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Yehia A, Abulseoud OA. Melatonin: a ferroptosis inhibitor with potential therapeutic efficacy for the post-COVID-19 trajectory of accelerated brain aging and neurodegeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:36. [PMID: 38641847 PMCID: PMC11031980 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented pandemic of COVID-19 swept millions of lives in a short period, yet its menace continues among its survivors in the form of post-COVID syndrome. An exponentially growing number of COVID-19 survivors suffer from cognitive impairment, with compelling evidence of a trajectory of accelerated aging and neurodegeneration. The novel and enigmatic nature of this yet-to-unfold pathology demands extensive research seeking answers for both the molecular underpinnings and potential therapeutic targets. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death, is a strongly proposed underlying mechanism in post-COVID-19 aging and neurodegeneration discourse. COVID-19 incites neuroinflammation, iron dysregulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, antioxidant system repression, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) disruption, and clock gene alteration. These events pave the way for ferroptosis, which shows its signature in COVID-19, premature aging, and neurodegenerative disorders. In the search for a treatment, melatonin shines as a promising ferroptosis inhibitor with its repeatedly reported safety and tolerability. According to various studies, melatonin has proven efficacy in attenuating the severity of certain COVID-19 manifestations, validating its reputation as an anti-viral compound. Melatonin has well-documented anti-aging properties and combating neurodegenerative-related pathologies. Melatonin can block the leading events of ferroptosis since it is an efficient anti-inflammatory, iron chelator, antioxidant, angiotensin II antagonist, and clock gene regulator. Therefore, we propose ferroptosis as the culprit behind the post-COVID-19 trajectory of aging and neurodegeneration and melatonin, a well-fitting ferroptosis inhibitor, as a potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Yehia
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, 58054, USA
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Osama A Abulseoud
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, 58054, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA.
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Zhao X, Zhang Y, Luo B. Ferroptosis, from the virus point of view: opportunities and challenges. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38588443 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2340643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a new type of cell death, which is mainly dependent on the formation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides mediated by iron. It is distinct from other forms of regulation of cell death in morphology, immunology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Various cell death mechanisms have been observed in many viral infections, and virus-induced cell death has long been considered as a double-edged sword that can inhibit or aggravate viral infections. However, understanding of the role of ferroptosis in various viral infections is limited. Special attention will be paid to the mechanisms of ferroptosis in mediating viral infection and antiviral treatment associated with ferroptosis. In this paper, we outlined the mechanism of ferroptosis. Additionally, this paper also review research on ferroptosis from the perspective of the virus, discussed the research status of ferroptosis in virus infection and classified and summarized research on the interaction between viral infections and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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3
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Qiu Y, Mo C, Chen L, Ye W, Chen G, Zhu T. Alterations in microbiota of patients with COVID-19: implications for therapeutic interventions. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e513. [PMID: 38495122 PMCID: PMC10943180 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) recently caused a global pandemic, resulting in more than 702 million people being infected and over 6.9 million deaths. Patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) may suffer from diarrhea, sleep disorders, depression, and even cognitive impairment, which is associated with long COVID during recovery. However, there remains no consensus on effective treatment methods. Studies have found that patients with COVID-19 have alterations in microbiota and their metabolites, particularly in the gut, which may be involved in the regulation of immune responses. Consumption of probiotics may alleviate the discomfort caused by inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the pathophysiological process underlying the alleviation of COVID-19-related symptoms and complications by targeting the microbiota remains unclear. In the current study, we summarize the latest research and evidence on the COVID-19 pandemic, together with symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine use, with a focus on the relationship between microbiota alterations and COVID-19-related symptoms and vaccine use. This work provides evidence that probiotic-based interventions may improve COVID-19 symptoms by regulating gut microbiota and systemic immunity. Probiotics may also be used as adjuvants to improve vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qiu
- Department of AnesthesiologyNational Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chunheng Mo
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOEState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Second University HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of AnesthesiologyNational Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wanlin Ye
- Department of AnesthesiologyNational Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of AnesthesiologyNational Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of AnesthesiologyNational Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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4
