Qualitative assessment of knowledge transfer regarding preterm birth in Malawi following the implementation of targeted health messages over 3 years

A cluster randomized trial of xylitol chewing gum for prevention of preterm birth: The PPaX trial

BACKGROUND

Maternal periodontal disease is associated with preterm and low-birthweight deliveries, but randomized trials of likely efficacious treatments (e.g., dental scaling and root planing) during pregnancy have not reduced these adverse outcomes. As an alternative, we hypothesized that periconception initiation of xylitol chewing gum would reduce the occurrence of preterm or low-birthweight deliveries among a historical high-prevalence population in Malawi.

METHODS

We conducted an open-label, parallel-enrollment, matched-pair, cluster-randomized, controlled clinical trial across eight health centers (sites) in and around Lilongwe, Malawi. Sites were paired by anticipated delivery volume and randomized to prenatal and oral health education alone (active control) or with twice-daily xylitol chewing gum (intervention) throughout the periconception and antenatal periods. For the primary prevention of preterm (<37 weeks) and low-birthweight (<2,500 g) deliveries (co-primary outcomes), comparison by allocation group was performed using generalized linear mixed models for each outcome as a fixed factor and the site(s) as a random factor.

FINDINGS

10,069 participants were enrolled (n = 4,549 at intervention sites, n = 5,520 at active control sites), with >95% available for analyses. Initiation of xylitol chewing gum resulted in significant reductions in the co-primary outcomes: preterm birth (12.6% [549/4,349] vs. 16.5% [878/5,321]; relative risk [RR] 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57-0.99) and <2,500-g neonates (8.9% [385/4,305] vs. 12.9% [679/5,260]; RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.49-0.99). Xylitol chewing gum use also led to fewer neonatal demises (0.2% [8/4,305] vs. 0.4% [22/5,260]; RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.19-0.89).

CONCLUSIONS

Periconception initiation and ongoing use of xylitol chewing gum significantly reduced the occurrence of preterm and low-birthweight deliveries in Malawi.

FUNDING

E.W. Al Thrasher Foundation (to K.A.) and USAID Saving Lives at Birth Grand Challenges Grant AID-OAA-G-11-00062 (to K.A.). Additional financial and in-kind support was graciously provided by Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor Foundation Malawi.

Community perceptions and experiences on caring for the premature babies in Arba Minch health and demographic surveillance site, southern Ethiopia: Interpretive Husserlian phenomenological study

INTRODUCTION

Premature birth is the leading cause of under-5 child mortality, accounting for 18%. More attention is needed for premature babies. Myths, misconceptions, and negative attitudes stigmatize premature births and slow prevention and care efforts. In Ethiopia, studies have been conducted on premature birth and its risk factors. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the perceived causes of premature birth, caring aspects, and community challenges. This qualitative study aims to address these research gaps.

METHODS

This interpretive Husserlian phenomenological study was conducted from January 1-30, 2022. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 32 participants for focus group discussions and 10 participants for in-depth interviews. Participants included women, grandmothers, grandfathers, men, traditional birth attendants, and traditional healers. Interview and focus group data were analyzed using NVivo 12 Plus software and a thematic content analysis approach.

RESULTS

In this study, the participants recognized premature babies by physical features such as transparent and bloody bodies, small and weak bodies, a limited range of motion, and bizarre behaviors. They perceived the causes of premature birth to be being young, carrying heavily loaded materials, accidents, illnesses, sin, social influence, and witchcraft. Participants provide warmth to premature babies by wearing cotton wool, making skin-to-skin contact, exposing to sunlight, and wrapping them in clothes. They also feed them boiled alcohol, muk, and formula, as well as fresh cow milk and butter. They frequently bathe the babies, wash and change their clothes, limit visits, and provide physical protection. The main challenges that the women faced were difficulty feeding and bathing the babies, limited social participation, psychosocial and economic impact, spirituality, and husband negligence.

