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Méndez-Hernández R, Rumanova VS, Guzmán-Ruiz MA, Foppen E, Moreno-Morton R, Hurtado-Alvarado G, Escobar C, Kalsbeek A, Buijs RM. Minor Changes in Daily Rhythms Induced by a Skeleton Photoperiod Are Associated with Increased Adiposity and Glucose Intolerance. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200116. [PMID: 35818679 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Eating during the rest phase is associated with metabolic syndrome, proposed to result from a conflict between food consumption and the energy-saving state imposed by the circadian system. However, in nocturnal rodents, eating during the rest phase (day-feeding, DF) also implies food intake during light exposure. To investigate whether light exposure contributes to DF-induced metabolic impairments, animals receive food during the subjective day without light. A skeleton photoperiod (SP) is used to entrain rats to a 12:12 cycle with two short light pulses framing the subjective day. DF-induced adiposity is prevented by SP, suggesting that the conflict between light and feeding stimulates fat accumulation. However, all animals under SP conditions develop glucose intolerance regardless of their feeding schedule. Moreover, animals under SP with ad libitum or night-feeding have increased adiposity. SP animals show a delayed onset of the daily rise in body temperature and energy expenditure and shorter duration of nighttime activity, which may contribute to the metabolic disturbances. These data emphasize that metabolic homeostasis can only be achieved when all daily cycling variables are synchronized. Even small shifts in the alignment of different metabolic rhythms, such as those induced by SP, may predispose individuals to metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Méndez-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Valentina S Rumanova
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova ulica č. 6, Bratislava, 842 15, Slovakia
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, 1105 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Mara A Guzmán-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, 1105 BA, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Moreno-Morton
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Hurtado-Alvarado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, 1105 BA, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud M Buijs
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
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2
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Hurtado-Alvarado G, Soto-Tinoco E, Santacruz-Martínez E, Prager-Khoutorsky M, Escobar C, Buijs RM. Suprachiasmatic nucleus promotes hyperglycemia induced by sleep delay. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4343-4352.e4. [PMID: 37725978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Short sleep is linked to disturbances in glucose metabolism and may induce a prediabetic condition. The biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates the glucose rhythm in the circulation and the sleep-wake cycle. SCN vasopressin neurons (SCNVP) control daily glycemia by regulating the entrance of glucose into the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Thus, we hypothesized that sleep delay may influence SCN neuronal activity. We, therefore, investigated the role of SCNVP when sleep is disrupted by forced locomotor activity. After 2 h of sleep delay, rats exhibited decreased SCNVP neuronal activity, a decrease in the glucose transporter GLUT1 expression in tanycytes lining the third ventricle, lowered glucose entrance into the ARC, and developed hyperglycemia. The association between reduced SCNVP neuronal activity and hyperglycemia in sleep-delayed rats was evidenced by injecting intracerebroventricular vasopressin; this increased GLUT1 immunoreactivity in tanycytes, thus promoting normoglycemia. Following sleep recovery, glucose levels decreased, whereas SCNVP neuronal activity increased. These results imply that sleep-delay-induced changes in SCNVP activity lead to glycemic impairment, inferring that disruption of biological clock function might represent a critical step in developing type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hurtado-Alvarado
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mario de la Cueva Circuit, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eva Soto-Tinoco
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mario de la Cueva Circuit, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Esteban Santacruz-Martínez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mario de la Cueva Circuit, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Masha Prager-Khoutorsky
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruud M Buijs
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mario de la Cueva Circuit, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
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3
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Guzmán-Ruiz MA, Guerrero-Vargas NN, Lagunes-Cruz A, González-González S, García-Aviles JE, Hurtado-Alvarado G, Mendez-Hernández R, Chavarría-Krauser A, Morin JP, Arriaga-Avila V, Buijs RM, Guevara-Guzmán R. Circadian modulation of microglial physiological processes and immune responses. Glia 2023; 71:155-167. [PMID: 35971989 PMCID: PMC10087862 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microglia is considered the central nervous system (CNS) resident macrophages that establish an innate immune response against pathogens and toxins. However, the recent studies have shown that microglial gene and protein expression follows a circadian pattern; several immune activation markers and clock genes are expressed rhythmically without the need for an immune stimulus. Furthermore, microglia responds to an immune challenge with different magnitudes depending on the time of the day. This review examines the circadian control of microglia function and the possible physiological implications. For example, we discuss that synaptic prune is performed in the cortex at a certain moment of the day. We also consider the implications of daily microglial function for maintaining biological rhythms like general activity, body temperature, and food intake. We conclude that the developmental stage, brain region, and pathological state are not the only factors to consider for the evaluation of microglial functions; instead, emerging evidence indicates that circadian time as an essential aspect for a better understanding of the role of microglia in CNS physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara A Guzmán-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Natalí N Guerrero-Vargas