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Riegler AN, Benson P, Long K, Leal SM. Differential activation of programmed cell death in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:420. [PMID: 37985756 PMCID: PMC10662024 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes severe lower airway disease and death in a subset of patients. Knowledge on the relative contribution of programmed cell death (PCD) to lung pathology is limited to few human autopsy studies with small sample size/scope, in vitro cell culture, and experimental model systems. In this study, we sought to identify, localize, and quantify activation of apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis in FFPE lung tissues from patients that died from severe SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 28) relative to uninfected controls (n = 13). Immunofluorescence (IF) staining, whole-slide imaging, and Image J software was used to localize and quantify expression of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein and the following PCD protein markers: cleaved Caspase-3, pMLKL, cleaved Gasdermin D, and CD71, respectively. IF showed differential activation of each PCD pathway in infected lungs and dichotomous staining for SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein enabling distinction between high (n = 9) vs low viral burden (n = 19). No differences were observed in apoptosis and ferroptosis in SARS-CoV-2 infected lungs relative to uninfected controls. However, both pyroptosis and necroptosis were significantly increased in SARS-CoV-2-infected lungs. Increased pyroptosis was observed in SARS-CoV-2 infected lungs, irrespective of viral burden, suggesting an inflammation-driven mechanism. In contrast, necroptosis exhibited a very strong positive correlation with viral burden (R2 = 0.9925), suggesting a direct SARS-CoV-2 mediated effect. These data indicate a possible novel mechanism for viral-mediated necroptosis and a potential role for both lytic programmed cell death pathways, necroptosis and pyroptosis, in mediating infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh N Riegler
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Paul Benson
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kenneth Long
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sixto M Leal
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Zhao X, Liang Q, Li H, Jing Z, Pei D. Single-cell RNA sequencing and multiple bioinformatics methods to identify the immunity and ferroptosis-related biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 infections to ischemic stroke. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:8237-8257. [PMID: 37606960 PMCID: PMC10497002 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since December 2019, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is an increased risk of ischemic stroke (IS) associated with COVID-19. However, few studies have been reported to explain the potential correlation between COVID-19 and IS. METHODS We investigated the relationship and relevant mechanisms between COVID-19 and IS using single-cell RNA sequencing and multiple bioinformatics approaches. RESULTS By intersecting differentially expressed genes and WGCNA critical module genes, we obtained 73 COVID-19-related IS genes. According to the KEGG pathway analysis, the COVID-19-related IS disease genes were significantly enriched in the hematopoietic cell lineage pathway, ribosome pathway, COVID-19 pathway and primary immunodeficiency pathway. Finally, three genes associated with immunity (B4GALT5, CRISPLD2, F5) and two genes associated with ferroptosis (ACSL1, CREB5) were identified up-regulated in COVID-19-related IS. Significantly, it was found that all five genes were highly expressed in monocytes by single cell RNA sequencing. CONCLUSION We believe these genes (B4GALT5, CRISPLD2, F5, ACSL1, CREB5) may regulate the immune response and ferroptosis of multiple immune cells, mainly including monocytes, which may contribute to the development of COVID-19-related IS. In addition, these genes may be potential targets for the treatment of COVID-19-related IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Qingyu Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Zhitao Jing
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Dongmei Pei
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
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6
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Sousa RAL, Yehia A, Abulseoud OA. Attenuation of ferroptosis as a potential therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric manifestations of post-COVID syndrome. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1237153. [PMID: 37554293 PMCID: PMC10405289 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1237153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is associated with the persistence of pre-existing or the emergence of new neurological and psychiatric manifestations as a part of a multi-system affection known collectively as "post-COVID syndrome." Cognitive decline is the most prominent feature among these manifestations. The underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain under intense investigation. Ferroptosis is a form of cell death that results from the excessive accumulation of intracellular reactive iron, which mediates lipid peroxidation. The accumulation of lipid-based reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the impairment of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity trigger ferroptosis. The COVID-19-associated cytokine storm enhances the levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and causes immune-cell hyper-activation that is tightly linked to iron dysregulation. Severe COVID-19 presents with iron overload as one of the main features of its pathogenesis. Iron overload promotes a state of inflammation and immune dysfunction. This is well demonstrated by the strong association between COVID-19 severity and high levels of ferritin, which is a well-known inflammatory and iron overload biomarker. The dysregulation of iron, the high levels of lipid peroxidation biomarkers, and the inactivation of GPX4 in COVID-19 patients make a strong case for ferroptosis as a potential mechanism behind post-COVID neuropsychiatric deficits. Therefore, here we review the characteristics of iron and the attenuation of ferroptosis as a potential therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric post-COVID syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. L. Sousa