CONCLUSIONS

The community has a gap in providing care for premature babies, and women with premature babies face many challenges. Therefore, we need to raise awareness of accurate information about the causes and care of premature babies, and we need to support women who have premature babies.

Factors influencing appropriate use of interventions for management of women experiencing preterm birth: A mixed-methods systematic review and narrative synthesis

BACKGROUND

Preterm birth-related complications are the leading cause of death in newborns and children under 5. Health outcomes of preterm newborns can be improved with appropriate use of antenatal corticosteroids (ACSs) to promote fetal lung maturity, tocolytics to delay birth, magnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection, and antibiotics for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes. However, there are wide disparities in the rate and consistency in the use of these interventions across settings, which may underlie the differential health outcomes among preterm newborns. We aimed to assess factors (barriers and facilitators) affecting the appropriate use of ACS, tocolytics, magnesium sulphate, and antibiotics to improve preterm birth management.

METHODS AND FINDINGS

We conducted a mixed-methods systematic review including primary qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods studies. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Global Health, and grey literature from inception to 16 May 2022. Eligible studies explored perspectives of women, partners, or community members who experienced preterm birth or were at risk of preterm birth and/or received any of the 4 interventions, health workers providing maternity and newborn care, and other stakeholders involved in maternal care (e.g., facility managers, policymakers). We used an iterative narrative synthesis approach to analysis, assessed methodological limitations using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, and assessed confidence in each qualitative review finding using the GRADE-CERQual approach. Behaviour change models (Theoretical Domains Framework; Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation (COM-B)) were used to map barriers and facilitators affecting appropriate use of these interventions. We included 46 studies from 32 countries, describing factors affecting use of ACS (32/46 studies), tocolytics (13/46 studies), magnesium sulphate (9/46 studies), and antibiotics (5/46 studies). We identified a range of barriers influencing appropriate use of the 4 interventions globally, which include the following: inaccurate gestational age assessment, inconsistent guidelines, varied knowledge, perceived risks and benefits, perceived uncertainties and constraints in administration, confusion around prescribing and administering authority, and inadequate stock, human resources, and labour and newborn care. Women reported hesitancy in accepting interventions, as they typically learned about them during emergencies. Most included studies were from high-income countries (37/46 studies), which may affect the transferability of these findings to low- or middle-income settings.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, we identified critical factors affecting implementation of 4 interventions to improve preterm birth management globally. Policymakers and implementers can consider these barriers and facilitators when formulating policies and planning implementation or scale-up of these interventions. Study findings can inform clinical preterm birth guidelines and implementation to ensure that barriers are addressed, and enablers are reinforced to ensure these interventions are widely available and appropriately used globally.

Existing barriers to utilization of health services for maternal and newborn care in rural Western Kenya

BACKGROUND

Understanding the existing barriers to utilization of maternal and newborn health care services can inform improvement of care services in the rural settings in sub-Saharan Africa. However, how unintended pregnancy relates to the uptake of antenatal care (ANC) services and also how gaps in the role of the community health workers and health facilities affect maternal and newborn care and referral services are poorly understood.

METHODS

This was a formative ethnographic study design to determine barriers to the utilization of health care services for maternal and newborns in rural Western Kenya. We interviewed 45 respondents through in-depth interviews in rural Bondo Sub- County, Western Kenya: Mothers and Fathers with children under 5 years), 2 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with Traditional Birth Attendants (TBA), and 2 FGDs with Skilled Birth Attendants (SBAs). The data were analyzed using Atlas-ti.

RESULTS

We found that unintended pregnancy results into poor uptake of antenatal care (ANC) services due to limited knowledge and poor support system. The respondents appreciated the role of community health workers but poor government infrastructure exists. Also, perceived harshness of the health care providers, poor management of high-risk pregnancies, and unavailability of supplies and equipment at the health facilities are of concern.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this study highlight barriers to the utilization of maternal and newborn services that if addressed can improve the quality of care within and outside health facilities.

