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Wang L, Wang G. Depigmentation of Melanin-containing Tissues Using Hypochlorous Acid to Enhance Hematoxylin-eosin and Immunohistochemical Staining. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2024; 32:53-59. [PMID: 37855438 PMCID: PMC10695334 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathologists diagnose diseases by observing the histologic and cellular morphology microscopically. However, the high pigmentation in melanin-containing tumors can hide the tumor cell structures, making diagnosing challenging. Previously, hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate were utilized for melanin bleaching with several limitations. For instance, hydrogen peroxide has a weak bleaching ability, and the process is time-consuming (12 h). Meanwhile, potassium permanganate affects the antigenicity of antigens and is unsuitable for immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. In this study, the hypochlorous acid (HClO) solution was applied to hematoxylin-eosin and IHC staining of melanin tissue sections. The study discovered that 1% HClO could completely bleach melanin particles in tumor tissues in a short period (19.95 ± 2.53 min) without compromising the hematoxylin-eosin staining. In addition, 2% HClO was utilized for bleaching at room temperature for 61.17 ± 4.32 minutes after the tissue was incubated with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine in IHC staining. This treatment effectively removed melanin without negatively impacting 3,3'-diaminobenzidine signal expression, thus ensuring that the sections met the necessary diagnostic requirements. Therefore, this method could facilitate pathologists in disease diagnosis of melanin-containing tissues.
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Gessi A, Formaglio P, Semeraro B, Summa D, Tamisari E, Tamburini E. Electrolyzed Hypochlorous Acid (HOCl) Aqueous Solution as Low-Impact and Eco-Friendly Agent for Floor Cleaning and Sanitation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:6712. [PMID: 37754572 PMCID: PMC10530460 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20186712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the use of disinfectants has been becoming a diffused and sometimes indiscriminate practice of paramount importance to limit the spreading of infections. The control of microbial contamination has now been concentrated on the use of traditional agents (i.e., hypochlorite, ozone). However, their prolonged use can cause potential treats, for both human health and environment. Currently, low-impact but effective biocides that are prepared in a way that avoids waste, with a very low toxicity, and safe and easy to handle and store are strongly needed. In this study, produced electrochemically activated hypochlorous (HOCl) acid solutions are investigated and proposed, integrated in a scrubbing machine for floor cleaning treatment. Such an innovative machine has been used for floor cleaning and sanitation in order to evaluate the microbial charge and organic dirt removal capacity of HOCl in comparison with a machine charged with traditional Ecolabel standard detergent. The potential damage on floor materials has also been investigated by means of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). A comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis has been carried out for evaluating the sustainability of the use of the HOCl-based and detergent-based machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gessi
- ENEA Research Center, SSPT-MET-DISPREV, Via Martiri di Montesole, 40129 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Paolo Formaglio
- GATEGREEN Srl, Via Armari 9, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.F.); (B.S.)
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agrarian Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Bruno Semeraro
- GATEGREEN Srl, Via Armari 9, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.F.); (B.S.)