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Asmaa Yehia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Osama A. Abulseoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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7
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Riegler A, Benson P, Long K, Leal S. Differential Activation of Programmed Cell Death in Patients with Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3059466. [PMID: 37461686 PMCID: PMC10350212 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3059466/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-2) causes severe lower airway disease and death in a subset of patients. Knowledge on the relative contribution of programmed cell death (PCD) to lung pathology is limited to few human autopsy studies with small sample size/scope, in vitro cell culture, and experimental model systems. In this study, we sought to identify, localize, and quantify activation of apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis in FFPE lung tissues from patients that died from severe SARS-2 infection (n=28) relative to uninfected controls (n=13). Immunofluorescence (IF) staining, whole-slide imaging, and Image J software was used to localize and quantify expression of SARS-2 nucleoprotein and the following PCD protein markers: cleaved Caspase-3, pMLKL, cleaved Gasdermin D, and CD71, respectively. IF showed differential activation of each PCD pathway in SARS-2 infected lungs and dichotomous staining for SARS-2 nucleoprotein enabling distinction between high (n=9) vs low viral burden (n= 19). No differences were observed in apoptosis and ferroptosis in SARS-2 infected lungs relative to uninfected controls. However, both pyroptosis and necroptosis were significantly increased in SARS-2 infected lungs. Increased pyroptosis was observed in SARS-2 infected lungs, irrespective of viral burden, suggesting an inflammation-driven mechanism. In contrast, necroptosis exhibited a very strong positive correlation with viral burden (R2=0.9925), suggesting a direct SARS-2 mediated effect. These data indicate a possible novel mechanism for viral-mediated necroptosis and a potential role for both lytic programmed cell death pathways, necroptosis and pyroptosis, in mediating infection outcome.
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8
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Dong W, Jin Y, Shi H, Zhang X, Chen J, Jia H, Zhang Y. Using bioinformatics and systems biology methods to identify the mechanism of interaction between COVID-19 and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33912. [PMID: 37335656 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered a risk factor for severe COVID-19, but the mechanism remains unknown. This study used bioinformatics to help define the relationship between these diseases. The GSE147507 (COVID-19), GSE126848 (NAFLD), and GSE63067 (NAFLD-2) datasets were screened using the Gene Expression Omnibus. Common differentially expressed genes were then identified using a Venn diagram. Gene ontology analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment were performed on the differentially expressed genes. A protein-protein interaction network was also constructed using the STRING platform, and key genes were identified using the Cytoscape plugin. GES63067 was selected for validation of the results. Analysis of ferroptosis gene expression during the development of the 2 diseases and prediction of their upstream miRNAs and lncRNAs. In addition, transcription factors (TFs) and miRNAs related to key genes were identified. Effective drugs that act on target genes were found in the DSigDB. The GSE147507 and GSE126848 datasets were crossed to obtain 28 co-regulated genes, 22 gene ontology terms, 3 KEGG pathways, and 10 key genes. NAFLD may affect COVID-19 progression through immune function and inflammatory signaling pathways. CYBB was predicted to be a differential ferroptosis gene associated with 2 diseases, and the CYBB-hsa-miR-196a/b-5p-TUG1 regulatory axis was identified. TF-gene interactions and TF-miRNA coregulatory network were constructed successfully. A total of 10 drugs, (such as Eckol, sulfinpyrazone, and phenylbutazone) were considered as target drugs for Patients with COVID-19 and NAFLD. This study identified key gene and defined molecular mechanisms associated with the progression of COVID-19 and NAFLD. COVID-19 and NAFLD progression may regulate ferroptosis through the CYBB-hsa-miR-196a/b-5p-TUG1 axis. This study provides additional drug options for the treatment of COVID-19 combined with NAFLD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Dong
- Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongshuo Shi
- Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Jinshu Chen
- Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongling Jia
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yongchen Zhang
- Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Jinan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Links between Vitamin K, Ferroptosis and SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030733. [PMID: 36978981 PMCID: PMC10045478 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently discovered form of programmed cell death. It is characterized by the accumulation of iron and lipid hydroperoxides in cells. Vitamin K is known to have antioxidant properties and plays a role in reducing oxidative stress, particularly in lipid cell membranes. Vitamin K reduces the level of reactive oxygen species by modulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, vitamin K decreases inflammation and potentially prevents ferroptosis. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leading to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with oxidant–antioxidant imbalance. Studies have shown that intensified ferroptosis occurs in various tissues and cells affected by COVID-19. Vitamin K supplementation during SARS-CoV-2 infection may have a positive effect on reducing the severity of the disease. Preliminary research suggests that vitamin K may reduce lipid peroxidation and inhibit ferroptosis, potentially contributing to its therapeutic effects in COVID-19 patients. The links between ferroptosis, vitamin K, and SARS-CoV-2 infection require further investigation, particularly in the context of developing potential treatment strategies for COVID-19.
