of nematode–bacteria co-speciation. Both isolates were also tested in a laboratory assay for pathogenicity against two major pests, Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura. The morphology of the Indian isolates corresponds mainly to the original description, with the only difference being the absence of a mucron in first-generation females and missing epiptygmata in the second generation. The sequences of bacterial recA and gyrB genes have shown that the symbiont of S. pakistanense is closely related to Xenorhabdus indica, which is associated with some other nematodes from the ‘bicornutum’ group. Co-phylogenetic analysis has shown a remarkable congruence between the nematode and bacterial phylogenies, suggesting that, in some lineages within the Steinernema / Xenorhabdus complex, the nematodes and bacteria have undergone co-speciation. In the virulence assay, both strains caused a 100% mortality of both tested insects after 48 h, even at the lowest doses of 25 infective juveniles per insect, suggesting that S. pakistanense could be considered for use in the biocontrol of these organisms in India.
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Abate BA, Slippers B, Wingfield MJ, Malan AP, Hurley BP. Diversity of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria in south African plantations and indigenous forests. NEMATOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Summary
The occurrence and diversity of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and their symbiotic bacteria was evaluated in commercial forestry plantations (Eucalyptus spp., Pinus spp. and Acacia mearnsii) and indigenous forests in South Africa. EPN were most prevalent in A. mearnsii plantations, accounting for 60.7% of the isolates, while indigenous forests, plantations of Pinus spp. and Eucalyptus spp. accounted for 35.7, 3.6 and 0% of the isolates, respectively. DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and D2-D3 28S rDNA regions were used to identify the nematode species. Four Steinernema spp. were identified, including S. citrae, S. sacchari, two undescribed species, as well as Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and H. baujardi. Heterorhabditis baujardi is reported from South Africa for the first time. Analysis of 16S rRNA of the bacteria confirmed the presence of at least three Xenorhabdus species from Steinernema isolates and two subspecies of Photorhabdus luminescens from Heterorhabditis species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhan A. Abate
- 1Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- 2Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute (EBTi), Agricultural Biotechnology Directorate, P.O. Box. 5954, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bernard Slippers
- 3Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- 1Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Antoinette P. Malan
- 4Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Department of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Brett P. Hurley
- 1Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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15
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Dreyer J, Malan AP, Dicks LMT. Three Novel Xenorhabdus-Steinernema Associations and Evidence of Strains of X. khoisanae Switching Between Different Clades. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:938-942. [PMID: 28526895 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Xenorhabdus species are normally closely associated with entomopathogenic nematodes of the family Steinernematidae. Strain F2, isolated from Steinernema nguyeni, was identified as Xenorhabdus bovienii and strains J194 and SB10, isolated from Steinernema jeffreyense and Steinernema sacchari as Xenorhabdus khoisanae, based on phenotypic characteristics and sequencing of 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes dnaN, gltX, gyrB, infB and recA. All three strains produced antimicrobial compounds that inhibited the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This is the first report of associations between strains of the symbiotic bacteria X. bovienii with S. nguyeni, and X. khoisanae with S. jeffreyense and S. sacchari. This provides evidence that strains of Xenorhabdus spp. may switch between nematode species within the same clade and between different clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonike Dreyer
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Antoinette P Malan
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Leon M T Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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Entomopathogenic nematodes in agricultural areas in Brazil. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45254. [PMID: 28382937 PMCID: PMC5382772 DOI: 10.1038/srep45254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) can control pests due to the mutualistic association with bacteria that kill the host by septicemia and make the environment favorable for EPNs development and reproduction. The diversity of EPNs in Brazilian soils requires further study. The identification of EPNs, adapted to environmental and climatic conditions of cultivated areas is important for sustainable pest suppression in integrated management programs in agricultural areas of Brazil. The objective was to identify EPNs isolated from agricultural soils with annual, fruit and forest crops in Brazil. Soil samples were collected and stored in 250 ml glass vials. The nematodes were isolated from these samples with live bait traps ([Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae]. Infective juveniles were collected with White traps and identified by DNA barcoding procedures by sequencing the D2/D3 expansion of the 28S rDNA region by PCR. EPNs identified in agricultural areas in Brazil were Heterorhabditis amazonensis, Metarhabditis rainai, Oscheios tipulae and Steinernema rarum. These species should be considered pest biocontrol agents in Brazilian agricultural areas.
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17
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Steyn W, Knoetze R, Tiedt L, Malan A. Steinernema litchii n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from South Africa. NEMATOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During a survey in the Mpumalanga province of South Africa, aSteinernemaspecies was isolated from a soil sample taken from a litchi orchard.Steinernema litchiin. sp. can be separated from other, closely related, species in theglaseri-group by morphological, morphometric and molecular analyses. The infective third-stage juvenile of the new species has a body length of 1054 (953-1146) μm, distance from head to excretory pore of 78 (64-86) μm, as well as eight ridges (i.e., nine lines) in the mid-body region. The c-ratio of 10 (9-13) is low and the tail is long at 95 (73-105) μm. First generation males have a spicule length of 86 (76-96) μm and a gubernaculum length of 65 (59-72) μm. The tail of the first generation male lacks a mucron; that of the second generation always bears one. The genital papillae total 23 and consist of 11 pairs and an unpaired precloacal papilla. The vulva ofS. litchiin. sp. has a slightly asymmetrical protuberance and short, double-flapped epiptygmata. The female has a slightly protuberant postanal swelling. Phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and of the 28S (D2-D3) regions of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) confirmed the close relationship ofS. litchiin. sp. to theKarii-clade. Both morphological and molecular evidence support the species status ofS. litchiin. sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem P. Steyn
- Agricultural Research Council – Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Private Bag X11208, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa
- Department of Horticulture, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Rinus Knoetze
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Louwrens R. Tiedt
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Antoinette P. Malan
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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18
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Cimen H, Půža V, NermuŤ J, Hatting J, Ramakuwela T, Hazir S. Steinernema biddulphi n. sp., a New Entomopathogenic Nematode (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) from South Africa. J Nematol 2016; 48:148-158. [PMID: 27765988 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2017-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), Steinernema biddulphi n. sp., was isolated from a maize field in Senekal, Free State Province of South Africa. Morphological and molecular studies indicated the distinctness of S. biddulphi n. sp. from other Steinernema species. Steinernema biddulphi n. sp. is characterized IJs with average body length of 663 μm (606-778 μm), lateral fields with six ridges in mid-body region forming the formula 2,6,2. Excretory pore located anterior to mid-pharynx (D% = 46). Hyaline layer occupies approximately half of tail length. Male spicules slightly to moderately curved, with a sharp tip and golden brown in color. The first generation of males lacking a mucron on the tail tip while the second generation males with a short filamentous mucron. Genital papillae with 11 pairs and one unpaired preanal papilla. The new species is further characterized by sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial 28S regions (D2-D3) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Phylogenetic data show that S. biddulphi n. sp. belongs to the "bicornutum" clade within the Steinernematidae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Cimen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Aydin, Turkey
| | - Vladimír Půža
- Laboratory of Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, The Czech Republic
| | - JiŘí NermuŤ
- Laboratory of Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, The Czech Republic
| | - Justin Hatting
- South African Agricultural Research Council, Small Grain Institute, Private Bag X29, Bethlehem, 9701, South Africa
| | - Tshima Ramakuwela
- South African Agricultural Research Council, Small Grain Institute, Private Bag X29, Bethlehem, 9701, South Africa
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Aydin, Turkey
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