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The phenotypic distribution of quantitative traits in a wild mouse F1 population. Mamm Genome 2011; 23:232-40. [PMID: 22138814 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The human complex diseases such as hypertension, precocious puberty, and diabetes have their own diagnostic thresholds, which are usually estimated from the epidemiological data of nature populations. In the mouse models, numerous phenotypic data of complex traits have been accumulated; however, knowledge of the phenotypic distribution of the natural mouse populations remains quite limited. In order to investigate the distribution of quantitative traits of wild mice, 170 F1 progeny aged 8-10 weeks and derived from wild mice collected from eight spots in the suburbs of Shanghai were tested for their values of anatomic, blood chemical, and blood hematological parameters. All the wild mice breeders were of Mus. m. musculus and Mus. m. castaneus maternal origin according to the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers of the mitochondrial DNA. The results showed that phenotypes in wild mice had a normal distribution with four to six times the standard deviation. For the majority of the traits, the wild outbred mice and laboratory inbred mice have significantly different ranges and mean values, whereas the wild mice did not necessarily show more phenotypic diversity than the inbred ones. Our data also showed that natural populations may have some unique phenotypes related to sugar and protein metabolism, as the mean value of wild mice differ dramatically from the inbred mice in the levels of blood glucose, BUN (blood urea nitrogen), and total blood protein. The epidemiological information of the complex traits in the nature population from our study provided valuable reference for the application of mouse models in those complex disease studies.
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Linger R, Dudakia D, Huddart R, Tucker K, Friedlander M, Phillips KA, Hogg D, Jewett MAS, Lohynska R, Daugaard G, Richard S, Chompret A, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Bonaïti-Pellié C, Heidenreich A, Albers P, Olah E, Geczi L, Bodrogi I, Daly PA, Guilford P, Fosså SD, Heimdal K, Tjulandin SA, Liubchenko L, Stoll H, Weber W, Einhorn L, McMaster M, Korde L, Greene MH, Nathanson KL, Cortessis V, Easton DF, Bishop DT, Stratton MR, Rapley EA. Analysis of the DND1 gene in men with sporadic and familial testicular germ cell tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:247-52. [PMID: 18069663 PMCID: PMC3109865 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A base substitution in the mouse Dnd1 gene resulting in a truncated Dnd protein has been shown to be responsible for germ cell loss and the development of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) in the 129 strain of mice. We investigated the human orthologue of this gene in 263 patients (165 with a family history of TGCT and 98 without) and found a rare heterozygous variant, p. Glu86Ala, in a single case. This variant was not present in control chromosomes (0/4,132). Analysis of the variant in an additional 842 index TGCT cases (269 with a family history of TGCT and 573 without) did not reveal any additional instances. The variant, p. Glu86Ala, is within a known functional domain of DND1 and is highly conserved through evolution. Although the variant may be a rare polymorphism, a change at such a highly conserved residue is characteristic of a disease-causing variant. Whether it is disease-causing or not, mutations in DND1 make, at most, a very small contribution to TGCT susceptibility in adults and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Linger
- Testicular Cancer Genetics Team, Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Darshna Dudakia
- Testicular Cancer Genetics Team, Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Robert Huddart
- Academic Radiotherapy Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton Surrey, UK
| | - Kathy Tucker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Medicine, University of New South Wales and Prince of Wales Hospital Randwick, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Friedlander
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Medicine, University of New South Wales and Prince of Wales Hospital Randwick, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kelly-Anne Phillips
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Hogg
- Princess Margaret Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Radka Lohynska
- University Hospital, Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Stéphane Richard
- Génétique Oncologique EPHE-CNRS FRE 2939 Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, France
- Service d’Urologie, CHU, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Service d’Urologie, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Agnes Chompret
- Génétique Oncologique, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Axel Heidenreich
- Department of Urology, Division of Oncological Urology, University of Köln, Germany
| | - Peter Albers
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Kassel GmbH, Moenchebergstr. 41-43, D-34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Edith Olah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Chemotherapy, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos Geczi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Chemotherapy, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Istvan Bodrogi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Chemotherapy, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter A. Daly
- Department of Medical Oncology, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Parry Guilford
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sophie D. Fosså
- Department of Clinical Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ketil Heimdal
- Department of Clinical Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sergei A. Tjulandin
- Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Oncology, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ludmila Liubchenko
- Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Oncology, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Hans Stoll