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Zhang R, Sun C, Han Y, Huang L, Sheng H, Wang J, Zhang Y, Lai J, Yuan J, Chen X, Jiang C, Wu F, Wang J, Fan X, Wang J. Neutrophil autophagy and NETosis in COVID-19: perspectives. Autophagy 2023; 19:758-767. [PMID: 35951555 PMCID: PMC9980466 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2099206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused substantial losses worldwide in people's lives, health, and property. Currently, COVID-19 is still prominent worldwide without any specific drug treatment. The SARS-CoV-2 pathogen is the cause of various systemic diseases, mainly acute pneumonia. Within the pathological process, neutrophils are recruited to infected sites, especially in the lungs, for the first stage of removing invading SARS-CoV-2 through a range of mechanisms. Macroautophagy/autophagy, a conserved autodegradation process in neutrophils, plays a crucial role in the neutrophil phagocytosis of pathogens. NETosis refers to neutrophil cell death, while auto-inflammatory factors and antigens release NETs. This review summarizes the latest research progress and provides an in-depth explanation of the underlying mechanisms of autophagy and NETosis in COVID-19. Furthermore, after exploring the relationship between autophagy and NETosis, we discuss potential targets and treatment options. This review keeps up with the latest research on COVID-19 from neutrophil autophagy and NETosis with a new perspective, which can guide the urgent development of antiviral drugs and provide guidance for the clinical treatment of COVID-19.Abbreviations: AKT1: AKT serine/threonine kinase 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; AP: autophagosome; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin 1; cfDNA: cell-free DNA; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; CQ: chloroquine; DMVs: double-membrane vesicles; ELANE/NE: elastase, neutrophil expressed; F3: coagulation factor III, tissue factor; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain of 3; MPO: myeloperoxidase; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; NETs: neutrophil traps; NSP: nonstructural protein; PI3K: class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SKP2: S-phase kinase associated protein 2; TCC: terminal complement complex; ULK1: unc-51 like.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Zhang
- Department of Pain Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Chen Sun
- Department of Pain Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yunze Han
- Department of Pain Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Leo Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Honghui Sheng
- Department of Pain Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Pain Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jonathan Lai
- Premed track majoring in Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Jiahao Yuan
- Department of Pain Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Fuyuan Wu
- Department of Pain Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaochong Fan
- Department of Pain Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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11
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A Rare Single Case of COVID-19-Induced Acute Myocarditis and Encephalopathy Presenting Simultaneously. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030541. [PMID: 36992125 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may result in cardiovascular complications such as myocarditis, while encephalitis is a potentially life-threatening COVID-19-associated central nervous system complication. This case illustrates the possibility of developing severe multisystem symptoms from a COVID-19 infection, despite having received the COVID-19 vaccine within the year. Delay in treatment for myocarditis and encephalopathy can lead to permanent and possibly fatal damage. Our patient, a middle-aged female with a complicated medical history, initially came in without characteristic manifestations of myocarditis such as shortness of breath, chest pain, or arrhythmia, but with an altered mental status. Through further laboratory tests, the patient was diagnosed with myocarditis and encephalopathy, which were resolved within weeks through medical management and physical/occupational therapy. This case presentation describes the first reported case of concomitant COVID-19 myocarditis and encephalitis after receiving a booster dose within the year.
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Stepanova N, Korol L, Snisar L, Rysyev A, Ostapenko T, Marchenko V, Belousova O, Popova O, Malashevska N, Kolesnyk M. Long-COVID sequelae are associated with oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients. UKRAINIAN JOURNAL OF NEPHROLOGY AND DIALYSIS 2023:31-39. [DOI: 10.31450/ukrjnd.1(77).2023.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
pathophysiology of long-COVID sequelae in the general population of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients has been shown to be strongly influenced by oxidative stress. However, the potential role of oxidative stress in the development of long-COVID sequelae in hemodialysis patients (HD) has never been investigated.
The present study aimed to evaluate the oxidative status of HD patients 3.5 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection in relation to the presence of long-COVID sequelae and the severity of the acute phase COVID-19.
