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Lamprou E, Koupriza G, Vatakis A. The perception and passage of time during public speaking. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 246:104268. [PMID: 38653079 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that anxious individuals experience a slower passage of time under threat conditioning. Anxiety-evoking situations have also been proposed to elevate arousal levels, which, in turn, alter one's time percept. However, the effect of social stressors on time perception remains significantly neglected. The current research aimed to investigate the impact of anxiety levels on time estimation and passage of time judgments during public speaking in healthy adults. Participants were recruited from a pool of students that had to give a presentation as part of a university course or their teaching duties. Following the presentation, they were asked to make retrospective time estimations on the duration of the latter, as well as to provide passage of time judgments. Self-reported questionnaires related to affective states, public speaking anxiety, and performance were also administered. Analysis showed that higher levels of public speaking anxiety predicted temporal overestimation and slower "feel" duration and passage of time. Moreover, the relationship between public speaking anxiety and passage of time was mediated by participants' mood states, which remained significant after -indirectly- controlling for fear of evaluation. Overall, our observations suggest that anxiety levels during public presentation significantly predict altered perception and experience of time. The latter can be explained by the speaker's mood status. Identifying the mechanisms that modulate timing under psychological stressors could complement our understanding regarding their impact on educational and social settings, as well as set the ground towards the development of early intervention and prevention strategies for those who suffer from stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Lamprou
- Multisensory and Temporal Processing Laboratory (MultiTimeLab), Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Koupriza
- Multisensory and Temporal Processing Laboratory (MultiTimeLab), Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Argiro Vatakis
- Multisensory and Temporal Processing Laboratory (MultiTimeLab), Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece.
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Melkam M, Segon T, Nakie G. Social phobia of Ethiopian students: meta-analysis and systematic review. Syst Rev 2023; 12:41. [PMID: 36918994 PMCID: PMC10012574 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social anxiety disorder is defined as the fear of social situations, incorporating situations that involve contact with strangers. People highly fear embarrassing themselves which includes situations like social gatherings, oral presentations, and meeting new people. People with social phobia have nonspecific fears of practicing vague or, performing specific tasks like eating or speaking in front of others. In people with social anxiety disorder, worry can arise from both the circumstance itself and embarrassment from others, for students, social phobia is an overwhelming fear of speaking in front of others or giving presentations in class. The prevalence of social phobia among different studies in Ethiopia was inconsistent and inconclusive therefore, this study showed the cumulative burden of social phobia among students in Ethiopia. METHOD Observational studies published on social phobia and associated factors among students in Ethiopia were included in this study based on the criteria after independent selection by two authors. Data were extracted by Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to be exported to Stata version 11 for further analysis. The random-effect model was used to estimate the pooled effect size of social phobia and its effect on the previous studies with 95% confidence intervals. Funnel plots analysis and Egger regression tests were conducted to detect the presence of publication bias. Sub-group analysis and sensitivity analysis were done. RESULT A total of 2878 study participants from seven studies were included in this meta-analysis and systematic review. The pooled prevalence of social phobia among students in Ethiopia was 26.81% with a 95% CI (22.31-31.30). The pooled effect size of social phobia in Oromia, Amhara, and SNNPs regions was 24.76%, 24.76%, and 29.47%, respectively. According to the subgroup analysis, university, and college/high school students were 28.05% and 25.34% respectively. Being female [AOR = 2.11 (95% CI 1.72-2.60)], having poor social support [AOR = 2.38 (95% CI 1.54-3.70)], substance use [AOR = 2.25 (95% CI 1.54-3.30)], single parent [AOR = 5.18 (95% CI 3.30-8.12)], and rural residence [AOR = 2.29 (95% CI 1.91-2.75)] were significantly associated in this meta-analysis in Ethiopia. CONCLUSION The pooled prevalence of social phobia in this meta-analysis and systematic review was high (26.81%) among students therefore, the educational bureau needs to work on decreasing the burden of social phobia to raise the academic achievement and creativity of the students. In therapeutic advice like exposure to presentations, family members take the responsibility for the students' therapy and expose them to various social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamaru Melkam
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Tesfaye Segon
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Girum Nakie
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Nwufo JI, Ike OO, Nwoke MB, Eze J, Chukwuorji JC, Chineye Kanu G. Social anxiety and internet addiction among adolescent students in a sub-Saharan African country: does family functioning make a difference? SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00812463221140224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has shown that social anxiety significantly influences internet addiction among adolescent students. However, the boundary conditions that strengthen or weaken this association with internet addiction have not been fully understood, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This study adopted a cross-sectional survey design to investigate the direct effect of social anxiety on internet addiction among adolescent students and the moderating role of family functioning in such relationships. A sample of ( N = 1800) students (age range 11–17 years; M = 15.30 years; SD = 1.99) from 10 secondary schools in Southeast Nigeria participated in this study. The participants completed the self-report measures of the Social Phobia Inventory, Family APGAR (adaptability, partnership, growth, affection, and resolve) Index, and Internet Addiction Test. Pearson correlation was used to determine the bivariate relationship among the study variables, while Hayes regression-based PROCESS macro was used for moderation analysis. Findings revealed that social anxiety was positively associated with internet addiction. Family functioning was negatively associated with internet addiction. Family functioning did not moderate the relationship between social anxiety and internet addiction. We concluded that reducing social anxiety and bolstering family functioning may be an effective strategy to lessen the vulnerability of adolescents to internet addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Eze
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
