Capturing and concentrating adenovirus using magnetic anionic nanobeads

Modern Techniques for the Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles and Viruses

Extracellular signaling is pivotal to maintain organismal homeostasis. A quickly emerging field of interest within extracellular signaling is the study of extracellular vesicles (EV), which act as messaging vehicles for nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, lipids, etc. from donor cells to recipient cells. This transfer of biologically active material within a vesicular body is similar to the infection of a cell through a virus particle, which transfers genetic material from one cell to another to preserve an infection state, and viruses are known to modulate EV. Although considerable heterogeneity exists within EV and viruses, this review focuses on those that are small (< 200 nm in diameter) and of relatively low density (< 1.3 g/mL). A multitude of isolation methods for EV and virus particles exist. In this review, we present an update on methods for their isolation, purification, and phenotypic characterization. We hope that the information we provide will be of use to basic science and clinical investigators, as well as biotechnologists in this emerging field. Graphical Abstract.

Modern Techniques for the Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles and Viruses

Extracellular signaling is pivotal to maintain organismal homeostasis. A quickly emerging field of interest within extracellular signaling is the study of extracellular vesicles (EV), which act as messaging vehicles for nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, lipids, etc. from donor cells to recipient cells. This transfer of biologically active material within a vesicular body is similar to the infection of a cell through a virus particle, which transfers genetic material from one cell to another to preserve an infection state, and viruses are known to modulate EV. Although considerable heterogeneity exists within EV and viruses, this review focuses on those that are small (< 200 nm in diameter) and of relatively low density (< 1.3 g/mL). A multitude of isolation methods for EV and virus particles exist. In this review, we present an update on methods for their isolation, purification, and phenotypic characterization. We hope that the information we provide will be of use to basic science and clinical investigators, as well as biotechnologists in this emerging field. Graphical Abstract.

Rapid capture and detection of ostreid herpesvirus-1 from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and seawater using magnetic beads

Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) has been involved in mass mortality episodes of Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas throughout the world, causing important economic losses to the aquaculture industry. In the present study, magnetic beads (MBs) coated with an anionic polymer were used to capture viable OsHV-1 from two types of naturally infected matrix: oyster homogenate and seawater. Adsorption of the virus on the MBs and characterisation of the MB-virus conjugates was demonstrated by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). To study the infective capacity of the captured virus, MB-virus conjugates were injected in the adductor muscle of naïve spat oysters, using oyster homogenate and seawater without MBs as positive controls, and bare MBs and sterile water as negative controls. Mortalities were induced after injection with MB-virus conjugates and in positive controls, whereas no mortalities were recorded in negative controls. Subsequent OsHV-1 DNA and RNA analysis of the oysters by qPCR and reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR), respectively, confirmed that the virus was the responsible for the mortality event and the ability of the MBs to capture viable viral particles. The capture of viable OsHV-1 using MBs is a rapid and easy isolation method and a promising tool, combined with qPCR, to be applied to OsHV-1 detection in aquaculture facilities.

Crucial roles of reactive chemical species in modification of respiratory syncytial virus by nitrogen gas plasma

The exact mechanisms by which nanoparticles, especially those composed of soft materials, are modified by gas plasma remain unclear. Here, we used respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which has a diameter of 80-350nm, as a model system to identify important factors for gas plasma modification of nanoparticles composed of soft materials. Nitrogen gas plasma, generated by applying a short high-voltage pulse using a static induction (SI) thyristor power supply produced reactive chemical species (RCS) and caused virus inactivation. The plasma treatment altered the viral genomic RNA, while treatment with a relatively low concentration of hydrogen peroxide, which is a neutral chemical species among RCS, effectively inactivated the virus. Furthermore, a zero dimensional kinetic global model of the reaction scheme during gas plasma generation identified the production of various RCS, including neutral chemical species. Our findings suggest the nitrogen gas plasma generates RCS, including neutral species that damage the viral genomic RNA, leading to virus inactivation. Thus, RCS generated by gas plasma appears to be crucial for virus inactivation, suggesting this may constitute an important factor in terms of the efficient modification of nanoparticles composed of soft materials.

Nitrogen Gas Plasma Generated by a Static Induction Thyristor as a Pulsed Power Supply Inactivates Adenovirus

Adenovirus is one of the most important causative agents of iatrogenic infections derived from contaminated medical devices or finger contact. In this study, we investigated whether nitrogen gas plasma, generated by applying a short high-voltage pulse to nitrogen using a static induction thyristor power supply (1.5 kilo pulse per second), exhibited a virucidal effect against adenoviruses. Viral titer was reduced by one log within 0.94 min. Results from detection of viral capsid proteins, hexon and penton, by Western blotting and immunochromatography were unaffected by the plasma treatment. In contrast, analysis using the polymerase chain reaction suggested that plasma treatment damages the viral genomic DNA. Reactive chemical products (hydrogen peroxide, nitrate, and nitrite), ultraviolet light (UV-A) and slight temperature elevations were observed during the operation of the gas plasma device. Viral titer versus intensity of each potential virucidal factor were used to identify the primary mechanism of disinfection of adenovirus. Although exposure to equivalent levels of UV-A or heat treatment did not inactivate adenovirus, treatment with a relatively low concentration of hydrogen peroxide efficiently inactivated the virus. Our results suggest the nitrogen gas plasma generates reactive chemical products that inactivate adenovirus by damaging the viral genomic DNA.

Capture of dengue viruses using antibody-integrated graphite-encapsulated magnetic beads produced using gas plasma technology

Despite significant advances in medicine, global health is threatened by emerging infectious diseases caused by a number of viruses. Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne virus, which can be transmitted to humans via mosquito vectors. Previously, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan reported the country's first domestically acquired case of dengue fever for almost 70 years. To address this issue, it is important to develop novel technologies for the sensitive detection of DENV. The present study reported on the development of plasma-functionalized, graphite-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles (GrMNPs) conjugated with anti-DENV antibody for DENV capture. Radiofrequency wave-excited inductively-coupled Ar and ammonia gas plasmas were used to introduce amino groups onto the surface of the GrMNPs. The GrMNPs were then conjugated with an antibody against DENV, and the antibody-integrated magnetic beads were assessed for their ability to capture DENV. Beads incubated in a cell culture medium of DENV-infected mosquito cells were separated from the supernatant by applying a magnetic field and were then washed. The adsorption of DENV serotypes 1–4 onto the beads was confirmed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, which detected the presence of DENV genomic RNA on the GrMNPs. The methodology described in the present study, which employed the plasma-functionalization of GrMNPs to enable antibody-integration, represents a significant improvement in the detection of DENV.