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Lagunes-Cruz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Shellye González-González
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Enrique García-Aviles
- Área de Neurociencias, Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México City, Mexico
| | | | - Rebeca Mendez-Hernández
- Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Anahí Chavarría-Krauser
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Jean-Pascal Morin
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Virginia Arriaga-Avila
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Ruud M Buijs
- Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
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4
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Gómez-González B, Hurtado-Alvarado G, Velázquez-Moctezuma J. Editorial: Beyond the borders: The gates and fences of neuroimmune interaction, volume II. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:968249. [PMID: 35983179 PMCID: PMC9379303 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.968249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Gómez-González
- Neuroscience Area, Department of Biology of Reproduction, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Hurtado-Alvarado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Velázquez-Moctezuma
- Neuroscience Area, Department of Biology of Reproduction, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Javier Velázquez-Moctezuma
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5
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Ponce-Regalado MD, Salazar-Juárez A, Oscar RE, Contis-Montes de Oca A, Hurtado-Alvarado G, Arce-Paredes P, Pérez-Sánchez G, Pavón L, Girón-Pérez MI, Hernández-Pando R, Alvarez-Sánchez ME, Enrique BV. Development of Anxiolytic and Depression-like Behavior in Mice Infected with Mycobacterium lepraemurium. Neuroscience 2022; 493:15-30. [PMID: 35447197 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Murine leprosy is a systemic infectious disease of mice caused by Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) in which the central nervous system (CNS) is not infected; nevertheless, diseased animals show measurable cognitive alterations. For this reason, in this study, we explored the neurobehavioral changes in mice chronically infected with MLM. BALB/c mice were infected with MLM, and 120 days later, the alterations in mice were evaluated based on immunologic, histologic, endocrine, neurochemical, and behavioral traits. We found increases in the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 associated with high bacillary loads. We also found increase in the serum levels of corticosterone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in the adrenal gland, suggesting neuroendocrine deregulation. Mice exhibited depression-like behavior in the tail suspension and forced swimming tests and anxiolytic behavior in the open field and elevated plus maze tests. The neurobehavioral alterations of mice were correlated with the histologic damage in the prefrontal cortex, ventral hippocampus, and amygdala, as well as with a blood-brain barrier disruption in the hippocampus. These results reveal an interrelated response of the neuroimmune-endocrinological axis in unresolved chronic infections that result in neurocognitive deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Ponce-Regalado
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera a Yahualica, Km. 7.5 Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco 47600, Mexico
| | - A Salazar-Juárez
- Branch Clinical Research. Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Neurochemistry of Addiction, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rojas-Espinosa Oscar
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Colonia Santo Tomás, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - A Contis-Montes de Oca
- Sección de estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Diaz Miron y Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - G Hurtado-Alvarado
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, Area of Neurosciences, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - P Arce-Paredes
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Colonia Santo Tomás, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - G Pérez-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L Pavón
- Laboratory of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M I Girón-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n. Cd, de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - R Hernández-Pando
- Experimental Pathology Section, Pathology Department, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Colonia Belisario Dominguez Seccion XVI, 14080, Deleg. Tlalpan, México City, Mexico
| | - M E Alvarez-Sánchez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100 México City, México
| | - Becerril-Villanueva Enrique
- Laboratory of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, Mexico.
