1
|
Cummings BE, Pothier MA, Katz EF, DeCarlo PF, Farmer DK, Waring MS. Model Framework for Predicting Semivolatile Organic Material Emissions Indoors from Organic Aerosol Measurements: Applications to HOMEChem Stir-Frying. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:17374-17383. [PMID: 37930106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Cooking activities emit myriad low-volatility, semivolatile, and highly volatile organic compounds that together form particles that can accumulate to large indoor concentrations. Absorptive partitioning thermodynamics governs the particle-phase organic aerosol concentration mainly via temperature and sorbing mass impacts. Cooking activities can increase the organic sorbing mass by 1-2 orders of magnitude, increasing particle-phase concentrations and affecting emission rate calculations. Although recent studies have begun to probe the volatility characteristics of indoor cooking particles, parametrizations of cooking particle mass emissions have largely neglected these thermodynamic considerations. Here, we present an improved thermodynamics-based model framework for estimating condensable organic material emission rates from a time series of observed concentrations, given that adequate measurements or assumptions can be made about the volatility of the emitted species. We demonstrate the performance of this methodology by applying data from stir-frying experiments performed during the House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign to a two-zone box model representing the UTest House. Preliminary estimates of organic mass emitted on a per-stir-fry basis for three types of organic aerosol factors are presented. Our analysis highlights that using traditional nonvolatile particle models and emission characterizations for some organic aerosol emitting activities can incorrectly attribute concentration changes to emissions rather than thermodynamic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Cummings
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Matson A Pothier
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Erin F Katz
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Michael S Waring
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Link MF, Li J, Ditto JC, Huynh H, Yu J, Zimmerman SM, Rediger KL, Shore A, Abbatt JPD, Garofalo LA, Farmer DK, Poppendieck D. Ventilation in a Residential Building Brings Outdoor NO x Indoors with Limited Implications for VOC Oxidation from NO 3 Radicals. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:16446-16455. [PMID: 37856830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Energy-efficient residential building standards require the use of mechanical ventilation systems that replace indoor air with outdoor air. Transient outdoor pollution events can be transported indoors via the mechanical ventilation system and other outdoor air entry pathways and impact indoor air chemistry. In the spring of 2022, we observed elevated levels of NOx (NO + NO2) that originated outdoors, entering the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility through the mechanical ventilation system. Using measurements of NOx, ozone (O3), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), we modeled the effect of the outdoor-to-indoor ventilation of NOx pollution on the production of nitrate radical (NO3), a potentially important indoor oxidant. We evaluated how VOC oxidation chemistry was affected by NO3 during NOx pollution events compared to background conditions. We found that nitric oxide (NO) pollution introduced indoors titrated O3 and inhibited the modeled production of NO3. NO ventilated indoors also likely ceased most gas-phase VOC oxidation chemistry during plume events. Only through the artificial introduction of O3 to the ventilation duct during a NOx pollution event (i.e., when O3 and NO2 concentrations were high relative to typical conditions) were we able to measure NO3-initiated VOC oxidation products, indicating that NO3 was impacting VOC oxidation chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Link
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg 20899, Maryland, United States
| | - Jienan Li
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, Colorado, United States
| | - Jenna C Ditto
- University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario,Canada
| | - Han Huynh
- University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario,Canada
| | - Jie Yu
- University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario,Canada
| | - Stephen M Zimmerman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg 20899, Maryland, United States
| | - Katelyn L Rediger
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, Colorado, United States
| | - Andrew Shore
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg 20899, Maryland, United States
| | | | - Lauren A Garofalo
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, Colorado, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, Colorado, United States
| | - Dustin Poppendieck
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg 20899, Maryland, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li J, Link MF, Pandit S, Webb MH, Mayer KJ, Garofalo LA, Rediger KL, Poppendieck DG, Zimmerman SM, Vance ME, Grassian VH, Morrison GC, Turpin BJ, Farmer DK. The persistence of smoke VOCs indoors: Partitioning, surface cleaning, and air cleaning in a smoke-contaminated house. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadh8263. [PMID: 37831770 PMCID: PMC10575580 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh8263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires are increasing in frequency, raising concerns that smoke can permeate indoor environments and expose people to chemical air contaminants. To study smoke transformations in indoor environments and evaluate mitigation strategies, we added smoke to a test house. Many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) persisted days following the smoke injection, providing a longer-term exposure pathway for humans. Two time scales control smoke VOC partitioning: a faster one (1.0 to 5.2 hours) that describes the time to reach equilibrium between adsorption and desorption processes and a slower one (4.8 to 21.2 hours) that describes the time for indoor ventilation to overtake adsorption-desorption equilibria in controlling the air concentration. These rates imply that vapor pressure controls partitioning behavior and that house ventilation plays a minor role in removing smoke VOCs. However, surface cleaning activities (vacuuming, mopping, and dusting) physically removed surface reservoirs and thus reduced indoor smoke VOC concentrations more effectively than portable air cleaners and more persistently than window opening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jienan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Michael F. Link
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Shubhrangshu Pandit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marc H. Webb
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Lauren A. Garofalo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Katelyn L. Rediger
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | | | - Marina E. Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Glenn C. Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Barbara J. Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pothier MA, Boedicker E, Pierce JR, Vance M, Farmer DK. From the HOMEChem frying pan to the outdoor atmosphere: chemical composition, volatility distributions and fate of cooking aerosol. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2023; 25:314-325. [PMID: 36519677 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00250g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cooking organic aerosol (COA) is frequently observed in urban field studies. Like other forms of organic aerosol, cooking emissions partition between gas and particle phases; a quantitative understanding of the species volatility governing this partitioning is essential to model the transport and fate of COA. However, few cooking-specific volatility measurements are available, and COA is often assumed to be semi-volatile. We use measurements from a thermodenuder coupled to an aerosol chemical speciation monitor during the HOMEChem study to investigate the chemical components and volatility of near-source COA. We found that fresh emissions of COA have three chemical components: a biomass burning-like component (COABBOA), a lower volatility component associated with cooking oil (COAoil-2), and a higher volatility component associated with cooking oil (COAoil-1). We provide characteristic mass spectra and volatility profiles for these components. We develop a model to describe the partitioning of these emissions as they dilute through the house and outdoor atmosphere. We show that the total emissions from cooking can be misclassified in air quality studies that use semi-volatile emissions as a proxy for cooking aerosol, due to the presence of substantial mass in lower volatility bins of COA not generally represented in models. Primary emissions of COA can thus be not only primary sources of urban aerosol pollution, but also sources of semi-volatile organic compounds that undergo secondary chemistry in the atmosphere and contribute to ozone formation and secondary organic aerosol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matson A Pothier
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Erin Boedicker
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Jeffrey R Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Marina Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reidy E, Bottorff BP, Rosales CM, Cardoso-Saldaña FJ, Arata C, Zhou S, Wang C, Abeleira A, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Goldstein AH, Novoselac A, Kahan TF, Abbatt JPD, Vance ME, Farmer DK, Stevens PS. Measurements of Hydroxyl Radical Concentrations during Indoor Cooking Events: Evidence of an Unmeasured Photolytic Source of Radicals. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:896-908. [PMID: 36603843 PMCID: PMC9850917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The hydroxyl radical (OH) is the dominant oxidant in the outdoor environment, controlling the lifetimes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and contributing to the growth of secondary organic aerosols. Despite its importance outdoors, there have been relatively few measurements of the OH radical in indoor environments. During the House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign, elevated concentrations of OH were observed near a window during cooking events, in addition to elevated mixing ratios of nitrous acid (HONO), VOCs, and nitrogen oxides (NOX). Particularly high concentrations were measured during the preparation of a traditional American Thanksgiving dinner, which required the use of a gas stove and oven almost continually for 6 h. A zero-dimensional chemical model underpredicted the measured OH concentrations even during periods when direct sunlight illuminated the area near the window, which increases the rate of OH production by photolysis of HONO. Interferences with measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) suggest that unmeasured photolytic VOCs were emitted during cooking events. The addition of a VOC that photolyzes to produce peroxy radicals (RO2), similar to pyruvic acid, into the model results in better agreement with the OH measurements. These results highlight our incomplete understanding of the nature of oxidation in indoor environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Reidy
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| | - Brandon P. Bottorff
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| | - Colleen Marciel
F. Rosales
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| | | | - Caleb Arata
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York13244, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrew Abeleira
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado80523, United States
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, University
of Texas, Austin, Texas78712, United
States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Atila Novoselac
- Department
of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Tara F. Kahan
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York13244, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanS7N 5E6, Canada
| | | | - Marina E. Vance
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado80523, United States
| | - Philip S. Stevens
