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Maldonado-García JL, Alvarez-Herrera S, Pérez-Sánchez G, Becerril-Villanueva E, Pavón L, Tesoro-Cruz E, Girón-Pérez MI, Hurtado-Alvarado G, Damián-Morales G, López-Santiago R, Moreno-Lafont MC. Concomitant Treatment with Doxycycline and Rifampicin in Balb/c Mice Infected with Brucella abortus 2308 Fails to Reduce Inflammation and Motor Disability. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:638. [PMID: 38794208 PMCID: PMC11123987 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is an infection widely distributed around the world, and in some countries it is considered a public health problem. Brucellosis causes insidious symptoms that make it difficult to diagnose. Infection can also trigger chronic pain and neuropsychiatric complications. Antibiotics are not always effective to eradicate infection, contributing to chronicity. We aimed to investigate the effects of antibiotic treatment on proinflammatory cytokines, neurotransmitters, corticosterone, and behavior in a murine model of infecrion of B. abortus strain 2308. Four study groups were created: (a) control; (b) antibiotic control; (c) infected with B. abortus 2308; and (d) infected and treated with rifampicin and doxycycline. We determined B. abortus 2308 colony-forming units (CFUs), the count of dendritic cells, and macrophages in the spleen; serum levels of cytokines and corticosterone; levels of serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in the brain; and equilibrium, physical strength, anxiety, and hopelessness tests. The infected and treated mice group was compared with the control and infected mice to assess whether treatment is sufficient to recover neuroimmunoendocrine parameters. Our results showed that despite the treatment of brucellosis with rifampicin and doxycycline, antibiotic-treated mice showed a persistence of B. abortus 2308 CFUs, an increased count in macrophage number, and higher circulating levels of corticosterone. Furthermore, the levels of IL-12, IL-6, and TNF-α remained higher. We found a decrease in muscular strength and equilibrium concomitant to changes in neurotransmitters in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and frontal cortex. Our data suggest that the remaining bacterial load after antibiotic administration favors inflammatory, neurochemical, and behavioral alterations, partly explaining the widespread and paradoxical symptomatology experienced by patients with chronic brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Maldonado-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.L.M.-G.); (G.D.-M.); (R.L.-S.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04360, Mexico
| | - Samantha Alvarez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; (S.A.-H.); (G.P.-S.); (E.B.-V.)
| | - Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; (S.A.-H.); (G.P.-S.); (E.B.-V.)
| | - Enrique Becerril-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; (S.A.-H.); (G.P.-S.); (E.B.-V.)
| | - Lenin Pavón
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; (S.A.-H.); (G.P.-S.); (E.B.-V.)
| | - Emiliano Tesoro-Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Inmunología e Infectología, Hospital de Infectología, Centro Médico Nacional “La Raza”, IMSS, Mexico City 02990, Mexico;
| | | | - Gabriela Hurtado-Alvarado
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04360, Mexico;
| | - Gabriela Damián-Morales
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.L.M.-G.); (G.D.-M.); (R.L.-S.)
| | - Rubén López-Santiago
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.L.M.-G.); (G.D.-M.); (R.L.-S.)
| | - Martha C. Moreno-Lafont
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.L.M.-G.); (G.D.-M.); (R.L.-S.)
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Nguyen TT, Huy TXN, Aguilar CNT, Reyes AWB, Salad SA, Min WG, Lee HJ, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Kim S. Intracellular Growth Inhibition and Host Immune Modulation of 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole in Murine Brucellosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17352. [PMID: 38139181 PMCID: PMC10743636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalase, an antioxidant enzyme widely produced in mammalian cells and bacteria, is crucial to mitigating oxidative stress in hostile environments. This function enhances the intracellular survivability of various intracellular growth pathogens, including Brucella (B.) abortus. In this study, to determine whether the suppression of catalase can inhibit the intracellular growth of B. abortus, we employed 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT), a catalase inhibitor, in both RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and an ICR mouse model during Brucella infection. The intracellular growth assay indicated that 3-AT exerts growth-inhibitory effects on B. abortus within macrophages. Moreover, it contributes to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the formation of nitric oxide. Notably, 3-AT diminishes the activation of the nucleus transcription factor (NF-κB) and modulates the cytokine secretion within infected cells. In our mouse model, the administration of 3-AT reduced the B. abortus proliferation within the spleens and livers of infected mice. This reduction was accompanied by a diminished immune response to infection, as indicated by the lowered levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 and altered CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio. These results suggest the protective and immunomodulatory effects of 3-AT treatment against Brucella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (T.T.N.); (T.X.N.H.); (C.N.T.A.); (S.A.S.); (W.-G.M.); (H.-J.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Tran Xuan Ngoc Huy
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (T.T.N.); (T.X.N.H.); (C.N.T.A.); (S.A.S.); (W.-G.M.); (H.-J.L.); (H.-J.K.)