| | - Daniela Summa
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agrarian Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Elena Tamisari
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Elena Tamburini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
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Tazawa K, Jadhav R, Azuma MM, Fenno JC, McDonald NJ, Sasaki H. Hypochlorous acid inactivates oral pathogens and a SARS-CoV-2-surrogate. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:111. [PMID: 36803460 PMCID: PMC9938691 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Droplets and aerosols produced during dental procedures are a risk factor for microbial and viral transmission. Unlike sodium hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is nontoxic to tissues but still exhibits broad microbicidal effect. HOCl solution may be applicable as a supplement to water and/or mouthwash. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of HOCl solution on common human oral pathogens and a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate MHV A59 virus, considering the dental practice environment. METHODS HOCl was generated by electrolysis of 3% hydrochloric acid. The effect of HOCl on human oral pathogens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Streptococcus intermedius, Parvimonas micra, and MHV A59 virus was studied from four perspectives: concentration; volume; presence of saliva; and storage. HOCl solution in different conditions was utilized in bactericidal and virucidal assays, and the minimum inhibitory volume ratio that is required to completely inhibit the pathogens was determined. RESULTS In the absence of saliva, the minimum inhibitory volume ratio of freshly prepared HOCl solution (45-60 ppm) was 4:1 for bacterial suspensions and 6:1 for viral suspensions. The presence of saliva increased the minimum inhibitory volume ratio to 8:1 and 7:1 for bacteria and viruses, respectively. Applying a higher concentration of HOCl solution (220 or 330 ppm) did not lead to a significant decrease in the minimum inhibitory volume ratio against S. intermedius and P. micra. The minimum inhibitory volume ratio increases in applications of HOCl solution via the dental unit water line. One week of storage of HOCl solution degraded HOCl and increased the minimum growth inhibition volume ratio. CONCLUSIONS HOCl solution (45-60 ppm) is still effective against oral pathogens and SAR-CoV-2 surrogate viruses even in the presence of saliva and after passing through the dental unit water line. This study indicates that the HOCl solution can be used as therapeutic water or mouthwash and may ultimately reduce the risk of airborne infection in dental practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Tazawa
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Division of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rutuja Jadhav
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Mariane Maffei Azuma
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - J. Christopher Fenno
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Neville J. McDonald
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Hajime Sasaki
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Kathiravan A, Manjunathan T, Velusamy M, Guru A, Arockiaraj J, Jhonsi MA, Gopinath P. Nano-sized aggregation induced emissive probe for highly sensitive hypochlorous acid detection. Dyes and Pigments 2023; 210:111016. [DOI: 58.kathiravan a, manjunathan t, velusamy m, guru a, arockiaraj j, jhonsi ma, gopinath p (2022) nano-sized aggregation induced emissive probe for highly sensitive hypochlorous acid detection.dyes and pigments (in press) https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2022.111016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
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Kathiravan A, Manjunathan T, Velusamy M, Guru A, Arockiaraj J, Jhonsi MA, Gopinath P. Nano-sized aggregation induced emissive probe for highly sensitive hypochlorous acid detection. Dyes and Pigments 2023; 210:111016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2022.111016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
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Boecker D, Zhang Z, Breves R, Herth F, Kramer A, Bulitta C. Antimicrobial efficacy, mode of action and in vivo use of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) for prevention or therapeutic support of infections. GMS Hyg Infect Control 2023; 18:Doc07. [PMID: 37034111 PMCID: PMC10073986 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the rapidly developing field of the current state of research on in vivo use of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) to aid infection prevention and control, including naso-pharyngeal, alveolar, topical, and systemic HOCl applications. Also, examples are provided of dedicated applications in COVID-19. A brief background of HOCl's biological and chemical specifics and its physiological role in the innate immune system is provided to understand the effect of in vivo applications in the context of the body's own physiological defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Boecker
- TOTO Consulting LLC, San Jose CA, USA
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dirk Boecker, TOTO Consulting LLC, San Jose CA, USA, E-mail:
| | - Zhentian Zhang
- Institute for Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Felix Herth
- Thoraxklinik, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axel Kramer
- Institut of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Clemens Bulitta
- Institut für Medizintechnik, Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule (OTH) Amberg-Weiden, Amberg-Weiden, Germany