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bottorff B, Wang C, Reidy E, Rosales C, Farmer DK, Vance ME, Abbatt JPD, Stevens P. Comparison of Simultaneous Measurements of Indoor Nitrous Acid: Implications for the Spatial Distribution of Indoor HONO Emissions. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:13573-13583. [PMID: 36137564 PMCID: PMC9535926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite its importance as a radical precursor and a hazardous pollutant, the chemistry of nitrous acid (HONO) in the indoor environment is not fully understood. We present results from a comparison of HONO measurements from a time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ToF-CIMS) and a laser photofragmentation/laser-induced fluorescence (LP/LIF) instrument during the House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign. Experiments during HOMEChem simulated typical household activities and provided a dynamic range of HONO mixing ratios. The instruments measured HONO at different locations in a house featuring a typical air change rate (ACR) (0.5 h-1) and an enhanced mixing rate (∼8 h-1). Despite the distance between the instruments, measurements from the two instruments agreed to within their respective uncertainties (slope = 0.85, R2 = 0.92), indicating that the lifetime of HONO is long enough for it to be quickly distributed indoors, although spatial gradients occurred during ventilation periods. This suggests that emissions of HONO from any source can mix throughout the house and can contribute to OH radical production in sunlit regions, enhancing the oxidative capacity indoors. Measurement discrepancies were likely due to interferences with the LP/LIF instrument as well as calibration uncertainties associated with both instruments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Bottorff
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- School
of Environment Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Emily Reidy
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Colleen Rosales
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Air
Quality Research Center, University of California
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Marina E. Vance
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Philip
S. Stevens
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hodshire AL, Carter E, Mattila JM, Ilacqua V, Zambrana J, Abbatt JPD, Abeleira A, Arata C, DeCarlo PF, Goldstein AH, Ruiz LH, Vance ME, Wang C, Farmer DK. Detailed Investigation of the Contribution of Gas-Phase Air Contaminants to Exposure Risk during Indoor Activities. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:12148-12157. [PMID: 35952310 PMCID: PMC9454252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Analytical capabilities in atmospheric chemistry provide new opportunities to investigate indoor air. HOMEChem was a chemically comprehensive indoor field campaign designed to investigate how common activities, such as cooking and cleaning, impacted indoor air in a test home. We combined gas-phase chemical data of all compounds, excluding those with concentrations <1 ppt, with established databases of health effect thresholds to evaluate potential risks associated with gas-phase air contaminants and indoor activities. The chemical composition of indoor air is distinct from outdoor air, with gaseous compounds present at higher levels and greater diversity─and thus greater predicted hazard quotients─indoors than outdoors. Common household activities like cooking and cleaning induce rapid changes in indoor air composition, raising levels of multiple compounds with high risk quotients. The HOMEChem data highlight how strongly human activities influence the air we breathe in the built environment, increasing the health risk associated with exposure to air contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Hodshire
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
| | - Ellison Carter
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - James M. Mattila
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
| | - Vito Ilacqua
- U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, Washington District of Columbia 20460, United States
| | - Jordan Zambrana
- U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, Washington District of Columbia 20460, United States
| | | | - Andrew Abeleira
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter F. DeCarlo
- Department
of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21212, United States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Marina E. Vance
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aksenov AA, Salido RA, Melnik AV, Brennan C, Brejnrod A, Caraballo-Rodríguez AM, Gauglitz JM, Lejzerowicz F, Farmer DK, Vance ME, Knight R, Dorrestein PC. The molecular impact of life in an indoor environment. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabn8016. [PMID: 35749501 PMCID: PMC9232106 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn8016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of indoor surfaces and the role of microbes in shaping and responding to that chemistry are largely unexplored. We found that, over 1 month, people's presence and activities profoundly reshaped the chemistry of a house. Molecules associated with eating/cooking, bathroom use, and personal care were found throughout the entire house, while molecules associated with medications, outdoor biocides, and microbially derived compounds were distributed in a location-dependent manner. The house and its microbial occupants, in turn, also introduced chemical transformations such as oxidation and transformations of foodborne molecules. The awareness of and the ability to observe the molecular changes introduced by people should influence future building designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Aksenov
- Skaggs of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Rodolfo A. Salido
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexey V. Melnik
- Skaggs of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Caitriona Brennan
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Asker Brejnrod
- Skaggs of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrés Mauricio Caraballo-Rodríguez
- Skaggs of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Julia M. Gauglitz
- Skaggs of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Franck Lejzerowicz
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Marina E. Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Skaggs of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang C, Mattila JM, Farmer DK, Arata C, Goldstein AH, Abbatt JPD. Behavior of Isocyanic Acid and Other Nitrogen-Containing Volatile Organic Compounds in The Indoor Environment. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:7598-7607. [PMID: 35653434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanic acid (HNCO) and other nitrogen-containing volatile chemicals (organic isocyanates, hydrogen cyanide, nitriles, amines, amides) were measured during the House Observation of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign. The indoor HNCO mean mixing ratio was 0.14 ± 0.30 ppb (range 0.012-6.1 ppb), higher than outdoor levels (mean 0.026 ± 0.15 ppb). From the month-long study, cooking and chlorine bleach cleaning are identified as the most important human-related sources of these nitrogen-containing gases. Gas oven cooking emits more isocyanates than stovetop cooking. The emission ratios HNCO/CO (ppb/ppm) during stovetop and oven cooking (mean 0.090 and 0.30) are lower than previously reported values during biomass burning (between 0.76 and 4.6) and cigarette smoking (mean 2.7). Bleach cleaning led to an increase of the HNCO mixing ratio of a factor of 3.5 per liter of cleaning solution used; laboratory studies indicate that isocyanates arise via reaction of nitrogen-containing precursors, such as indoor dust. Partitioned in a temperature-dependent manner to indoor surface reservoirs, HNCO was present at the beginning of HOMEChem, arising from an unidentified source. HNCO levels are higher at the end of the campaign than the beginning, indicative of occupant activities such as cleaning and cooking; however the direct emissions of humans are relatively minor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology and Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - James M Mattila
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
O'Dell K, Hornbrook RS, Permar W, Levin EJT, Garofalo LA, Apel EC, Blake NJ, Jarnot A, Pothier MA, Farmer DK, Hu L, Campos T, Ford B, Pierce JR, Fischer EV. Correction to Hazardous Air Pollutants in Fresh and Aged Western US Wildfire Smoke and Implications for Long-Term Exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:3304. [PMID: 35175737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
|
11
|
Sauer JS, Mayer KJ, Lee C, Alves MR, Amiri S, Bahaveolos CJ, Franklin EB, Crocker DR, Dang D, Dinasquet J, Garofalo LA, Kaluarachchi CP, Kilgour DB, Mael LE, Mitts BA, Moon DR, Moore AN, Morris CK, Mullenmeister CA, Ni CM, Pendergraft MA, Petras D, Simpson RMC, Smith S, Tumminello PR, Walker JL, DeMott PJ, Farmer DK, Goldstein AH, Grassian VH, Jaffe JS, Malfatti F, Martz TR, Slade JH, Tivanski AV, Bertram TH, Cappa CD, Prather KA. The Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution study (SeaSCAPE): overview and experimental methods. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2022; 24:290-315. [PMID: 35048927 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine aerosols strongly influence climate through their interactions with solar radiation and clouds. However, significant questions remain regarding the influences of biological activity and seawater chemistry on the flux, chemical composition, and climate-relevant properties of marine aerosols and gases. Wave channels, a traditional tool of physical oceanography, have been adapted for large-scale ocean-atmosphere mesocosm experiments in the laboratory. These experiments enable the study of aerosols under controlled conditions which isolate the marine system from atmospheric anthropogenic and terrestrial influences. Here, we present an overview of the 2019 Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution (SeaSCAPE) study, which was conducted in an 11 800 L wave channel which was modified to facilitate atmospheric measurements. The SeaSCAPE campaign sought to determine the influence of biological activity in seawater on the production of primary sea spray aerosols, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and secondary marine aerosols. Notably, the SeaSCAPE experiment also focused on understanding how photooxidative aging processes transform the composition of marine aerosols. In addition to a broad range of aerosol, gas, and seawater measurements, we present key results which highlight the experimental capabilities during the campaign, including the phytoplankton bloom dynamics, VOC production, and the effects of photochemical aging on aerosol production, morphology, and chemical composition. Additionally, we discuss the modifications made to the wave channel to improve aerosol production and reduce background contamination, as well as subsequent characterization experiments. The SeaSCAPE experiment provides unique insight into the connections between marine biology, atmospheric chemistry, and climate-relevant aerosol properties, and demonstrates how an ocean-atmosphere-interaction facility can be used to isolate and study reactions in the marine atmosphere in the laboratory under more controlled conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon S Sauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Kathryn J Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Christopher Lee
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Michael R Alves
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Sarah Amiri
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | | | - Emily B Franklin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel R Crocker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Duyen Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Julie Dinasquet
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Lauren A Garofalo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | | | - Delaney B Kilgour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Liora E Mael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Brock A Mitts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Daniel R Moon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Institute for Chemical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Alexia N Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Clare K Morris
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Catherine A Mullenmeister
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Chi-Min Ni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Matthew A Pendergraft
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Daniel Petras
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Rebecca M C Simpson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Stephanie Smith
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Paul R Tumminello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Joseph L Walker
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Paul J DeMott
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jules S Jaffe
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Francesca Malfatti
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Universita' degli Studi di Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Todd R Martz