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Walter Weber
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lawrence Einhorn
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Mary McMaster
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Larissa Korde
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Mark H. Greene
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Katherine L. Nathanson
- Departments of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Victoria Cortessis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Cancer Research U.K. Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - D. Timothy Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael R. Stratton
- Testicular Cancer Genetics Team, Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Elizabeth A. Rapley
- Testicular Cancer Genetics Team, Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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Fan BJ, Tam POS, Choy KW, Wang DY, Lam DSC, Pang CP. Molecular diagnostics of genetic eye diseases. Clin Biochem 2006; 39:231-9. [PMID: 16412407 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Eye diseases can be simple or complex, and mostly of heterogeneous molecular genetics. Some eye diseases are caused by mutations in a single gene, but some diseases, such as primary open angle glaucoma, can be due to sequence variations in multiple genes. In some diseases, both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms are involved, as was recently revealed in the mechanism of retinoblastoma. Disease causative mutations and phenotypes may vary by ethnicity and geography. To date, more than a hundred candidate genes for eye diseases are known, although less than 20 have definite disease-causing mutations. The three common genetic eye diseases, primary open angle glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and retinitis pigmentosa, all have known gene mutations, but these account for only a portion of the patients. While the search for eye disease genes and mutations still goes on, known mutations have been utilized for diagnosis. Genetic markers for pre-symptomatic and pre-natal diagnosis are available for specific diseases such as primary open angle glaucoma and retinoblastoma. This paper reviews the molecular basis of common genetic eye diseases and the available genetic markers for clinical diagnosis. Difficulties and challenges in molecular investigation of some eye diseases are discussed. Establishment of ethnic-specific disease databases that contain both clinical and genetic information for identification of genetic markers with diagnostic, prognostic, or pharmacological value is strongly advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Jian Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Fan BJ, Leung YF, Pang CP, Fan DSP, Wang DY, Tong WC, Tam POS, Chua JKH, Lau TC, Lam DSC. Polymorphisms in the Myocilin Promoter Unrelated to the Risk and Severity of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2004; 13:377-84. [PMID: 15354075 DOI: 10.1097/01.ijg.0000133149.37063.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the proximal 2.5 kb promoter in the myocilin (MYOC) gene for mutations in Chinese patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). PATIENTS AND METHODS We screened for sequence alterations in the MYOC promoter in 88 unrelated Chinese patients with POAG and 94 unrelated individuals without glaucoma, aged 50 years or above, as control subjects. In addition, the specific MYOC.mt1 polymorphism was determined in a total of 212 POAG patients and 221 control subjects. The relationships between POAG phenotype and the identified polymorphisms were studied by univariate analysis, multivariable logistic regression analysis, and haplotype analysis. RESULTS All polymorphisms identified in this study followed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.12) both in POAG patients and controls. Both univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses showed no polymorphism that was significantly associated with the risk of POAG, P > 0.08 and P > 0.044 respectively. Haplotype analysis further indicated no association of MYOC promoter polymorphisms with the susceptibility for POAG (P > 0.1). On the other hand, there was no difference of POAG phenotypes among different genotypes of MYOC.mt1 (P > 0.31). CONCLUSIONS In this study on the Chinese population, polymorphisms in the MYOC promoter are not related to the risk of POAG. There is no association between the MYOC.mt1 promoter polymorphism with the severity of POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Jian Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Ma SL, Ng HK, Baum L, Pang JCS, Chiu HFK, Woo J, Tang NLS, Lam LCW. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (apolipoprotein E receptor 2) gene polymorphisms in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2002; 332:216-8. [PMID: 12399018 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) isoforms affect the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE-associated risk may be related to its binding to and clearance by cell surface receptors, such as the members of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family. Previous studies had shown association of LDL receptor-related protein (LRP) and AD, therefore we speculated that another member of this LDL receptor family, LRP8 (also called apolipoprotein E receptor 2 or ApoER2), which is predominantly expressed in brain, might be associated with Alzheimer's disease. To explore this hypothesis, we screened exons 2-19 of the LRP8 gene in a total of 204 AD and 184 elderly control subjects for polymorphisms using the conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis method. Our results revealed four sequence alterations: two predicted to result in amino acid changes (E46D and R952Q), one in an intron (IVS9 + 7G > A), and one synonymous polymorphism (2622T > C). The latter was found in four AD patients (2.0%) and 11 controls (6.0%), a significant difference (P = 0.042). Further study is needed to confirm this possible association of LRP8 with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Ling Ma
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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