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Hiranmartsuwan P, Wangngae S, Nootem J, Kamkaew A, Daengngern R, Wattanathana W, Chansaenpak K. BODIPY-Based Fluorescent Probes for Selective Visualization of Endogenous Hypochlorous Acid in Living Cells via Triazolopyridine Formation. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:923. [PMID: 36354432 PMCID: PMC9687994 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the two pyridylhydrazone-tethered BODIPY compounds (2 and 3) were synthesized. These compounds aimed to detect hypochlorous acid (HOCl) species via cyclic triazolopyridine formation. The open forms and the resulting cyclic forms of BODIPYs (2, 3, 4, and 5) were fully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. These two probes can selectively detect HOCl through a fluorescence turn-on mechanism with the limit of detections of 0.21 µM and 0.77 µM for compounds 2 and 3, respectively. This fluorescence enhancement phenomenon could be the effect from C = N isomerization inhibition due to HOCl-triggered triazolopyridine formation. In cell imaging experiments, these compounds showed excellent biocompatibility toward RAW 264.7 murine live macrophage cells and greatly visualized endogenous HOCl in living cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peraya Hiranmartsuwan
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sirilak Wangngae
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Jukkrit Nootem
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Anyanee Kamkaew
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Rathawat Daengngern
- Integrated Applied Chemistry Research Unit, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, School of Science, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Worawat Wattanathana
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kantapat Chansaenpak
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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8
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Benedusi M, Tamburini E, Sicurella M, Summa D, Ferrara F, Marconi P, Cervellati F, Costa S, Valacchi G. The Lesson Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic: Can an Active Chemical Be Effective, Safe, Harmless-for-Humans and Low-Cost at a Time? Evidence on Aerosolized Hypochlorous Acid. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:13163. [PMID: 36293740 PMCID: PMC9602504 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has underlined the importance of disinfectants as tools to prevent and fight against coronavirus spreading. An ideal disinfectant and sanitizer must be nontoxic to surface contact, noncorrosive, effective, and relatively inexpensive as it is hypochlorous acid (HOCl). The present work intended to evaluate, on different surfaces, the bactericidal and virucidal effectiveness of nebulized HOCl and test its safety usage in 2D and 3D skin and lung models. Our data showed that HOCl at the dose of 300 ppm did not affect cellular and tissue viability, not their morphology. The HOCl bactericidal properties varies with the surface analyzed: 69% for semi-porous, 96-99.9% for flat and porous. This discrepancy was not noticed for the virucidal properties. Overall, this study showed that nebulized HOCl can prevent virus and bacteria growth without affecting lung and skin tissues, making this compound a perfect candidate to sanitize indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mascia Benedusi
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Tamburini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mariaconcetta Sicurella
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniela Summa
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Peggy Marconi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Franco Cervellati
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Costa
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Kodera F, Sato S, Saito F, Yasukawa T, Umeda M. Influence of Chlorine Oxyacid on the Electrooxidation of Methanol in Strong Acid. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.220098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Kodera
- National Institute of Technology, Asahikawa College, 2-2-1-6, Shunkodai, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 071-8142
| | - Shun Sato
- National Institute of Technology, Asahikawa College, 2-2-1-6, Shunkodai, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 071-8142
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810
| | - Fumie Saito
- National Institute of Technology, Asahikawa College, 2-2-1-6, Shunkodai, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 071-8142
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810
| | | | - Minoru Umeda
- Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188
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Boonrattanakij N, Yomchinda S, Lin FJ, Bellotindos LM, Lu MC. Investigation and disinfection of bacteria and fungi in sports fitness center. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:52576-52586. [PMID: 34018112 PMCID: PMC8137265 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the air quality improvement in terms of bacterial and fungal contamination in an exercise room of a fitness center under normal operating conditions. Environmental conditions including air conditioning, ventilation, moisture, CO2, particulate matters, and total number of users were also recorded. In addition, fungal and bacterial load were assessed and disinfection on sports equipment surface was also examined. Background bacteria and fungi densities in bioaerosols were in the range of 249 ± 65 to 812 ± 111 CFU/m3 and 226 ± 39 to 837 ± 838 CFU/m3 in the exercise room of the fitness center and 370 ± 86 to 953 ± 136 CFU/m3 and 465 ± 108 to 1734 ± 580 CFU/m3 in the outdoor air, respectively. Chlorine dioxide and weak acid hypochlorous water aerosols could remove both bacteria and fungi much better than water scrubbing. Contact time of 15 min was sufficient to