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan H Slade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Alexei V Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mattila JM, Arata C, Abeleira A, Zhou Y, Wang C, Katz EF, Goldstein AH, Abbatt JPD, DeCarlo PF, Vance ME, Farmer DK. Contrasting Chemical Complexity and the Reactive Organic Carbon Budget of Indoor and Outdoor Air. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:109-118. [PMID: 34910454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reactive organic carbon (ROC) comprises a substantial fraction of the total atmospheric carbon budget. Emissions of ROC fuel atmospheric oxidation chemistry to produce secondary pollutants including ozone, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter. Compared to the outdoor atmosphere, the indoor organic carbon budget is comparatively understudied. We characterized indoor ROC in a test house during unoccupied, cooking, and cleaning scenarios using various online mass spectrometry and gas chromatography measurements of gaseous and particulate organics. Cooking greatly impacted indoor ROC concentrations and bulk physicochemical properties (e.g., volatility and oxidation state), while cleaning yielded relatively insubstantial changes. Additionally, cooking enhanced the reactivities of hydroxyl radicals and ozone toward indoor ROC. We observed consistently higher median ROC concentrations indoors (≥223 μg C m-3) compared to outdoors (54 μg C m-3), demonstrating that buildings can be a net source of reactive carbon to the outdoor atmosphere, following its removal by ventilation. We estimate the unoccupied test house emitted 0.7 g C day-1 from ROC to outdoors. Indoor ROC emissions may thus play an important role in air quality and secondary pollutant formation outdoors, particularly in urban and suburban areas, and indoors during the use of oxidant-generating air purifiers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Mattila
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrew Abeleira
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Erin F Katz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Garofalo LA, He Y, Jathar SH, Pierce JR, Fredrickson CD, Palm BB, Thornton JA, Mahrt F, Crescenzo GV, Bertram AK, Draper DC, Fry JL, Orlando J, Zhang X, Farmer DK. Heterogeneous Nucleation Drives Particle Size Segregation in Sequential Ozone and Nitrate Radical Oxidation of Catechol. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:15637-15645. [PMID: 34813317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol formation via condensation of organic vapors onto existing aerosol transforms the chemical composition and size distribution of ambient aerosol, with implications for air quality and Earth's radiative balance. Gas-to-particle conversion is generally thought to occur on a continuum between equilibrium-driven partitioning of semivolatile molecules to the pre-existing mass size distribution and kinetic-driven condensation of low volatility molecules to the pre-existing surface area size distribution. However, we offer experimental evidence in contrast to this framework. When catechol is sequentially oxidized by O3 and NO3 in the presence of (NH4)2SO4 seed particles with a single size mode, we observe a bimodal organic aerosol mass size distribution with two size modes of distinct chemical composition with nitrocatechol from NO3 oxidation preferentially condensing onto the large end of the pre-existing size distribution (∼750 nm). A size-resolved chemistry and microphysics model reproduces the evolution of the two distinct organic aerosol size modes─heterogeneous nucleation to an independent, nitrocatechol-rich aerosol phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Garofalo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Yicong He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Carley D Fredrickson
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Fabian Mahrt
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe V Crescenzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Allan K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Danielle C Draper
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, United States
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Juliane L Fry
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, United States
| | - John Orlando
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80307, United States
| | - Xuan Zhang
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80307, United States
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arata C, Misztal PK, Tian Y, Lunderberg DM, Kristensen K, Novoselac A, Vance ME, Farmer DK, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Volatile organic compound emissions during HOMEChem. Indoor Air 2021; 31:2099-2117. [PMID: 34272904 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying speciated concentrations and emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is critical to understanding the processes that control indoor VOC dynamics, airborne chemistry, and human exposures. Here, we present source strength profiles from the HOMEChem study, quantifying speciated VOC emissions from scripted experiments (with multiple replicates) of cooking, cleaning, and human occupancy and from unperturbed baseline measurements of the building and its contents. Measurements using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer were combined with tracer-based determinations of air-change rates to enable mass-balance-based calculations of speciated, time-resolved VOC source strengths. The building and its contents were the dominant emission source into the house, with large emissions of acetic acid, methanol, and formic acid. Cooking emissions were greater than cleaning emissions and were dominated by ethanol. Bleach cleaning generated high emissions of chlorinated compounds, whereas natural product cleaning emitted predominantly terpenoids. Occupancy experiments showed large emissions of siloxanes from personal care products in the morning, with much lower emissions in the afternoon. From these results, VOC emissions were simulated for a hypothetical 24-h period, showing that emissions from the house and its contents make up nearly half of total indoor VOC emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Yilin Tian
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Baseline Environmental Consulting, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - David M Lunderberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kasper Kristensen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Atila Novoselac
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sankhyan S, Patel S, Katz EF, DeCarlo PF, Farmer DK, Nazaroff WW, Vance ME. Indoor black carbon and brown carbon concentrations from cooking and outdoor penetration: insights from the HOMEChem study. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2021; 23:1476-1487. [PMID: 34523653 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00283j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Particle emissions from cooking are a major contributor to residential indoor air pollution and could also contribute to ambient concentrations. An important constituent of these emissions is light-absorbing carbon, including black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC). This work characterizes the contributions of indoor and outdoor sources of BC and BrC to the indoor environment by concurrently measuring real-time concentrations of these air pollutants indoors and outdoors during the month-long HOMEChem study. The median indoor-to-outdoor ratios of BC and BrC during the periods of no activity inside the test house were 0.6 and 0.7, respectively. The absorption Ångström exponent was used to characterize light-absorbing particle emissions during different activities and ranged from 1.1 to 2.7 throughout the campaign, with the highest value (indicative of BrC-dominated emissions) observed during the preparation of a simulated Thanksgiving Day holiday style meal. An indoor BC exposure assessment shows that exposure for an occupant present in the kitchen area was ∼4 times higher during Thanksgiving Day experiments (primarily due to candle burning) when compared to the background conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sankhyan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Sameer Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Erin F Katz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, 419 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, 130 Hilgard Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 W Lake St., Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Morrow JB, Packman AI, Martinez KF, Van Den Wymelenberg K, Goeres D, Farmer DK, Mitchell J, Ng L, Hazi Y, Schoch-Spana M, Quinn S, Bahnfleth W, Olsiewski P. Critical Capability Needs for Reduction of Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Indoors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:641599. [PMID: 34660544 PMCID: PMC8513777 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.641599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination of efforts to assess the challenges and pain points felt by industries from around the globe working to reduce COVID-19 transmission in the indoor environment as well as innovative solutions applied to meet these challenges is mandatory. Indoor infectious viral disease transmission (such as coronavirus, norovirus, influenza) is a complex problem that needs better integration of our current knowledge and intervention strategies. Critical to providing a reduction in transmission is to map the four core technical areas of environmental microbiology, transmission science, building science, and social science. To that end a three-stage science and innovation Summit was held to gather information on current standards, policies and procedures applied to reduce transmission in built spaces, as well as the technical challenges, science needs, and research priorities. The Summit elucidated steps than can be taken to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2 indoors and calls for significant investments in research to enhance our knowledge of viral pathogen persistence and transport in the built environment, risk assessment and mitigation strategy such as processes and procedures to reduce the risk of exposure and infection through building systems operations, biosurveillance capacity, communication form leadership, and stakeholder engagement for optimal response. These findings reflect the effective application of existing knowledge and standards, emerging science, and lessons-learned from current efforts to confront SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayne B. Morrow
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
- Integrated Bioscience and Built Environment Consortium (IBEC), Sanford, FL, United States
| | - Aaron I. Packman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Kenneth F. Martinez
- Integrated Bioscience and Built Environment Consortium (IBEC), Sanford, FL, United States
- HWC Inc., Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, College of Design, Institute for Health in the Built Environment, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Darla Goeres
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jade Mitchell
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Lisa Ng
- Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Yair Hazi
- HWC Inc., Washington, DC, United States
| | - Monica Schoch-Spana
- Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, John Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sandra Quinn
- Department of Family Science and Center for Health Equity, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - William Bahnfleth
- Department of Architectural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Paula Olsiewski
- Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, John Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Amplified interest in maintaining clean indoor air associated with the airborne transmission risks of SARS-CoV-2 have led to an expansion in the market for commercially available air cleaning systems. While the optimal way to mitigate indoor air pollutants or contaminants is to control (remove) the source, air cleaners are a tool for use when absolute source control is not possible. Interventions for indoor air quality management include physical removal of pollutants through ventilation or collection on filters and sorbent materials, along with chemically reactive processes that transform pollutants or seek to deactivate biological entities. This perspective intends to highlight the perhaps unintended consequences of various air cleaning approaches via indoor air chemistry. Introduction of new chemical agents or reactive processes can initiate complex chemistry that results in the release of reactive intermediates and/or byproducts into the indoor environment. Since air cleaning systems are often continuously running to maximize their effectiveness and most people spend a vast majority of their time indoors, human exposure to both primary and secondary products from air cleaners may represent significant exposure risk. This Perspective highlights the need for further study of chemically reactive air cleaning and disinfection methods before broader adoption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Collins