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6
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Rodríguez-Cortés B, Hurtado-Alvarado G, Martínez-Gómez R, León-Mercado LA, Prager-Khoutorsky M, Buijs RM. Suprachiasmatic nucleus-mediated glucose entry into the arcuate nucleus determines the daily rhythm in blood glycemia. Curr Biol 2022; 32:796-805.e4. [PMID: 35030330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycemia is maintained within very narrow boundaries with less than 5% variation at a given time of the day. However, over the circadian cycle, glycemia changes with almost 50% difference. How the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the biological clock, maintains these day-night variations with such tiny disparities remains obscure. We show that via vasopressin release at the beginning of the sleep phase, the suprachiasmatic nucleus increases the glucose transporter GLUT1 in tanycytes. Hereby GLUT1 promotes glucose entrance into the arcuate nucleus, thereby lowering peripheral glycemia. Conversely, blocking vasopressin activity or the GLUT1 transporter at the daily trough of glycemia increases circulating glucose levels usually seen at the peak of the rhythm. Thus, biological clock-controlled mechanisms promoting glucose entry into the arcuate nucleus explain why peripheral blood glucose is low before sleep onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Rodríguez-Cortés
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mario de la Cueva Circuit, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Hurtado-Alvarado
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mario de la Cueva Circuit, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Martínez-Gómez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mario de la Cueva Circuit, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis A León-Mercado
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Masha Prager-Khoutorsky
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ruud M Buijs
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mario de la Cueva Circuit, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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7
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García-Aviles JE, Méndez-Hernández R, Guzmán-Ruiz MA, Cruz M, Guerrero-Vargas NN, Velázquez-Moctezuma J, Hurtado-Alvarado G. Metabolic Disturbances Induced by Sleep Restriction as Potential Triggers for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Integr Neurosci 2021; 15:722523. [PMID: 34539357 PMCID: PMC8447653 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.722523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep has a major role in learning, memory consolidation, and metabolic function. Although it is known that sleep restriction increases the accumulation of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) and the risk to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD), the mechanism behind these effects remains unknown. In this review, we discuss how chronic sleep restriction induces metabolic and cognitive impairments that could result in the development of AD in late life. Here, we integrate evidence regarding mechanisms whereby metabolic signaling becomes disturbed after short or chronic sleep restriction in the context of cognitive impairment, particularly in the accumulation of Aβ in the brain. We also discuss the role of the blood-brain barrier in sleep restriction with an emphasis on the transport of metabolic signals into the brain and Aβ clearance. This review presents the unexplored possibility that the alteration of peripheral metabolic signals induced by sleep restriction, especially insulin resistance, is responsible for cognitive deficit and, subsequently, implicated in AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Enrique García-Aviles
- Area of Neurosciences, Biology of Reproduction Department, Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rebeca Méndez-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mara A Guzmán-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Cruz
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Hospital de Especialidades, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Natalí N Guerrero-Vargas
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Javier Velázquez-Moctezuma
- Area of Neurosciences, Biology of Reproduction Department, Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Hurtado-Alvarado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
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8
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Buijs RM, Hurtado-Alvarado G, Soto-Tinoco E. Vasopressin: An output signal from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to prepare physiology and behaviour for the resting phase. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12998. [PMID: 34189788 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vasopressin (VP) is an important hormone produced in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) with antidiuretic and vasoconstrictor functions in the periphery. As one of the first discovered peptide hormones, VP was also shown to act as a neurotransmitter, where VP is produced and released under the influence of various stimuli. VP is one of the core signals via which the biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), imposes its rhythm on its target structures and its production and release is influenced by the rhythm of clock genes and the light/dark cycle. This is contrasted with VP production and release from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the medial amygdala, which is influenced by gonadal hormones, as well as with VP originating from the PVN and SON, which is released in the neural lobe and central targets. The release of VP from the SCN signals the near arrival of the resting phase in rodents and prepares their physiology accordingly by down-modulating corticosterone secretion, the reproductive cycle and locomotor activity. All these circadian variables are regulated within very narrow boundaries at a specific time of the day, where day-to-day variation is less than 5% at any particular hour. However, the circadian peak values can be at least ten times higher than the circadian trough values, indicating the need for an elaborate feedback system to inform the SCN and other participating nuclei about the actual levels reached during the circadian cycle. In short, the interplay between SCN circadian output and peripheral feedback to the SCN is essential for the adequate organisation of all circadian rhythms in physiology and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud M Buijs
