1
|
Cunha Matosinhos R, Frézard F, Mendes Silva Araújo S, Magalhães Barbosa A, de Souza IF, de Souza Filho JD, de Souza J, Corrêa Oliveira Bahia AP, Ietta F, Magnani A, Saúde-Guimarães DA. Development and characterization of liposomal formulations containing sesquiterpene lactones for the treatment of chronic gout. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6991. [PMID: 38523180 PMCID: PMC10961318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Gout and hyperuricemia are characterized by high uric acid levels, and their treatment involves medications that have adverse effects. In this study, we evaluated oral liposomal formulations with eremantholide C and goyazensolide as a novel approach to reduce the toxicity associated with these substances while maintaining their anti-hyperuricemic activity. We characterized the formulations and evaluated them based on encapsulation efficiency and stability over 12 months and under simulated physiological environments. We determined the toxicity of the liposomal formulations in Caco-2 cells and the anti-hyperuricemic activity in rats. The formulations exhibited nanometric size, a narrow size distribution, and a negative zeta potential, indicating their stability and uniformity. The efficient encapsulation of the sesquiterpene lactones within the liposomes emphasizes their potential for sustained release and therapeutic efficacy. Stability evaluation revealed a small decrease in the eremantholide C concentration and a remarkable stability in the goyazensolide concentration. In Caco-2 cells, the liposomes did not exert toxicity, but did exhibit an antiproliferative effect. In vivo assays demonstrated that the liposomes reduced serum uric acid levels. Our study represents an advancement in gout and hyperuricemia treatment. The liposomal formulations effectively reduced the toxicity associated with the sesquiterpene lactones while maintaining their therapeutic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Cunha Matosinhos
- Laboratório de Plantas Medicinais (LAPLAMED), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPharma), Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Frézard
- Laboratório de Biofísica e Sistemas Nanoestruturados (LabNano), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Mendes Silva Araújo
- Laboratório de Biofísica e Sistemas Nanoestruturados (LabNano), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Andressa Magalhães Barbosa
- Laboratório de Plantas Medicinais (LAPLAMED), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPharma), Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Isabela Fernanda de Souza
- Laboratório de Plantas Medicinais (LAPLAMED), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPharma), Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - José Dias de Souza Filho
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Caracterização de Moléculas (LMCM), Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline de Souza
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Insumos, Fármacos e Medicamentos (LCQ), Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Corrêa Oliveira Bahia
- Laboratório de Biofísica e Sistemas Nanoestruturados (LabNano), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Francesca Ietta
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100, Siena, Tuscany, Italy
| | - Agnese Magnani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100, Siena, Tuscany, Italy
| | - Dênia Antunes Saúde-Guimarães
- Laboratório de Plantas Medicinais (LAPLAMED), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPharma), Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Duan SF, Song L, Guo HY, Deng H, Huang X, Shen QK, Quan ZS, Yin XM. Research status of indole-modified natural products. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2535-2563. [PMID: 38107170 PMCID: PMC10718587 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00560g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Indole is a heterocyclic compound formed by the fusion of a benzene ring and pyrrole ring, which has rich biological activity. Many indole-containing compounds have been sold on the market due to their excellent pharmacological activity. For example, vincristine and reserpine have been widely used in clinical practice. The diverse structures and biological activities of natural products provide abundant resources for the development of new drugs. Therefore, this review classifies natural products by structure, and summarizes the research progress of indole-containing natural product derivatives, their biological activities, structure-activity relationship and research mechanism which has been studied in the past 13 years, so as to provide a basis for the development of new drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song-Fang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University Yanji 133002 China +86 0433 243 6020 +86 0433 243 6019
| | - Lei Song
- Yanbian University Hospital, Yanbian University Yanji 133002 People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University Yanji 133002 China +86 0433 243 6020 +86 0433 243 6019
| | - Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University Yanji 133002 China +86 0433 243 6020 +86 0433 243 6019
| | - Xing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University Yanji 133002 China +86 0433 243 6020 +86 0433 243 6019
| | - Qing-Kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University Yanji 133002 China +86 0433 243 6020 +86 0433 243 6019
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University Yanji 133002 China +86 0433 243 6020 +86 0433 243 6019
| | - Xiu-Mei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University Yanji 133002 China +86 0433 243 6020 +86 0433 243 6019