Identification of the correlations between interleukin-27 (IL-27) and immune-inflammatory imbalance in preterm birth

Preterm birth (PTB) is an immune-inflammatory disease that needs to be resolved. This study aimed to identify the role of interleukin-27 (IL-27), an immunomodulatory factor, in PTB and its associated mechanisms. Here, we analyzed the high-throughput of samples data from the maternal-fetal interface to the peripheral circulation obtained from public databases and reported that the elevated IL-27 was involved with the onset of PTB. Further bioinformatics analyses (e.g. GeneMANIA and GSEA) revealed that IL-27 overexpression in the peripheral circulation as well as maternal-fetal interface is related to the activation of the immune-inflammatory process represented by IFN-γ signaling, etc. In addition, IL-27 and immune infiltration correlation analysis demonstrated that IL-27 mediates this immune-inflammatory imbalance, plausibly mainly through monocyte-macrophage and neutrophils. This finding was further validated by analyzing additional datasets. Overall, this is the first study to elaborate on the role of IL-27-mediated immuno-inflammation in PTB from the perspective of bioinformatics, which may provide a novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of PTB.

Prematurity-related knowledge among mothers and fathers of very preterm infants

OBJECTIVE

Empowering parents as health promoters may contribute to decrease the costs associated with prematurity. In Portugal, 8% and 1% of the births occurring in 2018 were preterm and very preterm, respectively. This study aimed to assess prematurity-related knowledge with regard to its prevalence, causes and consequences, according to sociodemographic, obstetric and offspring's characteristics, among mothers and fathers of very preterm infants.

METHODS

Between May and July 2017, mothers and fathers of very preterm infants were invited to participate through the Portuguese association of parents for support to the premature baby, with 196 parents being included. Knowledge on prematurity (prevalence, causes and consequences) was collected through a structured online questionnaire. Reporting of this research follows STROBE guidelines for cross-sectional studies.

RESULTS

Parents estimated a median prevalence of preterm and of very preterm delivery in Portugal of 15% and 8%, respectively. However, approximately 20% did not provide an estimate. More than 90% of the participants acknowledged placental complications, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, multiple pregnancy and intrauterine growth restriction as causes of preterm delivery, whereas only 24.2% identified low socioeconomic status. Cardiac complications and respiratory morbidity were recognised as the main consequences of prematurity by more than 80% of the parents. Overall, parents with a higher socioeconomic status tended to provide correct responses more frequently than those with a low socioeconomic status.

CONCLUSIONS

The results revealed the existence of knowledge gaps regarding the prevalence, causes and consequences of premature delivery. Understanding the main facilitators and barriers to the achievement of prematurity-related knowledge may contribute for the global improvement of preventing this condition.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

It is crucial to include the improvement of parents' knowledge about prematurity as a complementary dimension during the provision of medical care, with nurses playing a key role as main sources of information.

Population-Based Estimation of the Preterm Birth Rate in Lilongwe, Malawi: Making Every Birth Count

Objective  The objective of this study was to perform a population-based estimation of the preterm birth (PTB) rate in regions surrounding Lilongwe, Malawi. Study Design  We partnered with obstetrician specialists, community health workers, local midwives, and clinicians in a 50 km region surrounding Lilongwe, Malawi, to perform a population-based estimation of the PTB rate during the study period from December 1, 2012 to May 19, 2015. Results  Of the 14,792 births captured, 19.3% of births were preterm, including preterm early neonatal deaths. Additional PTB risk factors were similarly prevalent including domestic violence, HIV, malaria, anemia, and malnutrition. Conclusion  When performing a population-based estimation of the rate of PTB, including women without antenatal care and women delivering at home, the 19.3% rate of PTB is among the highest recorded globally. This is accompanied by a high rate of risk factors and comorbid conditions.