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Gabriela Hurtado-Alvarado
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Eva Soto-Tinoco
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
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9
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Medina-Flores F, Hurtado-Alvarado G, Contis-Montes de Oca A, López-Cervantes SP, Konigsberg M, Deli MA, Gómez-González B. Sleep loss disrupts pericyte-brain endothelial cell interactions impairing blood-brain barrier function. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:118-132. [PMID: 32485292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep loss in the rat increases blood-brain barrier permeability to circulating molecules by disrupting interendothelial tight junctions. Despite the description of the ultrastructure of cerebral microvessels and the evidence of an apparent pericyte detachment from capillary wall in sleep restricted rats the effect of sleep loss on pericytes is unknown. Here we characterized the interactions between pericytes and brain endothelial cells after sleep loss using male Wistar rats. Animals were sleep-restricted 20 h daily with 4 h sleep recovery for 10 days. At the end of the sleep restriction, brain microvessels (MVs) were isolated from cerebral cortex and hippocampus and processed for Western blot and immunocytochemistry to evaluate markers of pericyte-endothelial cell interaction (connexin 43, PDGFR-β), tight junction proteins, and proinflammatory mediator proteins (MMP9, A2A adenosine receptor, CD73, NFκB). Sleep restriction reduced PDGFR-β and connexin 43 expression in MVs; in addition, scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed that pericytes were detached from capillary walls, but did not undergo apoptosis (as depicted by a reduced active caspase-3 expression). Sleep restriction also decreased tight junction protein expression in MVs and increased BBB permeability to low- and high-molecular weight tracers in in vivo permeability assays. Those alterations seemed to depend on a low-grade inflammatory status as reflected by the increased expression of phosphorylated NFκB and A2A adenosine receptor in brain endothelial cells from the sleep-restricted rats. Our data show that pericyte-brain endothelial cell interaction is altered by sleep restriction; this evidence is essential to understand the role of sleep in regulating blood-brain barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Medina-Flores
- Area of Neurosciences, Dept. Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico; Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Hurtado-Alvarado
- Area of Neurosciences, Dept. Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Contis-Montes de Oca
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Iztacala, Optometría, Mexico
| | - Stefanie Paola López-Cervantes
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico; Laboratorio de Bioenergética y Envejecimiento Celular, Dept. Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Mina Konigsberg
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y Envejecimiento Celular, Dept. Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico D.F., Mexico.
| | - Maria A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Beatriz Gómez-González
- Area of Neurosciences, Dept. Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.
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10
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Alvarez-Herrera S, Escamilla R, Medina-Contreras O, Saracco R, Flores Y, Hurtado-Alvarado G, Maldonado-García JL, Becerril-Villanueva E, Pérez-Sánchez G, Pavón L. Immunoendocrine Peripheral Effects Induced by Atypical Antipsychotics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:195. [PMID: 32373066 PMCID: PMC7186385 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotics (AAP) or second-generation antipsychotics are the clinical option for schizophrenia treatment during acute psychoses, but they are also indicated for maintenance during lifetime, even though they are being used for other psychiatric conditions in clinical practice such as affective disorders and autism spectrum disorder, among others. These drugs are differentiated from typical antipsychotics based on their clinical profile and are a better choice because they cause fewer side effects regarding extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Even though they provide clear therapeutic benefits, AAP induce peripheral effects that trigger phenotypic, functional, and systemic changes outside the Central Nervous System (CNS). Metabolic disease is frequently associated with AAP and significantly impacts the patient's quality of life. However, other peripheral changes of clinical relevance are present during AAP treatment, such as alterations in the immune and endocrine systems as well as the intestinal microbiome. These less studied alterations also have a significant impact in the patient's health status. This manuscript aims to revise the peripheral immunological, endocrine, and intestinal microbiome changes induced by AAP consumption recommended in the clinical guidelines for schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Alvarez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Raúl Escamilla
- Clínica de Esquizofrenia, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Oscar Medina-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Saracco
- Clínica de Esquizofrenia, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yvonne Flores
- Clínica de Esquizofrenia, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Hurtado-Alvarado
