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Nakamura Y, Nakane Y, Tsudzuki M. Developmental stages of the blue-breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis). Anim Sci J 2019; 90:35-48. [PMID: 30370683 PMCID: PMC6587530 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chickens and Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) have traditionally been the primary avian models in developmental biology research. Recently, the blue-breasted quail (Coturnix chinesis), the smallest species in the order Galliformes, has been proposed as an excellent candidate model in avian developmental studies owing to its precocious and prolific properties. However, data on the embryonic development of blue-breasted quail are scarce. Here, we developed a normal developmental series for the blue-breasted quail based on developmental features. The blue-breasted quail embryos take 17 days to reach the hatching period at 37.7°C. We documented specific periods of incubation in which significant development occurred, and created a 39-stage developmental series. The developmental series for the blue-breasted quail was almost identical to that for chickens and Japanese quail in the earlier stages of development (stages 1-16). Our staging series is especially useful at later stages of development (stages 34-39) of blue-breasted quail embryos as a major criterion of staging in this phase of development was the weight of embryos and the length of third toes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and GeneticsGraduate School of Biosphere ScienceHiroshima UniversityHigashi‐HiroshimaHiroshimaJapan
- Japanese Avian Bioresource Project Research CenterHiroshima UniversityHigashi‐HiroshimaHiroshimaJapan
| | - Yoshifumi Nakane
- Institute of Laboratory AnimalsGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversitySakyouKyotoJapan
| | - Masaoki Tsudzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and GeneticsGraduate School of Biosphere ScienceHiroshima UniversityHigashi‐HiroshimaHiroshimaJapan
- Japanese Avian Bioresource Project Research CenterHiroshima UniversityHigashi‐HiroshimaHiroshimaJapan
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Bednarczyk M, Kozłowska I, Łakota P, Szczerba A, Stadnicka K, Kuwana T. Generation of transgenic chickens by the non-viral, cell-based method: effectiveness of some elements of this strategy. J Appl Genet 2018; 59:81-89. [PMID: 29372515 PMCID: PMC5799318 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-018-0429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic chickens have, in general, been produced by two different procedures. The first procedure is based on viral transfection systems. The second procedure, the non-viral method, is based on genetically modified embryonic cells transferred directly into the recipient embryo. In this review, we analyzed the effectiveness of important elements of the non-viral, cell-based strategy of transgenic chicken production. The main elements of this strategy are: isolation and cultivation of donor embryonic cells; transgene construction; cell transfection in vitro; and chimera production: injection of cells into recipient embryos, raising and identification of germline chimeras, mating germline chimeras, transgene inheritance, and transgene expression. In this overview, recent progress and important limitations in the development of transgenic chickens are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bednarczyk
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Izabela Kozłowska
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paweł Łakota
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Agata Szczerba
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Stadnicka
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Takashi Kuwana
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Abstract
The majority of poultry genetic resources are maintained in situ in living populations. However, in situ conservation of poultry genetic resources always carries the risk of loss owing to pathogen outbreaks, genetic problems, breeding cessation, or natural disasters. Cryobanking of germplasm in birds has been limited to the use of semen, preventing conservation of the W chromosome and mitochondrial DNA. A further challenge is posed by the structure of avian eggs, which restricts the cryopreservation of ova and fertilized embryos, a technique widely used for mammalian species. By using a unique biological property and accessibility of avian primordial germ cells (PGCs), precursor cells for gametes, which temporally circulate in the vasculature during early development, an avian PGC transplantation technique has been established. To date, several techniques for PGC manipulation including purification, cryopreservation, depletion, and long-term culture have been developed in chickens. PGC transplantation combined with recent advanced PGC manipulation techniques have enabled ex situ conservation of poultry genetic resources in their complete form. Here, the updated technologies for avian PGC manipulation are introduced, and then the concept of a poultry PGC-bank is proposed by considering the biological properties of avian PGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nakamura
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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Long-term culture of chicken primordial germ cells isolated from embryonic blood and production of germline chimaeric chickens. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 153:50-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nakamura Y, Tasai M, Takeda K, Nirasawa K, Tagami T. Production of functional gametes from cryopreserved primordial germ cells of the Japanese quail. J Reprod Dev 2013; 59:580-7. [PMID: 24077020 PMCID: PMC3934152 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2013-065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) is a valuable bird as both
an experimental animal, for a wide range of scientific disciplines, and an
agricultural animal, for the production of eggs and meat. Cryopreservation of PGCs
would be a feasible strategy for the conservation of both male and female fertility
cells in Japanese quail. However, the effects of freeze-thaw treatment on viability,
migration ability and germline transmission ability of quail PGCs still remain
unclear. In the present study, male and female PGCs were isolated from the blood of
2-day-old embryos, which were cooled by slow freezing and then cryopreserved at –196
C for 77–185 days, respectively. The average recovery rate of PGCs after
freeze-thawing was 47.0%. The viability of PGCs in the frozen group was significantly
lower than that of the control group (P<0.05) (85.5% vs. 95.1%).
