1
|
Tomczyk MM, Boncel S, Herman A, Krawczyk T, Jakóbik-Kolon A, Pawlyta M, Krzywiecki M, Chrobak A, Minoshima M, Sugihara F, Kikuchi K, Kuźnik N. Oxygen Functional Groups on MWCNT Surface as Critical Factor Boosting T2 Relaxation Rate of Water Protons: Towards Improved CNT-Based Contrast Agents. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:7433-7450. [PMID: 33116480 PMCID: PMC7547780 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s257230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Salicyl (Sal) - among other oxygen functionalities - multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and their nanohybrids are investigated as promising contrast agents (CA) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or drug delivery platforms, due to their unique properties. The preliminary results and the literature reports were the motivation to endow high r2 relaxivities, excellent dispersibility in water, and biocompatibility to superparamagnetic MWCNTs nanohybrids. It was hypothesized that these goals could be achieved by, not described in the literature yet, two-stage oxygen functionalization of MWCNTs. RESULTS Two structurally different MWCNT materials differing in diameters (44 and 12 nm) and the iron content (4.7% and 0.5%) are studied toward the functionalization effect on the T2 relaxometric properties. MWCNT oxidation is typically the first step of functionalization resulting in "first generation" oxygen functional groups (OFGs) on the surface. Until now, the impact of OFGs on the relaxivity of MWCNT was not truly recognized, but this study sheds light on this issue. By follow-up functionalization of oxidized MWCNT with 4-azidosalicylic acid through [2+1] cycloaddition of the corresponding nitrene, "second generation" of oxygen functional groups is grafted onto the nanohybrid, ie, Sal functionality. CONCLUSION The introduced OFGs are responsible for an almost 30% increase in the relaxivity, which leads to remarkable r2 relaxivity of 951 mM-1s-1 (419 (mg/mL)-1s-1), the unprecedented value reported to date for this class of CAs. Also, the resulting nanohybrids express low cytotoxicity and superb diffusion after subcutaneous injection to a mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sławomir Boncel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Artur Herman
- Department of Semiconductor Materials Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Krawczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | | | - Mirosława Pawlyta
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Maciej Krzywiecki
- Institute of Physics – Center for Science and Education, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Artur Chrobak
- August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | | | - Kazuya Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nikodem Kuźnik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao Y. Carbon Nano-Allotrope/Magnetic Nanoparticle Hybrid Nanomaterials as T2 Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Applications. J Funct Biomater 2018; 9:E16. [PMID: 29415438 PMCID: PMC5872102 DOI: 10.3390/jfb9010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most powerful tool for deep penetration and high-quality 3D imaging of tissues with anatomical details. However, the sensitivity of the MRI technique is not as good as that of the radioactive or optical imaging methods. Carbon-based nanomaterials have attracted significant attention in biomaterial research in recent decades due to their unique physical properties, versatile functionalization chemistry, as well as excellent biological compatibility. Researchers have employed various carbon nano-allotropes to develop hybrid MRI contrast agents for improved sensitivity. This review summarizes the new research progresses in carbon-based hybrid MRI contrast agents, especially those reported in the past five years. The review will only focus on T2-weighted MRI agents and will be categorized by the different carbon allotrope types and magnetic components. Considering the strong trend in recent bio-nanotechnology research towards multifunctional diagnosis and therapy, carbon-based MRI contrast agents integrated with other imaging modalities or therapeutic functions are also covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kuźnik N, Tomczyk MM. Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:1086-103. [PMID: 27547627 PMCID: PMC4979685 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most commonly used tomography techniques in medical diagnosis due to the non-invasive character, the high spatial resolution and the possibility of soft tissue imaging. Contrast agents, such as gadolinium complexes and superparamagnetic iron oxides, are administered to spotlight certain organs and their pathologies. Many new models have been proposed that reduce side effects and required doses of these already clinically approved contrast agents. These new candidates often possess additional functionalities, e.g., the possibility of bioactivation upon action of particular stimuli, thus serving as smart molecular probes, or the coupling with therapeutic agents and therefore combining both a diagnostic and therapeutic role. Nanomaterials