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schwartz-Narbonne H, Abbatt JPD, DeCarlo PF, Farmer DK, Mattila JM, Wang C, Donaldson DJ, Siegel JA. Modeling the Removal of Water-Soluble Trace Gases from Indoor Air via Air Conditioner Condensate. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:10987-10993. [PMID: 34342979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble trace gas (WSTG) loss from indoor air via air conditioning (AC) units has been observed in several studies, but these results have been difficult to generalize. In the present study, we designed a box model that can be used to investigate and estimate WSTG removal due to partitioning to AC coil condensate. We compared the model output to measurements of a suite of organic acids cycling in an indoor environment and tested the model by varying the input AC parameters. These tests showed that WSTG loss via AC cycling is influenced by Henry's law constant of the compound in question, which is controlled by air and water temperatures and the condensate pH. Air conditioning unit specifications also impact WSTG loss through variations in the sensible heat ratio, the effective recirculation rate of air through the unit, and the timing of coil and fan operation. These findings have significant implications for indoor modeling. To accurately model the fate of indoor WSTGs, researchers must either measure or otherwise account for these unique environmental and operational characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - James M Mattila
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - D James Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Jeffrey A Siegel
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A4
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3M7
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Link MF, Farmer DK, Berg T, Flocke F, Ravishankara AR. Measuring Photodissociation Product Quantum Yields Using Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry: A Case Study with Ketones. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6836-6844. [PMID: 34324344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of photolysis quantum yields are challenging because of the difficulties in measuring the first-generation photodissociation products, interference from other products or contaminants, sufficient photon fluxes and/or low absorption cross sections of the photolyte to make detectable amounts of products, and quantification of the photon flux. In the case of acetone (and other atmospherically relevant ketones) the uncertainty in the photolysis quantum yield creates uncertainty in the calculated OH radical and acyl peroxy nitrate production in the atmosphere. We present a new method for determining photodissociation product quantum yields by measuring acyl peroxy radicals (RC(O)O2) produced in the photolysis of ketones in air using chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS). We show good agreement of our CIMS method with previously published quantum yields of the acyl radical from photolysis of biacetyl and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) at 254 nm. Additionally, we highlight the capabilities of this CIMS method through the measurement of photolysis branching ratios for MEK. We suggest future applications of CIMS (in the laboratory and field) to measure RC(O)O2 and associated photolysis processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Link
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Tyson Berg
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Frank Flocke
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - A R Ravishankara
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.,Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Boedicker EK, Emerson EW, McMeeking GR, Patel S, Vance ME, Farmer DK. Fates and spatial variations of accumulation mode particles in a multi-zone indoor environment during the HOMEChem campaign. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2021; 23:1029-1039. [PMID: 34142692 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00087j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Studying the indoor dynamics that impact particles is crucial in order to understand indoor air chemistry and assess overall human exposure to particles. This work investigates spatial gradients in particle concentration, caused by indoor transport and loss mechanisms. We conducted a variety of cooking experiments during the House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign in June 2018 that allowed us to probe these mechanisms. We measured size-resolved (0.06-1 μm and 0.13-3 μm) particle number concentrations from cooking experiments using optical instruments at four locations throughout the house simultaneously. The particle number concentration in the kitchen was 40 ± 10% and 70 ± 10% higher than the concentrations in the living room and the bedroom, respectively. There was a minor size dependence, with larger differences in the smaller sizes of the accumulation mode (0.1-2.5 μm) than the larger end of the range. Dilution accounts for the majority of these concentration differences. Surface deposition was the dominant fate of particles within a zone, with observed deposition velocities ranging from 0.1 to 0.6 m h-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Boedicker
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 W Lake St., Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Ethan W Emerson
- Handix Scientific LLC, 5485 Conestoga Court, Suite 104B, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Gavin R McMeeking
- Handix Scientific LLC, 5485 Conestoga Court, Suite 104B, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Sameer Patel
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 W Lake St., Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hallar AG, Brown SS, Crosman E, Barsanti K, Cappa CD, Faloona I, Fast J, Holmes HA, Horel J, Lin J, Middlebrook A, Mitchell L, Murphy J, Womack CC, Aneja V, Baasandorj M, Bahreini R, Banta R, Bray C, Brewer A, Caulton D, de Gouw J, De Wekker SF, Farmer DK, Gaston CJ, Hoch S, Hopkins F, Karle NN, Kelly JT, Kelly K, Lareau N, Lu K, Mauldin RL, Mallia DV, Martin R, Mendoza D, Oldroyd HJ, Pichugina Y, Pratt KA, Saide P, Silva PJ, Simpson W, Stephens BB, Stutz J, Sullivan A. Coupled Air Quality and Boundary-Layer Meteorology in Western U.S. Basins during Winter: Design and Rationale for a Comprehensive Study. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2021; 0:1-94. [PMID: 34446943 PMCID: PMC8384125 DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-20-0017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wintertime episodes of high aerosol concentrations occur frequently in urban and agricultural basins and valleys worldwide. These episodes often arise following development of persistent cold-air pools (PCAPs) that limit mixing and modify chemistry. While field campaigns targeting either basin meteorology or wintertime pollution chemistry have been conducted, coupling between interconnected chemical and meteorological processes remains an insufficiently studied research area. Gaps in understanding the coupled chemical-meteorological interactions that drive high pollution events make identification of the most effective air-basin specific emission control strategies challenging. To address this, a September 2019 workshop occurred with the goal of planning a future research campaign to investigate air quality in Western U.S. basins. Approximately 120 people participated, representing 50 institutions and 5 countries. Workshop participants outlined the rationale and design for a comprehensive wintertime study that would couple atmospheric chemistry and boundary-layer and complex-terrain meteorology within western U.S. basins. Participants concluded the study should focus on two regions with contrasting aerosol chemistry: three populated valleys within Utah (Salt Lake, Utah, and Cache Valleys) and the San Joaquin Valley in California. This paper describes the scientific rationale for a campaign that will acquire chemical and meteorological datasets using airborne platforms with extensive range, coupled to surface-based measurements focusing on sampling within the near-surface boundary layer, and transport and mixing processes within this layer, with high vertical resolution at a number of representative sites. No prior wintertime basin-focused campaign has provided the breadth of observations necessary to characterize the meteorological-chemical linkages outlined here, nor to validate complex processes within coupled atmosphere-chemistry models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erik Crosman
- Department of Life, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, West Texas A&M University
| | - Kelley Barsanti
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California, Riverside
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis 95616 USA
| | - Ian Faloona
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis
| | - Jerome Fast
- Atmospheric Science and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest, National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Heather A. Holmes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - John Horel
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - John Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Logan Mitchell
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jennifer Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline C. Womack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado/ NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - Viney Aneja
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University
| | | | - Roya Bahreini
- Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | | | - Casey Bray
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University
| | - Alan Brewer
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - Dana Caulton
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming
| | - Joost de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences & Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | | | | | - Cassandra J. Gaston
- Department of Atmospheric Science - Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami
| | - Sebastian Hoch
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Nakul N. Karle
- Environmental Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, TX
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Kerry Kelly
- Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Neil Lareau
- Atmospheric Sciences and Environmental Sciences and Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China, 100871
| | - Roy L. Mauldin
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| | - Derek V. Mallia
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Randal Martin
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Logan, UT
| | - Daniel Mendoza
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Holly J. Oldroyd
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis
| | | | | | - Pablo Saide
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, and Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Phillip J. Silva
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Bowling Green, KY
| | - William Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6160
| | - Britton B. Stephens
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO
| | - Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Amy Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Aerosols are liquid or solid particles suspended in the atmosphere, typically with diameters on the order of nanometers to microns. These particles impact air quality and the radiative balance of the planet. Dry deposition is a key process for the removal of aerosols from the atmosphere and plays an important role in controlling the lifetime of atmospheric aerosols. Dry deposition is driven by turbulence and shows a strong dependence on particle size. This review summarizes the mechanisms behind aerosol dry deposition, including measurement approaches, field observations, and modeling studies. We identify several gaps in the literature, including deposition over the cryosphere (i.e., snow and ice surfaces) and the ocean; in addition, we highlight new techniques to measure black carbon fluxes. While recent advances in aerosol instrumentation have enhanced our understanding of aerosol sources and chemistry, dry deposition and other loss processes remain poorly investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA;
| | - Erin K Boedicker
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA;
| | - Holly M DeBolt
