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Pokrovac I, Rohner N, Pezer Ž. The prevalence of copy number increase at multiallelic copy number variants associated with cave colonization. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17339. [PMID: 38556927 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Copy number variation is a common contributor to phenotypic diversity, yet its involvement in ecological adaptation is not easily discerned. Instances of parallelly evolving populations of the same species in a similar environment marked by strong selective pressures present opportunities to study the role of copy number variants (CNVs) in adaptation. By identifying CNVs that repeatedly occur in multiple populations of the derived ecotype and are not (or are rarely) present in the populations of the ancestral ecotype, the association of such CNVs with adaptation to the novel environment can be inferred. We used this paradigm to identify CNVs associated with recurrent adaptation of the Mexican tetra (Astyanax mexicanus) to cave environment. Using a read-depth approach, we detected CNVs from previously re-sequenced genomes of 44 individuals belonging to two ancestral surfaces and three derived cave populations. We identified 102 genes and 292 genomic regions that repeatedly diverge in copy number between the two ecotypes and occupy 0.8% of the reference genome. Functional analysis revealed their association with processes previously recognized to be relevant for adaptation, such as vision, immunity, oxygen consumption, metabolism, and neural function and we propose that these variants have been selected for in the cave or surface waters. The majority of the ecotype-divergent CNVs are multiallelic and display copy number increases in cavefish compared to surface fish. Our findings suggest that multiallelic CNVs - including gene duplications - and divergence in copy number provide a fast route to produce novel phenotypes associated with adaptation to subterranean life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Rohner
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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2
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Hohenester M, Langguth B, Wetter TC, Geisler P, Schecklmann M, Reissmann A. Single sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial random noise stimulation exert no effect on sleepiness in patients with narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1288976. [PMID: 38146280 PMCID: PMC10749348 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1288976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypersomnia poses major challenges to treatment providers given the limitations of available treatment options. In this context, the application of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) may open up new avenues to effective treatment. Preliminary evidence suggests both acute and longer-lasting positive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on vigilance and sleepiness in hypersomniac patients. Based on these findings, the present study sought to investigate short-term effects of single sessions of tDCS and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) on sleepiness in persons suffering from hypersomnia. Methods A sample of 29 patients suffering from narcolepsy or idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) was recruited from the Regensburg Sleep Disorder Center and underwent single sessions of tES (anodal tDCS, tRNS, sham) over the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on three consecutive days in a double-blind, sham-controlled, pseudorandomized crossover trial. The primary study endpoint was the mean reaction time measured by the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) before and directly after the daily tES sessions. Secondary endpoints were additional PVT outcome metrics as well as subjective outcome parameters (e.g., Karolinska Sleepiness Scale; KSS). Results There were no significant treatment effects neither on objective (i.e., PVT) nor on subjective indicators of sleepiness. Conclusion We could not demonstrate any clinically relevant effects of single sessions of tDCS or tRNS on objective or subjective measures of sleepiness in patients with hypersomnia. However, we cannot exclude that repeated sessions of tES may affect vigilance or sleepiness in hypersomniac patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Hohenester
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Berthold Langguth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Geisler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schecklmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Reissmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Vellieux G, Frija-Masson J, Rouvel-Tallec A, Drouot X, d'Ortho MP. Narcolepsy Type 1: A Remitting Disease? An Unusual Case Report. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:1669-1673. [PMID: 34594143 PMCID: PMC8478422 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s311283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the case of a male patient who was diagnosed with narcolepsy type 1 on the basis of sleep and wake symptoms, and the results of investigations including video-polysomnography, multiple sleep latency test, human leukocyte antigen status and orexin level in cerebrospinal fluid. During the first years after disease onset, the patient did not show any significant improvement despite treatment with a variety of stimulant and anti-cataplectic drugs. However, spontaneous remission of disease occurred after 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffroy Vellieux
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Paris, F-75019, France.,Centre du sommeil, Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, F-75018, France
| | - Justine Frija-Masson
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Paris, F-75019, France.,Centre du sommeil, Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, F-75018, France
| | - Anny Rouvel-Tallec
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Paris, F-75019, France.,Centre du sommeil, Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, F-75018, France
| | - Xavier Drouot
- Neurophysiologie Clinique et Explorations Fonctionnelles, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Marie-Pia d'Ortho
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Paris, F-75019, France.,Centre du sommeil, Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, F-75018, France
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4
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Sykes N, Beirne P, Horowitz A, Jones I, Kalof L, Karlsson E, King T, Litwak H, McDonald RA, Murphy LJ, Pemberton N, Promislow D, Rowan A, Stahl PW, Tehrani J, Tourigny E, Wynne CDL, Strauss E, Larson G. Humanity's Best Friend: A Dog-Centric Approach to Addressing Global Challenges. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E502. [PMID: 32192138 PMCID: PMC7142965 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
No other animal has a closer mutualistic relationship with humans than the dog (Canis familiaris). Domesticated from the Eurasian grey wolf (Canis lupus), dogs have evolved alongside humans over millennia in a relationship that has transformed dogs and the environments in which humans and dogs have co-inhabited. The story of the dog is the story of recent humanity, in all its biological and cultural complexity. By exploring human-dog-environment interactions throughout time and space, it is possible not only to understand vital elements of global history, but also to critically assess our present-day relationship with the natural world, and to begin to mitigate future global challenges. In this paper, co-authored by researchers from across the natural and social sciences, arts and humanities, we argue that a dog-centric approach provides a new model for future academic enquiry and engagement with both the public and the global environmental agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Sykes
- Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QE, UK;
| | - Piers Beirne
- Department of Criminology, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME 04104, USA;
| | - Alexandra Horowitz
- Department of Psychology, Barnard College, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Ione Jones
- Department of Math and Sciences, Exeter College, Exeter EX4 4HF, UK;
| | - Linda Kalof
- Department of Sociology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Elinor Karlsson
- Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tammie King
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Waltham on the Wolds LE14 4RT, UK;
| | - Howard Litwak
- Annenberg PetSpace Foundation, 12005 Bluff Creek Dr, Playa Vista, CA 90094, USA;
| | - Robbie A. McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK;
| | - Luke John Murphy
- Department of Archaeology, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland;
| | - Neil Pemberton
- Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine (CHSTM), University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Daniel Promislow
- Department of Biology and Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Andrew Rowan
- Wellbeing International, 9812 Falls Road #114-288, Potomac, MD 20854-3963, USA;
| | - Peter W. Stahl
- Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada;
| | - Jamshid Tehrani
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham DH1 1LE, UK;
| | - Eric Tourigny
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Clive D. L. Wynne
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA;
| | - Eric Strauss
- LMU Center for Urban Resilience, Loyola Marymount University, LMU Drive Los Angeles, CA 90045-2659, USA;
| | - Greger Larson
- Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, School of Archaeology, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
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Aguilar AC, Frange C, Pimentel Filho LH, Reis MJ, Tufik S, Coelho FMS. Lisdexamfetamine to improve excessive daytime sleepiness and weight management in narcolepsy: a case series. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 42:314-316. [PMID: 31859793 PMCID: PMC7236164 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To report the successful use of lisdexamfetamine in the management of narcolepsy. Methods: Five narcoleptic patients received lisdexamfetamine, at different dosages and for different periods, for management of excessive daytime sleepiness and weight control. Results: All patients experienced improvement of excessive daytime sleepiness and lost weight without side effects. Conclusion: Lisdexamfetamine appears promising for the treatment of two of the most common symptoms of narcolepsy: excessive daytime sleepiness and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Aguilar
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristina Frange
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucio H Pimentel Filho
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria J Reis
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando M S Coelho
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Lecendreux M, Berthier J, Corny J, Bourdon O, Dossier C, Delclaux C. Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy in Pediatric Narcolepsy: A Nonrandomized, Open-Label, Controlled, Longitudinal Observational Study. J Clin Sleep Med 2017; 13:441-453. [PMID: 28095967 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.6500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Previous case reports of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) in pediatric narcolepsy have shown contradictory results. METHODS This was a nonrandomized, open-label, controlled, longitudinal observational study of IVIg use in pediatric narcolepsy with retrospective data collection from medical files obtained from a single pediatric national reference center for the treatment of narcolepsy in France. Of 56 consecutively referred patients with narcolepsy, 24 received IVIg (3 infusions administered at 1-mo intervals) in addition to standard care (psychostimulants and/or anticataplectic agents), and 32 continued on standard care alone (controls). RESULTS For two patients in each group, medical files were unavailable. Of the 22 IVIg patients, all had cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypocretin ≤ 110 pg/mL and were HLA-DQB1*06:02 positive. Of the 30 control patients, 29 were HLA-DQB1*06:02 positive and of those with available CSF measurements, all 12 had hypocretin ≤ 110 pg/mL. Compared with control patients, IVIg patients had shorter disease duration, shorter latency to sleep onset, and more had received H1N1 vaccination. Mean (standard deviation) follow-up length was 2.4 (1.1) y in the IVIg group and 3.9 (1.7) y in controls. In multivariate-adjusted linear mixed-effects analyses of change from baseline in Ullanlinna Narcolepsy Scale (UNS) scores, high baseline UNS, but not IVIg treatment, was associated with a reduction in narcolepsy symptoms. On time-to-event analysis, among patients with high baseline UNS scores, control patients achieved a UNS score < 14 (indicating remission) less rapidly than IVIg patients (adjusted hazard ratio 0.18; 95% confidence interval: 95% confidence interval: 0.03, 0.95; p = 0.043). Shorter or longer disease duration did not influence treatment response in any analysis. CONCLUSIONS Overall, narcolepsy symptoms were not significantly reduced by IVIg. However, in patients with high baseline symptoms, a subset of IVIg-treated patients achieved remission more rapidly than control patients. COMMENTARY A commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 363.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lecendreux
- AP-HP, Pediatric Sleep Center, Hospital Robert-Debré, Paris, France.,National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR Narcolepsie-Hypersomnie), Paris, France
| | - Johanna Berthier
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jennifer Corny
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Bourdon
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Robert-Debré, Paris, France.,Pharmacy Faculty, Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Claire Dossier
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Hospital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Delclaux
- AP-HP, Pediatric Sleep Center, Hospital Robert-Debré, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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7
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Abstract
Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological sleep disorder with potentially disabling
symptoms ranging from occupational concerns to mental health difficulties.
Recent advances related to the neurobiological basis of narcolepsy have led to
newer pharmacological treatment options and adjunctive behavioral techniques
that support symptom management. This article outlines evidence-based
pharmacologic therapies, behavioral techniques, and psychosocial costs related
to narcolepsy. Psychosocial factors, although frequently acknowledged, deserve
further attention and awareness from researchers and providers. The American
Academy of Sleep Medicine's (AASM) Quality Measure Drivers and potential future
treatment options are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott Sumerall
- Dwight D. Eisenhower V.A. Medical Center.,University of Missouri-Kansas City
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