have been found to be an excellent scaffold for contrast agents, among which carbon nanotubes offer vast possibilities. The morphology of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), their magnetic and electronic properties, the possibility of different functionalization and the potential to penetrate cell membranes result in a unique and very attractive candidate for a new MRI contrast agent. In this review we describe the different issues connected with MWCNT hybrids designed for MRI contrast agents, i.e., their synthesis and magnetic and dispersion properties, as well as both in vitro and in vivo behavior, which is important for diagnostic purposes. An introduction to MRI contrast agent theory is elaborated here in order to point to the specific expectations regarding nanomaterials. Finally, we propose a promising, general model of MWCNTs as MRI contrast agent candidates based on the studies presented here and supported by appropriate theories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikodem Kuźnik
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Michał Tomczyk
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Boncel S, Herman AP, Budniok S, Jędrysiak RG, Jakóbik-Kolon A, Skepper JN, Müller KH. In Vitro Targeting and Selective Killing of T47D Breast Cancer Cells by Purpurin and 5-Fluorouracil Anchored to Magnetic CNTs: Nitrene-Based Functionalization versus Uptake, Cytotoxicity, and Intracellular Fate. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:1273-1285. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Boncel
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | - Artur P. Herman
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | - Sebastian Budniok
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | - Rafał G. Jędrysiak
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | - Agata Jakóbik-Kolon
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry,
Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego
6, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | - Jeremy N. Skepper
- Cambridge
Advanced Imaging Centre, Department of Physiology, Development and
Neuroscience, Anatomy Building, University of Cambridge, Downing
Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Karin H. Müller
- Cambridge
Advanced Imaging Centre, Department of Physiology, Development and
Neuroscience, Anatomy Building, University of Cambridge, Downing
Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Giannakou C, Park MV, de Jong WH, van Loveren H, Vandebriel RJ, Geertsma RE. A comparison of immunotoxic effects of nanomedicinal products with regulatory immunotoxicity testing requirements. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:2935-52. [PMID: 27382281 PMCID: PMC4922791 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s102385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) are attractive for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications because of their unique physicochemical and biological properties. A major application area of NMs is drug delivery. Many nanomedicinal products (NMPs) currently on the market or in clinical trials are most often based on liposomal products or polymer conjugates. NMPs can be designed to target specific tissues, eg, tumors. In virtually all cases, NMPs will eventually reach the immune system. It has been shown that most NMs end up in organs of the mononuclear phagocytic system, notably liver and spleen. Adverse immune effects, including allergy, hypersensitivity, and immunosuppression, have been reported after NMP administration. Interactions of NMPs with the immune system may therefore constitute important side effects. Currently, no regulatory documents are specifically dedicated to evaluate the immunotoxicity of NMs or NMPs. Their immunotoxicity assessment is performed based on existing guidelines for conventional substances or medicinal products. Due to the unique properties of NMPs when compared with conventional medicinal products, it is uncertain whether the currently prescribed set of tests provides sufficient information for an adequate evaluation of potential immunotoxicity of NMPs. The aim of this study was therefore, to compare the current regulatory immunotoxicity testing requirements with the accumulating knowledge on immunotoxic effects of NMPs in order to identify potential gaps in the safety assessment. This comparison showed that immunotoxic effects, such as complement activation-related pseudoallergy, myelosuppression, inflammasome activation, and hypersensitivity, are not readily detected by using current testing guidelines. Immunotoxicity of NMPs would be more accurately evaluated by an expanded testing strategy that is equipped to stratify applicable testing for the various types of NMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Giannakou
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Margriet Vdz Park
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven
| | - Wim H de Jong
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven
| | - Henk van Loveren
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven
| | - Robert E Geertsma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven
| |
Collapse
|