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bond TC, Bosco-Lauth A, Farmer DK, Francisco PW, Pierce JR, Fedak KM, Ham JM, Jathar SH, VandeWoude S. Quantifying Proximity, Confinement, and Interventions in Disease Outbreaks: A Decision Support Framework for Air-Transported Pathogens. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:2890-2898. [PMID: 33605140 PMCID: PMC7927283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The inability to communicate how infectious diseases are transmitted in human environments has triggered avoidance of interactions during the COVID-19 pandemic. We define a metric, Effective ReBreathed Volume (ERBV), that encapsulates how infectious pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, transport in air. ERBV separates environmental transport from other factors in the chain of infection, allowing quantitative comparisons among situations. Particle size affects transport, removal onto surfaces, and elimination by mitigation measures, so ERBV is presented for a range of exhaled particle diameters: 1, 10, and 100 μm. Pathogen transport depends on both proximity and confinement. If interpersonal distancing of 2 m is maintained, then confinement, not proximity, dominates rebreathing after 10-15 min in enclosed spaces for all but 100 μm particles. We analyze strategies to reduce this confinement effect. Ventilation and filtration reduce person-to-person transport of 1 μm particles (ERBV1) by 13-85% in residential and office situations. Deposition to surfaces competes with intentional removal for 10 and 100 μm particles, so the same interventions reduce ERBV10 by only 3-50%, and ERBV100 is unaffected. Prior knowledge of size-dependent ERBV would help identify transmission modes and effective interventions. This framework supports mitigation decisions in emerging situations, even before other infectious parameters are known.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tami C. Bond
- Mechanical
Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Angela Bosco-Lauth
- College
of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado80523, United States
| | - Paul W. Francisco
- Energy
Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
- Indoor
Climate Research and Training, Applied Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Pierce
- Atmospheric
Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Kristen M. Fedak
- Environmental
and Radiological Health Science, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jay M. Ham
- Soil and
Crop Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Shantanu H. Jathar
- Mechanical
Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Microbiology,
Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
He Y, Akherati A, Nah T, Ng NL, Garofalo LA, Farmer DK, Shiraiwa M, Zaveri RA, Cappa CD, Pierce JR, Jathar SH. Particle Size Distribution Dynamics Can Help Constrain the Phase State of Secondary Organic Aerosol. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:1466-1476. [PMID: 33417446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Particle phase state is a property of atmospheric aerosols that has important implications for the formation, evolution, and gas/particle partitioning of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this work, we use a size-resolved chemistry and microphysics model (Statistical Oxidation Model coupled to the TwO Moment Aerosol Sectional (SOM-TOMAS)), updated to include an explicit treatment of particle phase state, to constrain the bulk diffusion coefficient (Db) of SOA produced from α-pinene ozonolysis. By leveraging data from laboratory experiments performed in the absence of a seed and under dry conditions, we find that the Db for SOA can be constrained ((1-7) × 10-15 cm2 s-1 in these experiments) by simultaneously reproducing the time-varying SOA mass concentrations and the evolution of the particle size distribution. Another version of our model that used the predicted SOA composition to calculate the glass-transition temperature, viscosity, and, ultimately, Db (∼10-15 cm2 s-1) of the SOA was able to reproduce the mass and size distribution measurements when we included oligomer formation (oligomers accounted for about a fifth of the SOA mass). Our work highlights the potential of a size-resolved SOA model to constrain the particle phase state of SOA using historical measurements of the evolution of the particle size distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yicong He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ali Akherati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Theodora Nah
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nga L Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lauren A Garofalo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Brown WL, Day DA, Stark H, Pagonis D, Krechmer JE, Liu X, Price DJ, Katz EF, DeCarlo PF, Masoud CG, Wang DS, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Arata C, Lunderberg DM, Goldstein AH, Farmer DK, Vance ME, Jimenez JL. Real-time organic aerosol chemical speciation in the indoor environment using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Indoor Air 2021; 31:141-155. [PMID: 32696534 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the sources and composition of organic aerosol (OA) in indoor environments requires rapid measurements, since many emissions and processes have short timescales. However, real-time molecular-level OA measurements have not been reported indoors. Here, we present quantitative measurements, at a time resolution of five seconds, of molecular ions corresponding to diverse aerosol-phase species, by applying extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) to indoor air analysis for the first time, as part of the highly instrumented HOMEChem field study. We demonstrate how the complex spectra of EESI-MS are screened in order to extract chemical information and investigate the possibility of interference from gas-phase semivolatile species. During experiments that simulated the Thanksgiving US holiday meal preparation, EESI-MS quantified multiple species, including fatty acids, carbohydrates, siloxanes, and phthalates. Intercomparisons with Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer suggest that EESI-MS quantified a large fraction of OA. Comparisons with FIGAERO-CIMS shows similar signal levels and good correlation, with a range of 100 for the relative sensitivities. Comparisons with SV-TAG for phthalates and with SV-TAG and AMS for total siloxanes also show strong correlation. EESI-MS observations can be used with gas-phase measurements to identify co-emitted gas- and aerosol-phase species, and this is demonstrated using complementary gas-phase PTR-MS observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt L Brown
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Douglas A Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Harald Stark
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Demetrios Pagonis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Derek J Price
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Erin F Katz
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Catherine G Masoud
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Dongyu S Wang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tian Y, Arata C, Boedicker E, Lunderberg DM, Patel S, Sankhyan S, Kristensen K, Misztal PK, Farmer DK, Vance M, Novoselac A, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Indoor emissions of total and fluorescent supermicron particles during HOMEChem. Indoor Air 2021; 31:88-98. [PMID: 32779288 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of particulate matter is associated with adverse health outcomes. The fluorescent portion of supermicron particulate matter has been used as a proxy for bioaerosols. The sources and emission rates of fluorescent particles in residential environments are not well-understood. Using an ultraviolet aerodynamic particle sizer (UVAPS), emissions of total and fluorescent supermicron particles from common human activities were investigated during the HOMEChem campaign, a test-house investigation of the chemistry of indoor environments. Human occupancy and activities, including cooking and mopping, were found to be considerable sources of indoor supermicron fluorescent particles, which enhanced the indoor particle concentrations by two orders of magnitude above baseline levels. The estimated total (fluorescent) mass emission rates for the activities tested were in the range of 4-30 (1-11) mg per person meal for cooking and 0.1-4.9 (0.05-4.7) mg/h for occupancy and mopping. Model calculations indicate that, once released, the dominant fate of coarse particles (2.5-10 micrometer in diameter) was deposition onto indoor surfaces, allowing for the possibility of subsequent resuspension and consequent exposures over durations much longer than the ventilation time scale. Indoor coarse particle deposition would also contribute to soiling of indoor surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Tian
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Erin Boedicker
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, CO, USA
| | | | - Sameer Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sumit Sankhyan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kasper Kristensen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Marina Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Atila Novoselac
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ault AP, Grassian VH, Carslaw N, Collins DB, Destaillats H, Donaldson DJ, Farmer DK, Jimenez JL, McNeill VF, Morrison GC, O'Brien RE, Shiraiwa M, Vance ME, Wells JR, Xiong W. Indoor Surface Chemistry: Developing a Molecular Picture of Reactions on Indoor Interfaces. Chem 2020; 6:3203-3218. [PMID: 32984643 PMCID: PMC7501779 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemical reactions on indoor surfaces play an important role in air quality in indoor environments, where humans spend 90% of their time. We focus on the challenges of understanding the complex chemistry that takes place on indoor surfaces and identify crucial steps necessary to gain a molecular-level understanding of environmental indoor surface chemistry: (1) elucidate key surface reaction mechanisms and kinetics important to indoor air chemistry, (2) define a range of relevant and representative surfaces to probe, and (3) define the drivers of surface reactivity, particularly with respect to the surface composition, light, and temperature. Within the drivers of surface composition are the roles of adsorbed/absorbed water associated with indoor surfaces and the prevalence, inhomogeneity, and properties of secondary organic films that can impact surface reactivity. By combining laboratory studies, field measurements, and modeling we can gain insights into the molecular processes necessary to further our understanding of the indoor environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Douglas B Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Hugo Destaillats
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - D James Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rachel E O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - J R Wells
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Farmer DK, Prather KA. A Chemical Perspective on Climate: Emerging Research into Atmospheric Chemistry Impacts on Earth's Radiative Balance. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2496-2497. [PMID: 33198472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
29
|
Wang C, Bottorff B, Reidy E, Rosales CMF, Collins DB, Novoselac A, Farmer DK, Vance ME, Stevens PS, Abbatt JPD. Cooking, Bleach Cleaning, and Air Conditioning Strongly Impact Levels of HONO in a House. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:13488-13497. [PMID: 33064464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The relative importance of common activities on indoor nitrous acid (HONO) mixing ratios was explored during high time resolution, month-long measurements by chemical ionization mass spectrometry in a previously unoccupied house. Indoor HONO varied from 0.2 to 84.0 ppb (mean: 5.5 ppb; median 3.8 ppb), an order of magnitude higher than simultaneously measured outdoor values, indicating important indoor sources. They agree well with simultaneous measurements of HONO by Laser-Photofragmentation/Laser-Induced Fluorescence. Before any combustion activities, the mixing ratio of 3.0 ± 0.3 ppb is indicative of secondary sources such as multiphase formation from NO2. Cooking (with propane gas), especially the use of an oven, led to significant enhancements up to 84 ppb, with elevated mixing ratios persisting for a few days due to slow desorption from indoor surface reservoirs. Floor bleach cleaning led to prolonged, substantial decreases of up to 71-90% due to reactive processes. Air conditioning modulated HONO mixing ratios driven by condensation to wet surfaces in the AC unit. Enhanced ventilation also significantly lowered mixing ratios. Other conditions including human occupancy, ozone addition, and cleaning with terpene, natural product, and vinegar cleaners had a much smaller influence on HONO background levels measured following these activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Brandon Bottorff
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Emily Reidy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Colleen Marciel F Rosales
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Douglas B Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Atila Novoselac
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Philip S Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