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Luis Maldonado-García
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Enrique Becerril-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Lenin Pavón
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Lenin Pavón
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11
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Pérez-Morales M, Hurtado-Alvarado G, Morales-Hernández I, Gómez-González B, Domínguez-Salazar E, Velázquez-Moctezuma J. Postnatal overnutrition alters the orexigenic effects of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and reduces MCHR1 hypothalamic expression on spontaneous feeding and fasting. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 175:53-61. [PMID: 30196088 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the approaches to induce obesity in rodents consists in reducing litter size to 3 pups during the lactation period. Animals submitted to this manipulation are heavier, hyperphagic and develop several metabolic diseases for the rest of their lives. In the present study, under the premise that melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), an orexigenic peptide synthesized by neurons of the lateral hypothalamus, is involved in food intake regulation, we aimed to measure the hypothalamic expression of its receptor, MCHR1, in adult early overfed obese animals and normoweight controls at both ad libitum and food deprived conditions. Additionally, we administered MCH, or an antiMCH antibody, into the third ventricle of ad libitum-fed rats, or fasted rats, respectively, and evaluated chow consumption. Typical nocturnal hyperphagia in rodents was elevated in obese animals compared to normoweight controls, accompanied by a lower expression of MCHR1 and leptin receptor (Ob-R). Following a 24 h fasting, MCHR1 remained lower in SL rats. After 4 h of re-feeding, obese animals ate more than normoweight controls. MCH failed to enhance appetite in early overfed obese animals and immunoneutralization of the peptide only reduced fasted induced-hyperphagia in normoweight controls. These results support the notion that both peptide and brain endogenous MCH exert a physiological relevant action in food intake regulation in normoweight rats, but that postnatal overnutrition disturbs this system, as reflected by MCHR1 downregulation at both ad libitum and fasted conditions and in the lack of response to MCH in both positive- and negative-energetic states in early overfed obese animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Pérez-Morales
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México City, México.
| | - Gabriela Hurtado-Alvarado
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México City, México
| | - Itzel Morales-Hernández
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México City, México
| | - Beatriz Gómez-González
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México City, México.
| | - Emilio Domínguez-Salazar
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México City, México
| | - Javier Velázquez-Moctezuma
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México City, México.
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12
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Hurtado-Alvarado G, Becerril-Villanueva E, Contis-Montes de Oca A, Domínguez-Salazar E, Salinas-Jazmín N, Pérez-Tapia SM, Pavon L, Velázquez-Moctezuma J, Gómez-González B. The yin/yang of inflammatory status: Blood-brain barrier regulation during sleep. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:154-166. [PMID: 29154957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep loss induces a low-grade inflammatory status characterized by a subtle but sustained increase of pro-inflammatory mediators, which are key regulators of blood-brain barrier function. To investigate the influence of inflammatory status on blood-brain barrier dysfunction induced by sleep restriction we performed an experiment using two strains of mice with different immunological backgrounds, C57BL/6 mice that have a predominant pro-inflammatory response and BALB/c mice that have a predominant anti-inflammatory response. Mice were sleep-restricted during 10 days using the flowerpot technique during 20 h per day with 4 h of daily sleep opportunity. The systemic inflammatory status, blood-brain barrier permeability, and the hippocampal expression of neuroinflammatory markers were characterized at the 10th day. Serum levels of TNF and IFN-γ increased in sleep-restricted C57BL/6 but not in BALB/c mice; no changes in other cytokines were found. Sleep restriction increased blood-brain barrier permeability in C57BL/6 strain but not in BALB/c. The hippocampus of sleep-restricted C57BL/6 mice exhibited an increase in the expression of the neuroinflammatory markers Iba-1, A2A adenosine receptor, and MMP-9; meanwhile in sleep-restricted BALB/c mice the expression of this markers was lesser than the control group. These data suggest that cytokines may be playing a key role in modulating blood-brain barrier function during sleep restriction, and probably the effects are related to Iba-1, MMP-9 and A2A adenosine receptor overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hurtado-Alvarado
- Area of Neurosciences, Dept. Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E Becerril-Villanueva
- Dept. Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry, "Ramón de la Fuente", Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - E Domínguez-Salazar
- Area of Neurosciences, Dept. Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - N Salinas-Jazmín
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - S M Pérez-Tapia
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Dept. Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L Pavon
- Dept. Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry, "Ramón de la Fuente", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Velázquez-Moctezuma
- Area of Neurosciences, Dept. Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - B Gómez-González
- Area of Neurosciences, Dept. Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.