control both bacteria and fungi to comply with the official air quality standards. User density and carbon dioxide deteriorated both bacteria and fungi disinfection performance whereas temperature was only statistically significant on fungi disinfection. Other factors including relative humidity, airflow velocity, and particulate matters did not have any statistically significant effect on microbial inactivation. Apart from bioaerosol disinfection, inactivation of microorganisms on surfaces of sports equipment was also conducted using chlorine dioxide, zinc oxide, weak acid hypochlorous water, and commercial disinfectant. The surfaces of bicycle handle, dumbbell, and sit-up bench were found to be contaminated with bacteria. Overall bacterial load was 390 to 3720 CFU/cm2 with Escherichia coli specifically 550 to 1080 CFU/cm2. Chlorine dioxide and zinc oxide were noticeably better than weak acid hypochlorous water and commercial disinfectant in terms of bacteria inactivation whereas all tested disinfectants had comparable effectiveness on E. coli disinfection. Targeted microorganisms on the sports equipment surface were sufficiently inactivated within 2 min after the application of disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonglak Boonrattanakij
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Sirikorn Yomchinda
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
- Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Jia Lin
- Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan
| | | | - Ming-Chun Lu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
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11
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Abstract
Amplified interest in maintaining clean indoor air associated with the airborne transmission risks of SARS-CoV-2 have led to an expansion in the market for commercially available air cleaning systems. While the optimal way to mitigate indoor air pollutants or contaminants is to control (remove) the source, air cleaners are a tool for use when absolute source control is not possible. Interventions for indoor air quality management include physical removal of pollutants through ventilation or collection on filters and sorbent materials, along with chemically reactive processes that transform pollutants or seek to deactivate biological entities. This perspective intends to highlight the perhaps unintended consequences of various air cleaning approaches via indoor air chemistry. Introduction of new chemical agents or reactive processes can initiate complex chemistry that results in the release of reactive intermediates and/or byproducts into the indoor environment. Since air cleaning systems are often continuously running to maximize their effectiveness and most people spend a vast majority of their time indoors, human exposure to both primary and secondary products from air cleaners may represent significant exposure risk. This Perspective highlights the need for further study of chemically reactive air cleaning and disinfection methods before broader adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Collins
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Hatanaka N, Yasugi M, Sato T, Mukamoto M, Yamasaki S. Hypochlorous acid solution is a potent antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1496-1502. [PMID: 34480823 PMCID: PMC8657320 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aim A novel coronavirus, termed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) suddenly appeared in Wuhan, China, and has caused pandemic. In this study, we evaluated antiviral activity of purified hypochlorous acid (HClO) against coronaviruses such as SARS‐CoV‐2 and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) responsible for pig diseases. Materials and Results In a suspension test, 28.1 ppm HClO solution inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 in phosphate‐buffered saline with the reduction of 104 of 50% tissue culture infectious dose per ml (TCID50 per ml) within 10 s. When its concentration increased to 59.4 ppm, the virus titre decreased to below the detection limit (reduction of 5 logs TCID50) within 10 s even in the presence of 0.1% foetal bovine serum. In a carrier test, incubation with 125 ppm HClO solution for 10 min or 250 ppm for 5 min inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 by more than 4 logs TCID50 per ml or below the detection limit. Because the titre of TGEV was 10‐fold higher, TGEV was used for SARS‐CoV‐2 in a suspension test. As expected, 56.3 ppm HClO solution inactivated TGEV by 6 logs TCID50 within 30 s. Conclusions In a carrier test, 125 ppm HClO solution for 10 min incubation is adequate to inactivate 4 logs TCID50 per ml of SARS‐CoV‐2 or more while in a suspension test 56.3 ppm HClO is adequate to inactivate 5 logs TCID50 per ml of SARS‐CoV‐2 when incubated for only 10 s regardless of presence or absence of organic matter. Significance and Impact of the Study Effectiveness of HClO solution against SARS‐CoV‐2 was demonstrated by both suspension and carrier tests. HClO solution inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 by 5 logs TCID50 within 10 s. HClO solution has several advantages such as none toxicity, none irritation to skin and none flammable. Thus, HClO solution can be used as a disinfectant for SARS‐CoV‐2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritoshi Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.,Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayo Yasugi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.,Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sato
- Research Laboratory, Local Power Co., Ltd., Akita, Japan
| | - Masafumi Mukamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.,Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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