O'Dell K, Hornbrook RS, Permar W, Levin EJT, Garofalo LA, Apel EC, Blake NJ, Jarnot A, Pothier MA, Farmer DK, Hu L, Campos T, Ford B, Pierce JR, Fischer EV. Hazardous Air Pollutants in Fresh and Aged Western US Wildfire Smoke and Implications for Long-Term Exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:11838-11847. [PMID: 32857515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires have a significant adverse impact on air quality in the United States (US). To understand the potential health impacts of wildfire smoke, many epidemiology studies rely on concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM) as a smoke tracer. However, there are many gas-phase hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that are also present in wildfire smoke plumes. Using observations from the Western Wildfire Experiment for Cloud Chemistry, Aerosol Absorption, and Nitrogen (WE-CAN), a 2018 aircraft-based field campaign that measured HAPs and PM in western US wildfire smoke plumes, we identify the relationships between HAPs and associated health risks, PM, and smoke age. We find the ratios between acute, chronic noncancer, and chronic cancer HAPs health risk and PM in smoke decrease as a function of smoke age by up to 72% from fresh (<1 day of aging) to old (>3 days of aging) smoke. We show that acrolein, formaldehyde, benzene, and hydrogen cyanide are the dominant contributors to gas-phase HAPs risk in smoke plumes. Finally, we use ratios of HAPs to PM along with annual average smoke-specific PM to estimate current and potential future smoke HAPs risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn O'Dell
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Rebecca S Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Wade Permar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Ezra J T Levin
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Lauren A Garofalo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Eric C Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Nicola J Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Alex Jarnot
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Matson A Pothier
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Lu Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Teresa Campos
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Bonne Ford
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Emily V Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Or VW, Wade M, Patel S, Alves MR, Kim D, Schwab S, Przelomski H, O'Brien R, Rim D, Corsi RL, Vance ME, Farmer DK, Grassian VH. Glass surface evolution following gas adsorption and particle deposition from indoor cooking events as probed by microspectroscopic analysis. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2020; 22:1698-1709. [PMID: 32661531 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00156b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Indoor surfaces are extremely diverse and their interactions with airborne compounds and aerosols influence the lifetime and reactivity of indoor emissions. Direct measurements of the physical and chemical state of these surfaces provide insights into the underlying physical and chemical processes involving surface adsorption, surface partitioning and particle deposition. Window glass, a ubiquitous indoor surface, was placed vertically during indoor activities throughout the House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign and then analyzed to measure changes in surface morphology and surface composition. Atomic force microscopy-infrared (AFM-IR) spectroscopic analyses reveal that deposition of submicron particles from cooking events is a contributor to modifying the chemical and physical state of glass surfaces. These results demonstrate that the deposition of glass surfaces can be an important sink for organic rich particles material indoors. These findings also show that particle deposition contributes enough organic matter from a single day of exposure equivalent to a uniform film up to two nanometers in thickness, and that the chemical distinctness of different indoor activities is reflective of the chemical and morphological changes seen in these indoor surfaces. Comparison of the experimental results to physical deposition models shows variable agreement, suggesting that processes not captured in physical deposition models may play a role in the sticking of particles on indoor surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor W Or
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Michael Wade
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Sameer Patel
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Michael R Alves
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Deborah Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Sarah Schwab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Hannah Przelomski
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA
| | - Rachel O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA
| | - Donghyun Rim
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Richard L Corsi
- Maseeh College of Engineering & Computer Science, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97021, USA
| | - Marina E Vance
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. and Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Exchange of reactive trace gases over the biosphere is a key source of reactive organic carbon to the atmosphere and thus influences the formation of both ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Both O3 and aerosol particles are short-lived climate forcers and impact the radiative balance of the planet, and their sources and sinks are chemically complex. However, the biosphere also acts as a deposition sink for organic and inorganic compounds, including O3, aerosols, and their precursors. Wet and dry deposition provides a key lever on the lifetime of trace gases and particles in the atmosphere and thus on their potential to influence the radiative balance of the planet. The fluxes of reactive trace gases and particles are part of an atmospheric biogeochemical cycle that includes feedbacks through drought and other climate components.Recent advances in measurement techniques have enabled new field observations of trace gas and particle fluxes. Our method development has focused on the leaf, branch, and forest level, although satellite measurements coupled to modeling also provide promising new approaches to constraining trace gas fluxes. Leaf chamber measurements of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions highlight leaf-to-leaf and plant-to-plant variability in both photosynthesis and emissions of individual VOCs, in addition to differences in emissions across different isomers of monoterpenes. Isomers obviously have different chemical properties (e.g., reaction rates with OH radicals, SOA yield) and thus hold different potentials as precursors for short-lived climate forcers.The biosphere acts as both sources and sinks of the oxidation products of monoterpenes and other biogenic VOCs. Developments in chemical ionization mass spectrometry have recently enabled measurements of volatile organic acids, which demonstrate a strong temperature-dependent ecosystem source, as well as a source from in-canopy chemistry. In-canopy chemistry also influences particle fluxes, although deposition should dominate their net exchange. Our field observations of chemically resolved particle fluxes demonstrate the simultaneous, competing processes driving forest exchange. To separate out these competing processes, we use black carbon as an inert tracer for particle deposition. Our recent measurements demonstrate the importance of wet deposition in controlling particle lifetime in the atmosphere. Overall, new measurement techniques have enabled both field and laboratory observations to improve our understanding of biosphere-atmosphere interactions and their influence on climate processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine K. Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Mj Riches
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
He Y, King B, Pothier M, Lewane L, Akherati A, Mattila J, Farmer DK, McCormick RL, Thornton M, Pierce JR, Volckens J, Jathar SH. Secondary organic aerosol formation from evaporated biofuels: comparison to gasoline and correction for vapor wall losses. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2020; 22:1461-1474. [PMID: 32558863 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00103a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With an ongoing interest in displacing petroleum-based sources of energy with biofuels, there is a need to measure and model the formation and composition of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from organic compounds present in biofuels. We performed chamber experiments to study SOA formation from four recently identified biofuel molecules and mixtures and commercial gasoline under high NOx conditions: diisobutylene, cyclopentanone, an alkylfuran mixture, and an ethanol-to-hydrocarbon (ETH) mixture. Cyclopentanone and diisobutylene had a significantly lower potential to form SOA compared to commercial gasoline, with SOA mass yields lower than or equal to 0.2%. The alkylfuran mixture had an SOA mass yield (1.6%) roughly equal to that of gasoline (2.0%) but ETH had an average SOA mass yield (11.5%) that was six times higher than that of gasoline. We used a state-of-the-science model to parameterize or simulate the SOA formation in the chamber experiments while accounting for the influence of vapor wall losses. Simulations performed with vapor wall losses turned off and at atmospherically relevant conditions showed that the SOA mass yields were higher than those measured in the chamber at the same photochemical exposure and were also higher than those estimated using a volatility basis set that was fit to the chamber data. The modeled SOA mass yields were higher primarily because they were corrected for vapor wall losses to the Teflon® chamber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yicong He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Brandon King
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Matson Pothier
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Liam Lewane
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ali Akherati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - James Mattila
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey R Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Patel S, Sankhyan S, Boedicker EK, DeCarlo PF, Farmer DK, Goldstein AH, Katz EF, Nazaroff WW, Tian Y, Vanhanen J, Vance ME. Indoor Particulate Matter during HOMEChem: Concentrations, Size Distributions, and Exposures. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:7107-7116. [PMID: 32391692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It is important to improve our understanding of exposure to particulate matter (PM) in residences because of associated health risks. The HOMEChem campaign was conducted to investigate indoor chemistry in a manufactured test house during prescribed everyday activities, such as cooking, cleaning, and opening doors and windows. This paper focuses on measured size distributions of PM (0.001-20 μm), along with estimated exposures and respiratory-tract deposition. Number concentrations were highest for sub-10 nm particles during cooking using a propane-fueled stovetop. During some cooking activities, calculated PM2.5 mass concentrations (assuming a density of 1 g cm-3) exceeded 250 μg m-3, and exposure during the postcooking decay phase exceeded that of the cooking period itself. The modeled PM respiratory deposition for an adult residing in the test house kitchen for 12 h varied from 7 μg on a day with no indoor activities to 68 μg during a simulated day (including breakfast, lunch, and dinner preparation interspersed by cleaning activities) and rose to 149 μg during a simulated Thanksgiving day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sumit Sankhyan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Erin K Boedicker
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Erin F Katz
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yilin Tian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joonas Vanhanen
- Airmodus Oy, Erik Palménin aukio 1, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Clifton OE, Fiore AM, Massman WJ, Baublitz CB, Coyle M, Emberson L, Fares S, Farmer DK, Gentine P, Gerosa G, Guenther AB, Helmig D, Lombardozzi DL, Munger JW, Patton EG, Pusede SE, Schwede DB, Silva SJ, Sörgel M, Steiner AL, Tai APK. Dry Deposition of Ozone over Land: Processes, Measurement, and Modeling. Rev Geophys 2020; 58:10.1029/2019RG000670. [PMID: 33748825 PMCID: PMC7970530 DOI: 10.1029/2019rg000670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dry deposition of ozone is an important sink of ozone in near surface air. When dry deposition occurs through plant stomata, ozone can injure the plant, altering water and carbon cycling and reducing crop yields. Quantifying both stomatal and nonstomatal uptake accurately is relevant for understanding ozone's impact on human health as an air pollutant and on climate as a potent short-lived greenhouse gas and primary control on the removal of several reactive greenhouse gases and air pollutants. Robust ozone dry deposition estimates require knowledge of the relative importance of individual deposition pathways, but spatiotemporal variability in nonstomatal deposition is poorly understood. Here we integrate understanding of ozone deposition processes by synthesizing research from fields such as atmospheric chemistry, ecology, and meteorology. We critically review methods for measurements and modeling, highlighting the empiricism that underpins modeling and thus the interpretation of observations. Our unprecedented synthesis of knowledge on deposition pathways, particularly soil and leaf cuticles, reveals process understanding not yet included in widely-used models. If coordinated with short-term field intensives, laboratory studies, and mechanistic modeling, measurements from a few long-term sites would bridge the molecular to ecosystem scales necessary to establish the relative importance of individual deposition pathways and the extent to which they vary in space and time. Our recommended approaches seek to close knowledge gaps that currently limit quantifying the impact of ozone dry deposition on air quality, ecosystems, and climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arlene M Fiore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - William J Massman