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13
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Hurtado-Alvarado G, Velázquez-Moctezuma J, Gómez-González B. Chronic sleep restriction disrupts interendothelial junctions in the hippocampus and increases blood-brain barrier permeability. J Microsc 2017; 268:28-38. [PMID: 28543440 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic sleep loss in the rat increases blood-brain barrier permeability to Evans blue and FITC-dextrans in almost the whole brain and sleep recovery during short periods restores normal blood-brain barrier permeability. Sleep loss increases vesicle density in hippocampal endothelial cells and decreases tight junction protein expression. However, at the ultrastructural level the effect of chronic sleep loss on interendothelial junctions is unknown. In this study we characterised the ultrastructure of interendothelial junctions in the hippocampus, the expression of tight junction proteins, and quantified blood-brain barrier permeability to fluorescein-sodium after chronic sleep restriction. Male Wistar rats were sleep restricted using the modified multiple platform method during 10 days, with a daily schedule of 20-h sleep deprivation plus 4-h sleep recovery at their home-cages. At the 10th day hippocampal samples were obtained immediately at the end of the 20-h sleep deprivation period, and after 40 and 120 min of sleep recovery. Samples were processed for transmission electron microscopy and western blot. Chronic sleep restriction increased blood-brain barrier permeability to fluorescein-sodium, and decreased interendothelial junction complexity by increasing the frequency of less mature end-to-end and simply overlap junctions, even after sleep recovery, as compared to intact controls. Chronic sleep loss also induced the formation of clefts between narrow zones of adjacent endothelial cell membranes in the hippocampus. The expression of claudin-5 and actin decreased after chronic sleep loss as compared to intact animals. Therefore, it seems that chronic sleep loss disrupts interendothelial junctions that leads to blood-brain barrier hyperpermeability in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hurtado-Alvarado
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Velázquez-Moctezuma
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - B Gómez-González
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
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14
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Hurtado-Alvarado G, Domínguez-Salazar E, Velázquez-Moctezuma J, Gómez-González B. A2A Adenosine Receptor Antagonism Reverts the Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction Induced by Sleep Restriction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167236. [PMID: 27893847 PMCID: PMC5125701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic sleep restriction induces blood-brain barrier disruption and increases pro-inflammatory mediators in rodents. Those inflammatory mediators may modulate the blood-brain barrier and constitute a link between sleep loss and blood-brain barrier physiology. We propose that adenosine action on its A2A receptor may be modulating the blood-brain barrier dynamics in sleep-restricted rats. We administrated a selective A2A adenosine receptor antagonist (SCH58261) in sleep-restricted rats at the 10th day of sleep restriction and evaluated the blood-brain barrier permeability to dextrans coupled to fluorescein (FITC-dextrans) and Evans blue. In addition, we evaluated by western blot the expression of tight junction proteins (claudin-5, occludin, ZO-1), adherens junction protein (E-cadherin), A2A adenosine receptor, adenosine-synthesizing enzyme (CD73), and neuroinflammatory markers (Iba-1 and GFAP) in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal nuclei and cerebellar vermis. Sleep restriction increased blood-brain barrier permeability to FITC-dextrans and Evans blue, and the effect was reverted by the administration of SCH58261 in almost all brain regions, excluding the cerebellum. Sleep restriction increased the expression of A2A adenosine receptor only in the hippocampus and basal nuclei without changing the expression of CD73 in all brain regions. Sleep restriction reduced the expression of tight junction proteins in all brain regions, except in the cerebellum; and SCH58261 restored the levels of tight junction proteins in the cortex, hippocampus and basal nuclei. Finally, sleep restriction induced GFAP and Iba-1 overexpression that was attenuated with the administration of SCH58261. These data suggest that the action of adenosine on its A2A receptor may have a crucial role in blood-brain barrier dysfunction during sleep loss probably by direct modulation of brain endothelial cell permeability or through a mechanism that involves gliosis with subsequent inflammation and increased blood-brain barrier permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hurtado-Alvarado
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
- Postgraduate Program in Experimental Biology, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emilio Domínguez-Salazar
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Velázquez-Moctezuma
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Gómez-González
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail: ,
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15
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Abstract