Both fresh and Frozen-thawed PGCs that were intravascularly transplanted into
recipient embryos migrated toward and were incorporated into recipient gonads,
although the number of PGCs settled in the gonads was 48.5% lower in the frozen group
than in the unfrozen control group (P<0.05). Genetic cross analysis revealed that
one female and two male recipients produced live progeny derived from the
frozen-thawed PGCs. The frequency of donor-derived offspring was slightly lower than
that of unfrozen controls, but the difference was not significant (4.0
vs. 14.0%). These results revealed that freeze-thaw treatment
causes a decrease in viability, migration ability and germline transmission ability
of PGCs in quail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nakamura
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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Nakamura Y, Kagami H, Tagami T. Development, differentiation and manipulation of chicken germ cells. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55:20-40. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Kagami
- Faculty of Agriculture; Shinshu University; 8304; Minamiminowa; Nagano; 399-4598; Japan
| | - Takahiro Tagami
- Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research Division; NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science; 2 Ikenodai; Tsukuba; Ibaraki; 305-0901; Japan
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Nishijima KI, Iijima S. Transgenic chickens. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 55:207-16. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Nishijima
- Department of Biotechnology; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku; Nagoya; 464-8603; Japan
| | - Shinji Iijima
- Department of Biotechnology; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku; Nagoya; 464-8603; Japan
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Nakamura Y, Usui F, Miyahara D, Mori T, Ono T, Kagami H, Takeda K, Nirasawa K, Tagami T. X-irradiation removes endogenous primordial germ cells (PGCs) and increases germline transmission of donor PGCs in chimeric chickens. J Reprod Dev 2012; 58:432-7. [PMID: 22498815 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2012-045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are embryonic precursors of germline cells with potential applications in genetic conservation, transgenic animal production and germline stem cell research. These lines of research would benefit from improved germline transmission of transplanted PGCs in chimeric chickens. We therefore evaluated the effects of pretransplant X-irradiation of recipient embryos on the efficacy of germline transmission of donor PGCs in chimeric chickens. Intact chicken eggs were exposed to X-ray doses of 3, 6 and 9 Gy (dose rate = 0.12 Gy/min) after 52 h of incubation. There was no significant difference in hatching rate between the 3-Gy-irradiated group and the nonirradiated control group (40.0 vs. 69.6%), but the hatching rate in the 6-Gy-irradiated group (28.6%) was significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.05). No embryos irradiated with 9 Gy of X-rays survived to hatching. X-irradiation significantly reduced the number of endogenous PGCs in the embryonic gonads at stage 27 in a dose-dependent manner compared with nonirradiated controls. The numbers of endogenous PGCs in the 3-, 6- and 9-Gy-irradiated groups were 21.0, 9.6 and 4.6% of the nonirradiated control numbers, respectively. Sets of 100 donor PGCs were subsequently transferred intravascularly into embryos irradiated with 3 Gy X-rays and nonirradiated control embryos. Genetic cross-test analysis revealed that the germline transmission rate in the 3-Gy-irradiated group was significantly higher than in the control group (27.5 vs. 5.6%; P<0.05). In conclusion, X-irradiation reduced the number of endogenous PGCs and increased the germline transmission of transferred PGCs in chimeric chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nakamura
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.
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Identification of Germline Chimeric Chickens Produced by Transfer of Primordial Germ Cells Using a Hinai-dori-specific Microsatellite Marker. J Poult Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.011045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Viability and Functionality of Primordial Germ Cells after Freeze-thaw in Chickens. J Poult Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Nakamura Y, Usui F, Ono T, Takeda K, Nirasawa K, Kagami H, Tagami T. Germline replacement by transfer of primordial germ cells into partially sterilized embryos in the chicken. Biol Reprod 2010; 83:130-7. [PMID: 20357273 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.083923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a novel technique for almost complete replacement of the recipient germline with donor germ cells in the chicken. Busulfan solubilized in a sustained-release emulsion was injected into the yolk of fertile eggs before incubation. A dose of 100 microg was found to provide the best outcome in terms of reducing the number of endogenous primordial germ cells (PGCs) in embryonic gonads (0.6% of control numbers) and hatchability (36.4%). This was applied for preparing partially sterilized embryos to serve as recipients for the transfer of exogenous PGCs. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the proportion of donor PGCs in busulfan-treated embryos was significantly higher than in controls (98.6% vs. 6.4%). Genetic cross-test analysis revealed that the germline transmission rate in busulfan-treated chickens was significantly higher than in controls (99.5% vs. 6.0%). Of 11 chimeras, 7 produced only donor-derived progenies, suggesting that these produced only donor-derived gametes in the recipient's gonads. This novel germline replacement technique provides a powerful tool for studying germline differentiation, for generating transgenic individuals, and for conserving genetic resources in birds.
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Nakamura Y, Usui F, Miyahara D, Mori T, Ono T, Takeda K, Nirasawa K, Kagami H, Tagami T. Efficient system for preservation and regeneration of genetic resources in chicken: concurrent storage of primordial germ cells and live animals from early embryos of a rare indigenous fowl (Gifujidori). Reprod Fertil Dev 2010; 22:1237-46. [DOI: 10.1071/rd10056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique accessibility of chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) during early development provides the opportunity to combine the reproduction of live animals with genetic conservation. Male and female Gifujidori fowl (GJ) PGCs were collected from the blood of early embryos, and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for >6 months until transfer. Manipulated GJ embryos were cultured until hatching; fertility tests indicated that they had normal reproductive abilities. Embryos from two lines of White Leghorn (24HS, ST) were used as recipients for chimera production following blood removal. The concentration of PGCs in the early embryonic blood of 24HS was significantly higher than in ST (P < 0.05). Frozen–thawed GJ PGCs were microinjected into the bloodstream of same-sex recipients. Offspring originating from GJ PGCs in ST recipients were obtained with a higher efficiency than those originating from GJ PGCs in 24HS recipients (23.3% v. 3.1%). Additionally, GJ progeny were successfully regenerated by crossing germline chimeras of the ST group. In conclusion, the cryogenic preservation of PGCs from early chicken embryos was combined with the conservation of live animals.
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Influence of Microgravity on the Concentration of Circulating Primordial Germ Cells in Silky Chicken Offspring. J Poult Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.009036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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