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Colleen B Baublitz
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Mhairi Coyle
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK and The James Hutton Institute, Craigibuckler, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lisa Emberson
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - Silvano Fares
- Council of Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, and National Research Council, Institute of Bioeconomy, Rome, Italy
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Pierre Gentine
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giacomo Gerosa
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del S. C., Brescia, Italy
| | - Alex B Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Detlev Helmig
- Institute of Alpine and Arctic Research, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - J William Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sally E Pusede
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Donna B Schwede
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sam J Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Sörgel
- Max Plank Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - Allison L Steiner
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amos P K Tai
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mattila JM, Lakey PSJ, Shiraiwa M, Wang C, Abbatt JPD, Arata C, Goldstein AH, Ampollini L, Katz EF, DeCarlo PF, Zhou S, Kahan TF, Cardoso-Saldaña FJ, Ruiz LH, Abeleira A, Boedicker EK, Vance ME, Farmer DK. Multiphase Chemistry Controls Inorganic Chlorinated and Nitrogenated Compounds in Indoor Air during Bleach Cleaning. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:1730-1739. [PMID: 31940195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We report elevated levels of gaseous inorganic chlorinated and nitrogenated compounds in indoor air while cleaning with a commercial bleach solution during the House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry field campaign in summer 2018. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), chlorine (Cl2), and nitryl chloride (ClNO2) reached part-per-billion by volume levels indoors during bleach cleaning-several orders of magnitude higher than typically measured in the outdoor atmosphere. Kinetic modeling revealed that multiphase chemistry plays a central role in controlling indoor chlorine and reactive nitrogen chemistry during these periods. Cl2 production occurred via heterogeneous reactions of HOCl on indoor surfaces. ClNO2 and chloramine (NH2Cl, NHCl2, NCl3) production occurred in the applied bleach via aqueous reactions involving nitrite (NO2-) and ammonia (NH3), respectively. Aqueous-phase and surface chemistry resulted in elevated levels of gas-phase nitrogen dioxide (NO2). We predict hydroxyl (OH) and chlorine (Cl) radical production during these periods (106 and 107 molecules cm-3 s-1, respectively) driven by HOCl and Cl2 photolysis. Ventilation and photolysis accounted for <50% and <0.1% total loss of bleach-related compounds from indoor air, respectively; we conclude that uptake to indoor surfaces is an important additional loss process. Indoor HOCl and nitrogen trichloride (NCl3) mixing ratios during bleach cleaning reported herein are likely detrimental to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Mattila
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Laura Ampollini
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Erin F Katz
- Department of Chemistry , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , Syracuse , New York 13244 , United States
| | - Tara F Kahan
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , Syracuse , New York 13244 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 , Canada
| | - Felipe J Cardoso-Saldaña
- Center for Energy and Environmental Resources , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78758 , United States
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- Center for Energy and Environmental Resources , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78758 , United States
| | - Andrew Abeleira
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Erin K Boedicker
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang C, Collins DB, Arata C, Goldstein AH, Mattila JM, Farmer DK, Ampollini L, DeCarlo PF, Novoselac A, Vance ME, Nazaroff WW, Abbatt JPD. Surface reservoirs dominate dynamic gas-surface partitioning of many indoor air constituents. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaay8973. [PMID: 32128415 PMCID: PMC7030931 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay8973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Human health is affected by indoor air quality. One distinctive aspect of the indoor environment is its very large surface area that acts as a poorly characterized sink and source of gas-phase chemicals. In this work, air-surface interactions of 19 common indoor air contaminants with diverse properties and sources were monitored in a house using fast-response, on-line mass spectrometric and spectroscopic methods. Enhanced-ventilation experiments demonstrate that most of the contaminants reside in the surface reservoirs and not, as expected, in the gas phase. They participate in rapid air-surface partitioning that is much faster than air exchange. Phase distribution calculations are consistent with the observations when assuming simultaneous equilibria between air and large weakly polar and polar absorptive surface reservoirs, with acid-base dissociation in the polar reservoir. Chemical exposure assessments must account for the finding that contaminants that are fully volatile under outdoor air conditions instead behave as semivolatile compounds indoors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas B. Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James M. Mattila
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Laura Ampollini
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter F. DeCarlo
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St. Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Atila Novoselac
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Marina E. Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - William W. Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan P. D. Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Guest editors Delphine Farmer and Marina Vance introduce the “Indoor air: sources, chemistry and health effects” themed issue of Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Farmer DK, Vance ME, Abbatt JPD, Abeleira A, Alves MR, Arata C, Boedicker E, Bourne S, Cardoso-Saldaña F, Corsi R, DeCarlo PF, Goldstein AH, Grassian VH, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Jimenez JL, Kahan TF, Katz EF, Mattila JM, Nazaroff WW, Novoselac A, O'Brien RE, Or VW, Patel S, Sankhyan S, Stevens PS, Tian Y, Wade M, Wang C, Zhou S, Zhou Y. Overview of HOMEChem: House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2019; 21:1280-1300. [PMID: 31328749 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00228f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) study is a collaborative field investigation designed to probe how everyday activities influence the emissions, chemical transformations and removal of trace gases and particles in indoor air. Sequential and layered experiments in a research house included cooking, cleaning, variable occupancy, and window-opening. This paper describes the overall design of HOMEChem and presents preliminary case studies investigating the concentrations of reactive trace gases, aerosol particles, and surface films. Cooking was a large source of VOCs, CO2, NOx, and particles. By number, cooking particles were predominantly in the ultrafine mode. Organic aerosol dominated the submicron mass, and, while variable between meals and throughout the cooking process, was dominated by components of hydrocarbon character and low oxygen content, similar to cooking oil. Air exchange in the house ensured that cooking particles were present for only short periods. During unoccupied background intervals, particle concentrations were lower indoors than outdoors. The cooling coils of the house ventilation system induced cyclic changes in water soluble gases. Even during unoccupied periods, concentrations of many organic trace gases were higher indoors than outdoors, consistent with housing materials being potential sources of these compounds to the outdoor environment. Organic material accumulated on indoor surfaces, and exhibited chemical signatures similar to indoor organic aerosol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Trifluralin and acetochlor are two nitrogen-containing current use herbicides. While both herbicides have been observed in the atmosphere and have the potential to undergo atmospheric oxidation before deposition to off-target areas, the atmospheric photooxidation chemistry of these species is poorly understood. We use an oxidative flow reactor to expose the two herbicides to increasing concentrations of OH radicals, detecting pesticides and products using an iodide chemical ionization mass spectrometer. We identify new oxidation products and propose photooxidation mechanisms for trifluralin and acetochlor. Both herbicides contain reduced organic nitrogen atoms, and their OH oxidation produces isocyanic acid. While aerosol was observed in the flow reactor only for acetochlor, our results indicate that OH oxidation of neither herbicide would contribute to secondary organic aerosol formation under typical ambient atmospheric conditions. However, high wall losses of both pesticides in the flow reactor suggests that partitioning to pre-existing aerosol may occur and enable subsequent transport in the atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trey Murschell
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine K. Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mielnik A, Link M, Mattila J, Fulgham SR, Farmer DK. Emission of formic and acetic acids from two Colorado soils. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2018; 20:1537-1545. [PMID: 30284577 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00356d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A 'missing source' of atmospheric formic acid is consistently observed during model-measurement comparisons, and evidence from multiple environments suggests a near-surface source. Soil emissions are considered to be a small formic acid source, but estimates are based on a single study from a tropical site. Here, we investigate soil emissions of organic acids from two soils - a ponderosa pine forest (Manitou Experimental Forest Observatory), and a managed lawn (Colorado State University) using a laboratory chamber. Both soils are a source of formic and acetic acids. Under ambient conditions, formic acid emissions are 0.11 (pine forest) and 0.15 (lawn) nmol m-2 s-1, and acetic acid emissions are 0.05 (pine forest) and 0.71 (lawn) nmol m-2 s-1. Only acetic acid emissions from the forest site correlate with CO2 fluxes, but all formic and acetic acid emissions increase exponentially with temperature. Increasing soil moisture only enhances acetic acid emissions from the forest. Considering this temperature and moisture dependence, we hypothesize that while equilibrium partitioning may contribute to the forest emissions, organic acid emissions from the lawn are likely driven by microbial activity. Lactic acid was emitted from both soils, but not quantified. The observed formic acid emissions are higher than previous measurements, but still low enough that soils are unlikely the 'missing source' of atmospheric organic acids, although the variability in the soil source is substantial. We contrast observations to previous parameterizations used in models, and present recommendations for modified parameterizations for formic and acetic acid emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mielnik