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Sfeir M, Saliba G, Akel M, Hallit S, Obeid S. Association between perfectionism and life satisfaction among a sample of the Lebanese population: The indirect role of social phobia and validation of the Arabic version of the Social Phobia Inventory. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:2513-2523. [PMID: 35383939 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), and evaluate the indirect effect of social phobia between perfectionism and life satisfaction (LS). METHODS A cross-sectional study enrolled 683 Lebanese adults (April-May 2021). RESULTS The confirmatory factor analysis results confirmed the one-factor solution of the SPIN items (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92). Social phobia had an indirect effect in the association between rigid, self-critical, and narcissistic perfectionism and life satisfaction. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The study results confirm the psychometric properties of the SPIN to assess social phobia and constitute a preliminary database of the variables that interplay with LS in the Lebanese population. Future studies should suggest clinical tools and techniques to cope with anxiety or reduce perfectionism to enhance LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sfeir
- Faculty of Social and Political Sciences (SSP), Institute of Psychology (IP), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gisele Saliba
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, Jeddah, 21478, Saudi Arabia.,School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.,Department of Research, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
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Al‑Johani WM, AlShamlan NA, AlAmer NA, Shawkhan RA, Almayyad AH, Alghamdi LM, Alqahtani HA, Al-Shammari MA, Gari DMK, AlOmar RS. Social anxiety disorder and its associated factors: a cross-sectional study among medical students, Saudi Arabia. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:505. [PMID: 35896983 PMCID: PMC9330618 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social Anxiety disorder (SAD) is common worldwide. However, data from Saudi Arabia is deficient. This study aims to determine the prevalence of SAD across Saudi medical students and its associations with sociodemographic factors and their academic performance. METHODS The main outcome was presence/absence of SAD and the secondary outcome was its level of severity. These were assessed from the Social Phobia Inventory. Associated factors included sociodemographic variables, as well as educational characteristics of students. Descriptive statistics were reported as counts and percentages, and unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed through bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Of 5896 Saudi medical students who participated in the study, the prevalence of SAD was almost 51%. While 8.21% and 4.21% had reported severe and very severe SAD, respectively. Older age students were at lower risk of developing SAD (OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.89 - 0.96). In contrast, females (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.01 - 1.26), students enrolled in private colleges and colleges implementing non-problem-based learning (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.09 - 1.52 and OR = 1.29. 95% CI = 1.15 - 1.46 respectively) were at higher risk. A significant elevated risk of SAD was found among students who had previously failed, and had a low GPA. CONCLUSION SAD is prevalent among the sampled population, and different associated factors were identified. Current results could raise the awareness of faculty members and healthcare providers towards early detection and management of these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wejdan M. Al‑Johani
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34224, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf A. AlShamlan
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34224, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naheel A. AlAmer
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34224, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rammas A. Shawkhan
- grid.412144.60000 0004 1790 7100College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H. Almayyad
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XCollege of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Layla M. Alghamdi
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34224, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem A. Alqahtani
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34224, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak A. Al-Shammari
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34224, Saudi Arabia
| | - Danya Mohammed Khalid Gari
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34224, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem S. AlOmar
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34224, Saudi Arabia
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Nwufo JI, Ike OO, Chidozie OE, Nnadozie EE, Nwufo CL. Maladaptive cognition and problematic Internet use among Nigerian adolescent students: Role of social anxiety. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2022.2066365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Ifeoma Nwufo
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Obinna Osita Ike
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Obianyo E. Chidozie
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ebele Evelyn Nnadozie
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Chiagozie Lynda Nwufo
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Lau HM, Sim KS, Chew QH, Sim K. Quality of Life and Clinical Correlates in Adults with Social Phobia: A Scoping Review. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2021; 17:224-234. [PMID: 35173792 PMCID: PMC8728567 DOI: 10.2174/1745017902117010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
In light of the substantial clinical and societal burden of social phobia (SP) and impact on the sense of well-being of affected individuals, we sought to summarise extant data related to quality of life and relevant correlates in adults with SP to distill clinical profiles for earlier identification and appropriate management.
Methods:
A scoping review was carried out on studies examining quality of life in adults with SP and clinical correlates within different settings. PubMed/Medline and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant articles beginning from database inception until May 2021.
Results:
A total of 25 papers were included. Most of the studies (92%) were cross sectional in nature (80%), conducted in the West (92%), and within clinic or community settings (88%). Patients with comorbid psychiatric conditions, and undergraduate students reported higher rates of SP compared with community population. Significant correlates of SP included demographic (such as females, younger age, living alone, fewer years of education, unemployment) and clinical factors (such as family history of anxiety disorders, suicidal ideas, avoidant personality features). SP was widely associated with decreased QoL involving several domains and especially related to complexity, greater number of feared or trigger situations, and comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions.
Conclusion:
SP is not uncommon within clinical, and undergraduate populations, and has a significantly negative impact on quality of life. Awareness of its associated clinical profiles allows better identification and overall management of this condition including improvement in QoL.
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