The premise that the central nervous system is immune-privileged arose from the fact that direct contact between immune and nervous cells is hindered by the blood-brain barrier. However, the blood-brain barrier also comprises the interface between the immune and nervous systems by secreting chemo-attractant molecules and by modulating immune cell entry into the brain. The majority of published studies on the blood-brain barrier focus on endothelial cells (ECs), which are a critical component, but not the only one; other cellular components include astroglia, microglia, and pericytes. Pericytes are poorly studied in comparison with astrocytes or ECs; they are mesenchymal cells that can modify their ultrastructure and gene expression in response to changes in the central nervous system microenvironment. Pericytes have a unique synergistic relationship with brain ECs in the regulation of capillary permeability through secretion of cytokines, chemokines, nitric oxide, matrix metalloproteinases, and by means of capillary contraction. Those pericyte manifestations are related to changes in blood-brain barrier permeability by an increase in endocytosis-mediated transport and by tight junction disruption. In addition, recent reports demonstrate that pericytes control the migration of leukocytes in response to inflammatory mediators by up-regulating the expression of adhesion molecules and releasing chemo-attractants; however, under physiological conditions they appear to be immune-suppressors. Better understanding of the immune properties of pericytes and their participation in the effects of brain infections, neurodegenerative diseases, and sleep loss will be achieved by analyzing pericyte ultrastructure, capillary coverage, and protein expression. That knowledge may provide a mechanism by which pericytes participate in the maintenance of the proper function of the brain-immune interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beatriz Gómez-Gónzalez
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, Unidad Iztapalapa, Universidad Autónoma MetropolitanaMexico City, Mexico
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16
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Hurtado-Alvarado G, Pavón L, Castillo-García SA, Hernández ME, Domínguez-Salazar E, Velázquez-Moctezuma J, Gómez-González B. Sleep loss as a factor to induce cellular and molecular inflammatory variations. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:801341. [PMID: 24367384 PMCID: PMC3866883 DOI: 10.1155/2013/801341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A reduction in the amount of time spent sleeping occurs chronically in modern society. Clinical and experimental studies in humans and animal models have shown that immune function is impaired when sleep loss is experienced. Sleep loss exerts a strong regulatory influence on peripheral levels of inflammatory mediators of the immune response. An increasing number of research projects support the existence of reciprocal regulation between sleep and low-intensity inflammatory response. Recent studies show that sleep deficient humans and rodents exhibit a proinflammatory component; therefore, sleep loss is considered as a risk factor for developing cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis). Circulating levels of proinflammatory mediators depend on the intensity and duration of the method employed to induce sleep loss. Recognizing the fact that the concentration of proinflammatory mediators is different between acute and chronic sleep-loss may expand the understanding of the relationship between sleep and the immune response. The aim of this review is to integrate data from recent published reports (2002-2013) on the effects of sleep loss on the immune response. This review may allow readers to have an integrated view of the mechanisms involved in central and peripheral deficits induced by sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hurtado-Alvarado
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lenin Pavón
- Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry, “Ramón de la Fuente”, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Stephanie Ariadne Castillo-García
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia Hernández
- Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry, “Ramón de la Fuente”, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Emilio Domínguez-Salazar
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Velázquez-Moctezuma
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Gómez-González
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Gomez-Gonzalez B, Hurtado-Alvarado G, Esqueda-Leon E, Santana- Miranda R, Rojas-Zamorano J, Velazquez-Moctezuma J. REM Sleep Loss and Recovery Regulates Blood-Brain Barrier Function. Curr Neurovasc Res 2013; 10:197-207. [DOI: 10.2174/15672026113109990002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gómez-González B, Domínguez-Salazar E, Hurtado-Alvarado G, Esqueda-Leon E, Santana-Miranda R, Rojas-Zamorano JA, Velázquez-Moctezuma J. Role of sleep in the regulation of the immune system and the pituitary hormones. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1261:97-106. [PMID: 22823399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is characterized by a reduced response to external stimuli and a particular form of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. Sleep is divided into two stages: REM sleep, characterized by muscle atonia, rapid eye movements, and EEG activity similar to wakefulness, and non-REM sleep, characterized by slow EEG activity. Around 80% of total sleep time is non-REM. Although it has been intensely studied for decades, the function (or functions) of sleep remains elusive. Sleep is a highly regulated state; some brain regions and several hormones and cytokines participate in sleep regulation. This mini-review focuses on how pituitary hormones and cytokines regulate or affect sleep and how sleep modifies the plasma concentration of hormones as well as cytokines. Also, we review the effects of hypophysectomy and some autoimmune diseases on sleep pattern. Finally, we propose that one of the functions of sleep is to maintain the integrity of the neuro-immune-endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Gómez-González
- Department of Biology of Reproduction and Sleep Disorders Clinic, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Federal District, Mexico
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