Methods. This cross-sectional cohort study included 63 HD patients with a median age of 55 (43-62.5) years and a dialysis vintage of 42 (25-73) months who had been infected with COVID-19 at least 3 months before recruitment. Patients were divided into two groups according to the occurrence of long-COVID sequelae: Group 1 included 31 (49.2%) HD patients with sequelae, while Group 2 included 32 (50.8%) fully recovered individuals. At 3.5 (3.2-4.6) months after the acute phase of COVID-19, malondialdehyde (MDA) and erythrocyte levels (MDAe), sulfhydryl groups (SH -groups), serum catalase activity, transferrin, and ceruloplasmin were measured. A comparison of the obtained data was performed using the Student’s test or the Mann-Whitney test according to the data distribution. A correlation was evaluated with the Spearman test.
Results. HD patients with persistent long-COVID sequelae had significantly higher concentrations of MDAs (p = 0.002), MDAe (p = 0.0006), and CTs (p = 0.02), and lower serum levels of SH-groups (p = 0.03) and ceruloplasmin (p = 0.03) compared with Group 2. The concentration of most studied indicators of pro- and antioxidant status did not depend on the severity of the acute phase COVID-19, and only catalase activity was statistically significantly related to the need for hospitalization (r = 0.59; p = 0.001), oxygen support (r = 0.44; p = 0.02), and the percentage of lung injury according to computed tomography (p = 0.03). Although the serum concentration of transferrin did not differ between the studied groups, the individual analysis showed that its value was statistically higher in HD patients with severe COVID-19 even 3.5 months after infection (p < 0.0001).
Conclusions. Long-term COVID-19 sequelae in HD patients are associated with oxidative stress. High levels of catalase activity and serum transferrin 3.5 months after COVID-19 may be a consequence of the severe course of the acute phase of the disease. The obtained data suggest that the use of antioxidants may be one of the possible strategies to treat the long-term consequences of COVID in HD patients.
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Gao J, Wang Q, Tang YD, Zhai J, Hu W, Zheng C. When ferroptosis meets pathogenic infections. Trends Microbiol 2022; 31:468-479. [PMID: 36496309 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, necrosis, or autophagy are diverse types of regulated cell death (RCD), recognized as the strategies that host cells use to defend against pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi. Pathogens can induce or block different types of host cell RCD, promoting propagation or evading host immune surveillance. Ferroptosis is a newly identified RCD. Evidence has demonstrated how pathogens regulate ferroptosis to promote their replication, dissemination, and pathogenesis. However, the interaction between ferroptosis and pathogenic infections still needs to be completely elucidated. This review summarizes the advances in the interaction between pathogenic infections and host ferroptotic processes, focusing on the underlying mechanisms of how pathogens exploit ferroptosis, and discussing possible therapeutic measures against pathogen-associated diseases in a ferroptosis-dependent manner.
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Fan Y, Zhang Y, Shi K, Cheng S, Pei D, Shu X. Identification of a group of bisbenzylisoquinoline (BBIQ) compounds as ferroptosis inhibitors. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1000. [PMID: 36435804 PMCID: PMC9701226 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis induced by detrimental accumulation of lipid peroxides has been recently linked to a variety of pathological conditions ranging from acute tissue injuries to chronic degenerative diseases and suppression of ferroptosis by small chemical inhibitors is beneficial to the prevention and treatment of these diseases. However, in vivo applicable small chemical ferroptosis inhibitors are limited currently. In this study, we screened an alkaloid natural compound library for compounds that can inhibit RSL3-induced ferroptosis in HT1080 cells and identified a group of bisbenzylisoquinoline (BBIQ) compounds as novel ferroptosis-specific inhibitors. These BBIQ compounds are structurally different from known ferroptosis inhibitors and they do not appear to regulate iron homeostasis or lipid ROS generation pathways, while they are able to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) in cell-free reactions and prevent accumulation of lipid peroxides in living cells. These BBIQ compounds demonstrate good in vivo activities as they effectively protect mice from folic acid-induced renal tubular ferroptosis and acute kidney injury. Several BBIQ compounds are approved drugs in Japan and China for traditional uses and cepharanthine is currently in clinical trials against SARS-CoV-2, our discovery of BBIQs as in vivo applicable ferroptosis inhibitors will expand their usage to prevent ferroptotic tissue damages under various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipu Fan
- grid.428926.30000 0004 1798 2725CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- grid.508040.90000 0004 9415 435XGuangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou, 510005 China
| | - Kunyu Shi
- grid.508040.90000 0004 9415 435XGuangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou, 510005 China
| | - Shan Cheng
- grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030 China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- grid.428926.30000 0004 1798 2725CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530 China
| | - Xiaodong Shu
- grid.428926.30000 0004 1798 2725CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530 China ,grid.508040.90000 0004 9415 435XGuangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou, 510005 China ,grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436 China
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15