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gioia B, Ruggieri F, Biela A, Landry V, Roussel P, Piveteau C, Leroux F, Hartkoorn RC, Willand N. Regioselective and Stereoselective Synthesis of Parthenolide Analogs by Acyl Nitroso-Ene Reaction and Their Biological Evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17395. [PMID: 38139224 PMCID: PMC10744032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, natural products have played a major role in the development of antibiotics. Their complex chemical structures and high polarity give them advantages in the drug discovery process. In the broad range of natural products, sesquiterpene lactones are interesting compounds because of their diverse biological activities, their high-polarity, and sp3-carbon-rich chemical structures. Parthenolide (PTL) is a natural compound isolated from Tanacetum parthenium, of the family of germacranolide-type sesquiterpene lactones. In recent years, parthenolide has been studied for its anti-inflammatory, antimigraine, and anticancer properties. Recently, PTL has shown antibacterial activities, especially against Gram-positive bacteria. However, few studies are available on the potential antitubercular activities of parthenolide and its analogs. It has been demonstrated that parthenolide's biological effects are linked to the reactivity of α-exo-methylene-γ-butyrolactone, which reacts with cysteine in targeted proteins via a Michael addition. In this work, we describe the ene reaction of acylnitroso intermediates with parthenolide leading to the regioselective and stereoselective synthesis of new derivatives and their biological evaluation. The addition of hydroxycarbamates and hydroxyureas led to original analogs with higher polarity and solubility than parthenolide. Through this synthetic route, the Michael acceptor motif was preserved and is thus believed to be involved in the selective activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Gioia
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France (F.R.); (A.B.); (V.L.); (C.P.); (F.L.)
| | - Francesca Ruggieri
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France (F.R.); (A.B.); (V.L.); (C.P.); (F.L.)
| | - Alexandre Biela
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France (F.R.); (A.B.); (V.L.); (C.P.); (F.L.)
| | - Valérie Landry
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France (F.R.); (A.B.); (V.L.); (C.P.); (F.L.)
| | - Pascal Roussel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, ENSCL, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181—UCCS—Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Catherine Piveteau
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France (F.R.); (A.B.); (V.L.); (C.P.); (F.L.)
| | - Florence Leroux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France (F.R.); (A.B.); (V.L.); (C.P.); (F.L.)
| | - Ruben C. Hartkoorn
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019—UMR 8204—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Nicolas Willand
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France (F.R.); (A.B.); (V.L.); (C.P.); (F.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ávila-Gálvez MÁ, Marques D, Figueira I, Cankar K, Bosch D, Brito MA, Dos Santos CN. Costunolide and parthenolide: Novel blood-brain barrier permeable sesquiterpene lactones to improve barrier tightness. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115413. [PMID: 37683593 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones - such as those found in chicory - are considered promising bioactive compounds. These small molecules have shown several health benefits for various diseases, including brain disorders. However, it is unknown whether these compounds can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and which could be the effects on brain microvascular endothelial cells. We show that six sesquiterpene lactones evaluated in an in vitro model of the BBB have different capacities to be transported through the barrier. Costunolide presented more than 20 % of transport while lactucin, 11β-13-dihydrolactucin, 11β-13-dihydrolactucopicrin, and parthenolide presented between 10 % and 20 %, whilst almost no transport was detected for lactucopicrin. Furthermore, costunolide and parthenolide reduced P-gp ABC transporter expression alongside an increase in caveolin-1, the main protein of caveolae. Remarkably, these two compounds improved barrier tightness by increasing the expression of both tight and adherens junctions. These findings open a new avenue to explore costunolide and parthenolide as promising compounds for brain therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Ávila-Gálvez
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Av. República, Qta. Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniela Marques
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Figueira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Katarina Cankar
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Plant Research, BU Bioscience, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Bosch
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Plant Research, BU Bioscience, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Alexandra Brito
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes Dos Santos
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Av. República, Qta. Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li S, Luo C, Chen S, Zhuang Y, Ji Y, Zeng Y, Zeng Y, He X, Xiao J, Wang H, Chen X, Long H, Peng F. Brahma-related gene 1 acts as a profibrotic mediator and targeting it by micheliolide ameliorates peritoneal fibrosis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:639. [PMID: 37726857 PMCID: PMC10510267 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04469-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive peritoneal fibrosis is a worldwide public health concern impacting patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD), yet there is no effective treatment. Our previous study revealed that a novel compound, micheliolide (MCL) inhibited peritoneal fibrosis in mice. However, its mechanism remains unclear. Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1) is a key contributor to organ fibrosis, but its potential function in PD-related peritoneal fibrosis and the relationship between MCL and BRG1 remain unknown. METHODS The effects of MCL on BRG1-induced fibrotic responses and TGF-β1-Smads pathway were examined in a mouse PD model and in vitro peritoneal mesothelial cells. To investigate the targeting mechanism of MCL on BRG1, coimmunoprecipitation, MCL-biotin pulldown, molecular docking and cellular thermal shift assay were performed. RESULTS BRG1 was markedly elevated in a mouse PD model and in peritoneal mesothelial cells cultured in TGF-β1 or PD fluid condition. BRG1 overexpression in vitro augmented fibrotic responses and promoted TGF-β1-increased-phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3. Meanwhile, knockdown of BRG1 diminished TGF-β1-induced fibrotic responses and blocked TGF-β1-Smad2/3 pathway. MCL ameliorated BRG1 overexpression-induced peritoneal fibrosis and impeded TGF-β1-Smad2/3 signaling pathway both in a mouse PD model and in vitro. Mechanically, MCL impeded BRG1 from recognizing and attaching to histone H3 lysine 14 acetylation by binding to the asparagine (N1540) of BRG1, in thus restraining fibrotic responses and TGF-β1-Smad2/3 signaling pathway. After the mutation of N1540 to alanine (N1540A), MCL was unable to bind to BRG1 and thus, unsuccessful in suppressing BRG1-induced fibrotic responses and TGF-β1-Smad2/3 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Our research indicates that BRG1 may be a crucial mediator in peritoneal fibrosis and MCL targeting N1540 residue of BRG1 may be a novel therapeutic strategy to combat PD-related peritoneal fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Li
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Congwei Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Sijia Chen
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Yiyi Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yue Ji
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yiqun Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yao Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Xiaoyang He
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Huizhen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Haibo Long
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Fenfen Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cheng X, Yan H, Pang S, Ya M, Qiu F, Qin P, Zeng C, Lu Y. Liposomes as Multifunctional Nano-Carriers for Medicinal Natural Products. Front Chem 2022; 10:963004. [PMID: 36003616 PMCID: PMC9393238 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.963004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although medicinal natural products and their derivatives have shown promising effects in disease therapies, they usually suffer the drawbacks in low solubility and stability in the physiological environment, low delivery efficiency, side effects due to multi-targeting, and low site-specific distribution in the lesion. In this review, targeted delivery was well-guided by liposomal formulation in the aspects of preparation of functional liposomes, liposomal medicinal natural products, combined therapies, and image-guided therapy. This review is believed to provide useful guidance to enhance the targeted therapy of medicinal natural products and their derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiamin Cheng
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiamin Cheng, ; Chao Zeng, ; Yongna Lu,
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, China
| | - Songhao Pang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, China
| | - Mingjun Ya
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, China
| | - Pinzhu Qin
- School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Zeng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiamin Cheng, ; Chao Zeng, ; Yongna Lu,
| | - Yongna Lu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiamin Cheng, ; Chao Zeng, ; Yongna Lu,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sesquiterpene Lactones and Cancer: New Insight into Antitumor and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Parthenolide-Derived Dimethylaminomicheliolide and Micheliolide. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3744837. [PMID: 35898475 PMCID: PMC9313921 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3744837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Applied science nowadays works on the isolation and application of biological macromolecules (BMM). These BMM are isolates from plants using different techniques and used as anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Parthenolide (PLT) is one of the most important biological macromolecules and a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone that is isolated from a plant species Tanacetum parthenium (T. parthenium). The anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects of PTL isolated from T. parthenium were previously reported and summarized in detail. These biological activities make it a vital candidate for further researches and drugs development. As per the previously obtained findings, the sesquiterpene is very much known for some biological activities; therefore, the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities of the sesquiterpene were critically reviewed. During the research process, PTL was found to be unstable in both acidic and basic conditions with low solubility, so structurally related compounds micheliolide (MCL) and Dimethylaminomicheliolide (DMAMCL) (a prodrug of MCL) were developed. In this article, we briefly review the therapeutic effects of PTL and its derivative DMAPT on inflammatory diseases and tumors, focusing on the current application of PTL in targeted therapy and combination therapy, together with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor functions of MCL and DMAMCL. The uniqueness of this biological macromolecule is not to harm the normal cell but target the cancerous cells. Therefore, the current literature review might be helpful and useful for prospects based on the effects of MCL and DMAMCL on cancer.
Collapse
|