- Institute of Applied Sciences, HUTECH University, 475A Dien Bien Phu St., Ward 25, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City 72300, Vietnam
| | - Ched Nicole Turbela Aguilar
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (T.T.N.); (T.X.N.H.); (C.N.T.A.); (S.A.S.); (W.-G.M.); (H.-J.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Alisha Wehdnesday Bernardo Reyes
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños 4031, Philippines;
| | - Said Abdi Salad
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (T.T.N.); (T.X.N.H.); (C.N.T.A.); (S.A.S.); (W.-G.M.); (H.-J.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Won-Gi Min
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (T.T.N.); (T.X.N.H.); (C.N.T.A.); (S.A.S.); (W.-G.M.); (H.-J.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hu-Jang Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (T.T.N.); (T.X.N.H.); (C.N.T.A.); (S.A.S.); (W.-G.M.); (H.-J.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (T.T.N.); (T.X.N.H.); (C.N.T.A.); (S.A.S.); (W.-G.M.); (H.-J.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - John-Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea;
| | - Suk Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (T.T.N.); (T.X.N.H.); (C.N.T.A.); (S.A.S.); (W.-G.M.); (H.-J.L.); (H.-J.K.)
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Maurizio E, Rossi UA, Trangoni MD, Rossetti CA. Cytokine expression profile of B. melitensis-infected goat monocyte-derived macrophages. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152375. [PMID: 36913828 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Brucella parasitize the macrophage where is able to replicate and modulate the immune response in order to establish a chronic infection. The most adequate response to control and eliminate Brucella infection is a type 1 (Th1) cell-mediated effector immunity. Research in immune response of B. melitensis-infected goats is relatively scarce. In this study, we first evaluated changes in the gene expression of cytokines, a chemokine (CCL2) and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) of goat macrophage cultures derived from monocytes (MDMs) infected for 4 and 24 h with Brucella melitensis strain 16 M. TNFα, IL-1β and iNOS, and IL-12p40, IFNγ and also iNOS were significantly expressed (p < 0.05) at 4 and 24 h respectively, in infected compared to non-infected MDMs. Therefore, the in vitro challenge of goat MDMs with B. melitensis promoted a transcriptional profile consistent with a type 1 response. However, when the immune response to B. melitensis infection was contrasted between MDM cultures phenotypically restrictive or permissive to intracellular multiplication of B. melitensis 16 M, it was observed that the relative IL-4 mRNA expression was significantly higher in permissive macrophage cultures with respect to restrictive cultures (p < 0.05), independently of the time p.i. A similar trend, although non-statistical, was recorded for IL-10, but not for pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the up-expression profile of inhibitory instead of pro-inflammatory cytokines could explain, in part, the difference observed in the ability to restrict intracellular replication of Brucella. In this sense, the present results make a significant contribution to the knowledge of the immune response induced by B. melitensis in macrophages of its preferential host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Maurizio
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IP-IPVET), UEDD INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto y de Los Reseros (B1686) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425) CABA, Argentina
| | - Ursula A Rossi
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IP-IPVET), UEDD INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto y de Los Reseros (B1686) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425) CABA, Argentina
| | - Marcos D Trangoni
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia Molecular (IABIMO), UEDD INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto y de Los Reseros (B1686), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Rossetti
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IP-IPVET), UEDD INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto y de Los Reseros (B1686) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Pellegrini JM, Gorvel JP, Mémet S. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms in Brucellosis in Light of Chronic Bacterial Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1260. [PMID: 35888979 PMCID: PMC9324529 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is considered one of the major zoonoses worldwide, constituting a critical livestock and human health concern with a huge socio-economic burden. Brucella genus, its etiologic agent, is composed of intracellular bacteria that have evolved a prodigious ability to elude and shape host immunity to establish chronic infection. Brucella's intracellular lifestyle and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as its specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are key factors for hiding and hampering recognition by the immune system. Here, we will review the current knowledge of evading and immunosuppressive mechanisms elicited by Brucella species to persist stealthily in their hosts, such as those triggered by their LPS and cyclic β-1,2-d-glucan or involved in neutrophil and monocyte avoidance, antigen presentation impairment, the modulation of T cell responses and immunometabolism. Attractive strategies exploited by other successful chronic pathogenic bacteria, including Mycobacteria, Salmonella, and Chlamydia, will be also discussed, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms operating in brucellosis, such as granuloma formation, pyroptosis, and manipulation of type I and III IFNs, B cells, innate lymphoid cells, and host lipids. A better understanding of these stratagems is essential to fighting bacterial chronic infections and designing innovative treatments and vaccines.
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