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Labarrere CA, Kassab GS. Glutathione deficiency in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its effects upon the host immune response in severe COVID-19 disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:979719. [PMID: 36274722 PMCID: PMC9582773 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.979719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has numerous risk factors leading to severe disease with high mortality rate. Oxidative stress with excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lower glutathione (GSH) levels seems to be a common pathway associated with the high COVID-19 mortality. GSH is a unique small but powerful molecule paramount for life. It sustains adequate redox cell signaling since a physiologic level of oxidative stress is fundamental for controlling life processes via redox signaling, but excessive oxidation causes cell and tissue damage. The water-soluble GSH tripeptide (γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is present in the cytoplasm of all cells. GSH is at 1–10 mM concentrations in all mammalian tissues (highest concentration in liver) as the most abundant non-protein thiol that protects against excessive oxidative stress. Oxidative stress also activates the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) redox regulator pathway, releasing Nrf2 to regulate the expression of genes that control antioxidant, inflammatory and immune system responses, facilitating GSH activity. GSH exists in the thiol-reduced and disulfide-oxidized (GSSG) forms. Reduced GSH is the prevailing form accounting for >98% of total GSH. The concentrations of GSH and GSSG and their molar ratio are indicators of the functionality of the cell and its alteration is related to various human pathological processes including COVID-19. Oxidative stress plays a prominent role in SARS-CoV-2 infection following recognition of the viral S-protein by angiotensin converting enzyme-2 receptor and pattern recognition receptors like toll-like receptors 2 and 4, and activation of transcription factors like nuclear factor kappa B, that subsequently activate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) expression succeeded by ROS production. GSH depletion may have a fundamental role in COVID-19 pathophysiology, host immune response and disease severity and mortality. Therapies enhancing GSH could become a cornerstone to reduce severity and fatal outcomes of COVID-19 disease and increasing GSH levels may prevent and subdue the disease. The life value of GSH makes for a paramount research field in biology and medicine and may be key against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease.
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Sun C, Han Y, Zhang R, Liu S, Wang J, Zhang Y, Chen X, Jiang C, Wang J, Fan X, Wang J. Regulated necrosis in COVID-19: A double-edged sword. Front Immunol 2022; 13:917141. [PMID: 36090995 PMCID: PMC9452688 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.917141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 can cause various systemic diseases such as acute pneumonia with cytokine storm. Constituted of necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, regulated necrosis constitutes the cell death patterns under the low apoptosis condition commonly observed in COVID-19. Regulated necrosis is involved in the release of cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1 β, and IL-6 and cell contents such as alarmins, PAMPs, and DAMPs, leading to more severe inflammation. Uncontrolled regulated necrosis may explain the poor prognosis and cytokine storm observed in COVID-19. In this review, the pathophysiology and mechanism of regulated necrosis with the double-edged sword effect in COVID-19 are thoroughly discussed in detail. Furthermore, this review also focuses on the biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets of the regulated necrosis pathway in COVID-19, providing practical guidance to judge the severity, prognosis, and clinical treatment of COVID-19 and guiding the development of clinical anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sun
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunze Han
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Simon Liu
- Medical Genomics Unit, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Wang, ; Junmin Wang, ; Xiaochong Fan,
| | - Xiaochong Fan
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Wang, ; Junmin Wang, ; Xiaochong Fan,
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Wang, ; Junmin Wang, ; Xiaochong Fan,
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Rex DAB, Keshava Prasad TS, Kandasamy RK. Revisiting Regulated Cell Death Responses in Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137023. [PMID: 35806033 PMCID: PMC9266763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fate of a viral infection in the host begins with various types of cellular responses, such as abortive, productive, latent, and destructive infections. Apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis are the three major types of regulated cell death mechanisms that play critical roles in viral infection response. Cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, bleb formation, and retained membrane integrity are all signs of osmotic imbalance-driven cytoplasmic swelling and early membrane damage in necroptosis and pyroptosis. Caspase-driven apoptotic cell demise is considered in many circumstances as an anti-inflammatory, and some pathogens hijack the cell death signaling routes to initiate a targeted attack against the host. In this review, the selected mechanisms by which viruses interfere with cell death were discussed in-depth and were illustrated by compiling the general principles and cellular signaling mechanisms of virus–host-specific molecule interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
- Correspondence: (T.S.K.P.); (R.K.K.)
| | - Richard K. Kandasamy
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (T.S.K.P.); (R.K.K.)
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