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Chlorinated phenoxy acids are a widely used class of herbicides and have been found in remote regions far from sources. However, the atmospheric chemistry of these compounds is poorly understood. We use an oxidative flow reactor coupled to chemical ionization mass spectrometry to investigate OH oxidation of two chlorinated phenoxyacid herbicides (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and mecoprop-p) and one chlorinated pyridine herbicide (triclopyr). OH radicals add to the aromatic rings of the three herbicides, produce peroxides via hydrogen abstraction, or fragment at the ether bond. OH oxidation of MCPA produced two potentially toxic compounds: chlorosalicylaldehyde and chlorosalicylic acid. We use standards to validate the detection of these oxidation products by acetate CIMS and quantify the reaction rate. Oxidation of triclopyr produced a known endocrine disruptor, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. Thus, while some OH oxidation products are less toxic than the parent molecules (e.g., C1-5 carboxylic acids), others may be as or more toxic than the parent herbicide. We determine effective rate coefficients for OH addition to the aromatic ring ( kOH) for mecoprop-p of 1.5 (±0.7) × 10-12 cm3 molecules-1 s-1 and for MCPA of 2.6 (±0.3) × 10-12 cm3 molecules-1 s-1. The atmospheric lifetimes with respect to OH are thus long enough that photochemistry may be relevant to the environmental fate of these pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trey Murschell
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Friedman B, Link MF, Fulgham SR, Brophy P, Galang A, Brune WH, Jathar SH, Farmer DK. Primary and Secondary Sources of Gas-Phase Organic Acids from Diesel Exhaust. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:10872-10880. [PMID: 28825297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids have primary and secondary sources in the atmosphere, impact ecosystem health, and are useful metrics for identifying gaps in organic oxidation chemistry through model-measurement comparisons. We photooxidized (OH oxidation) primary emissions from diesel and biodiesel fuel types under two engine loads in an oxidative flow reactor. formic, butyric, and propanoic acids, but not methacrylic acid, have primary and secondary sources. Emission factors for these gas-phase acids varied from 0.3-8.4 mg kg-1 fuel. Secondary chemistry enhanced these emissions by 1.1 (load) to 4.4 (idle) × after two OH-equivalent days. The relative enhancement in secondary organic acids in idle versus loaded conditions was due to increased precursor emissions, not faster reaction rates. Increased hydrocarbon emissions in idle conditions due to less complete combustion (associated with less oxidized gas-phase molecules) correlated to higher primary organic acid emissions. The lack of correlation between organic aerosol and organic acid concentrations downstream of the flow reactor indicates that the secondary products formed on different oxidation time scales and that despite being photochemical products, organic acids are poor tracers for secondary organic aerosol formation from diesel exhaust. Ignoring secondary chemistry from diesel exhaust would lead to underestimates of both organic aerosol and gas-phase organic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth Friedman
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Michael F Link
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - S Ryan Fulgham
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Patrick Brophy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Abril Galang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - William H Brune
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fitzgerald B, Mahapatra S, Farmer DK, McNeil MR, Casero RA, Belisle JT. Elucidating the Structure of N1-Acetylisoputreanine: A Novel Polyamine Catabolite in Human Urine. ACS Omega 2017; 2:3921-3930. [PMID: 28782053 PMCID: PMC5537715 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An untargeted metabolomics approach was utilized to determine urinary metabolites that could serve as small-molecule biomarkers for treatment response to standard tuberculosis treatment. However, the majority of metabolites that most accurately distinguished patient samples at the time of diagnosis from those at 1 month after the start of therapy lacked structural identification. The detection of unknown metabolite structures is a well-known limitation of untargeted metabolomics and underscores a need for continued elucidation of novel metabolite structures. In this study, we sought to define the structure of a urine metabolite with an experimentally determined mass of 202.1326 Da, classified as molecular feature (MF) 202.1326. A hypothesized structure of N1-acetylisoputreanine was developed for MF 202.1326 using in silico tools and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In the absence of a commercial standard, synthetic N1-acetylisoputreanine was generated using enzymatic and chemical syntheses, and LC-MS/MS was used to confirm the structure of MF 202.1326 as N1-acetylisoputreanine, a proposed terminal polyamine catabolite that had not been previously detected in biological samples. Further analysis demonstrated that N1-acetylisoputreanine and an alternative form of this metabolite, N1-acetylisoputreanine-γ-lactam, are both present in human urine and are likely end-products of polyamine metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryna
L. Fitzgerald
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Sebabrata Mahapatra
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Michael R. McNeil
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Robert A. Casero
- The
Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United
States
| | - John T. Belisle
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Jathar SH, Friedman B, Galang AA, Link MF, Brophy P, Volckens J, Eluri S, Farmer DK. Linking Load, Fuel, and Emission Controls to Photochemical Production of Secondary Organic Aerosol from a Diesel Engine. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:1377-1386. [PMID: 28071047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diesel engines are important sources of fine particle pollution in urban environments, but their contribution to the atmospheric formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is not well constrained. We investigated direct emissions of primary organic aerosol (POA) and photochemical production of SOA from a diesel engine using an oxidation flow reactor (OFR). In less than a day of simulated atmospheric aging, SOA production exceeded POA emissions by an order of magnitude or more. Efficient combustion at higher engine loads coupled to the removal of SOA precursors and particle emissions by aftertreatment systems reduced POA emission factors by an order of magnitude and SOA production factors by factors of 2-10. The only exception was that the retrofitted aftertreatment did not reduce SOA production at idle loads where exhaust temperatures were low enough to limit removal of SOA precursors in the oxidation catalyst. Use of biodiesel resulted in nearly identical POA and SOA compared to diesel. The effective SOA yield of diesel exhaust was similar to that of unburned diesel fuel. While OFRs can help study the multiday evolution, at low particle concentrations OFRs may not allow for complete gas/particle partitioning and bias the potential of precursors to form SOA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, United States
| | - Beth Friedman
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Abril A Galang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, United States
| | - Michael F Link
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Patrick Brophy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, United States
| | - Sailaja Eluri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Friedman B, Brophy P, Brune WH, Farmer DK. Anthropogenic Sulfur Perturbations on Biogenic Oxidation: SO2 Additions Impact Gas-Phase OH Oxidation Products of α- and β-Pinene. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:1269-1279. [PMID: 26735899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to probe how anthropogenic pollutants can impact the atmospheric oxidation of biogenic emissions, we investigated how sulfur dioxide (SO2) perturbations impact the oxidation of two monoterpenes, α-and β-pinene. We used chemical ionization mass spectrometry to examine changes in both individual molecules and gas-phase bulk properties of oxidation products as a function of SO2 addition. SO2 perturbations impacted the oxidation systems of α-and β-pinene, leading to an ensemble of products with a lesser degree of oxygenation than unperturbed systems. These changes may be due to shifts in the OH:HO2 ratio from SO2 oxidation and/or to SO3 reacting directly with organic molecules. Van Krevelen diagrams suggest a shift from gas-phase functionalization by alcohol/peroxide groups to functionalization by carboxylic acid or carbonyl groups, consistent with a decreased OH:HO2 ratio. Increasing relative humidity dampens the impact of the perturbation. This decrease in oxygenation may impact secondary organic aerosol formation in regions dominated by biogenic emissions with nearby SO2 sources. We observed sulfur-containing organic compounds following SO2 perturbations of monoterpene oxidation; whether these are the result of photochemistry or an instrumental artifact from ion-molecule clustering remains uncertain. However, our results demonstrate that the two monoterpene isomers produce unique suites of oxidation products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth Friedman
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Patrick Brophy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - William H Brune
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Farmer DK, Cappa CD, Kreidenweis SM. Atmospheric Processes and Their Controlling Influence on Cloud Condensation Nuclei Activity. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4199-217. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5006292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Worton DR, Surratt JD, Lafranchi BW, Chan AWH, Zhao Y, Weber RJ, Park JH, Gilman JB, de Gouw J, Park C, Schade G, Beaver M, Clair JMS, Crounse J, Wennberg P, Wolfe GM, Harrold S, Thornton JA, Farmer DK, Docherty KS, Cubison MJ, Jimenez JL, Frossard AA, Russell LM, Kristensen K, Glasius M, Mao J, Ren X, Brune W, Browne EC, Pusede SE, Cohen RC, Seinfeld JH, Goldstein AH. Observational insights into aerosol formation from isoprene. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:11403-11413. [PMID: 24004194 DOI: 10.1021/es4011064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric photooxidation of isoprene is an important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and there is increasing evidence that anthropogenic oxidant emissions can enhance this SOA formation. In this work, we use ambient observations of organosulfates formed from isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) and methacrylic acid epoxide (MAE) and a broad suite of chemical measurements to investigate the relative importance of nitrogen oxide (NO/NO2) and hydroperoxyl (HO2) SOA formation pathways from isoprene at a forested site in California. In contrast to IEPOX, the calculated production rate of MAE was observed to be independent of temperature. This is the result of the very fast thermolysis of MPAN at high temperatures that affects the distribution of the MPAN reservoir (MPAN / MPA radical) reducing the fraction that can react with OH to form MAE and subsequently SOA (F(MAE formation)). The strong temperature dependence of F(MAE formation) helps to explain our observations of similar concentrations of IEPOX-derived organosulfates (IEPOX-OS; ~1 ng m(-3)) and MAE-derived organosulfates (MAE-OS; ~1 ng m(-3)) under cooler conditions (lower isoprene concentrations) and much higher IEPOX-OS (~20 ng m(-3)) relative to MAE-OS (<0.0005 ng m(-3)) at higher temperatures (higher isoprene concentrations). A kinetic model of IEPOX and MAE loss showed that MAE forms 10-100 times more ring-opening products than IEPOX and that both are strongly dependent on aerosol water content when aerosol pH is constant. However, the higher fraction of MAE ring opening products does not compensate for the lower MAE production under warmer conditions (higher isoprene concentrations) resulting in lower formation of MAE-derived products relative to IEPOX at the surface. In regions of high NOx, high isoprene emissions and strong vertical mixing the slower MPAN thermolysis rate aloft could increase the fraction of MPAN that forms MAE resulting in a vertically varying isoprene SOA source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Worton
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
DeWitt HL, Hasenkopf CA, Trainer MG, Farmer DK, Jimenez JL, McKay CP, Toon OB, Tolbert MA. The formation of sulfate and elemental sulfur aerosols under varying laboratory conditions: implications for early earth. Astrobiology 2010; 10:773-781. [PMID: 21087157 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2009.9455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The presence of sulfur mass-independent fractionation (S-MIF) in sediments more than 2.45 × 10(9) years old is thought to be evidence for an early anoxic atmosphere. Photolysis of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) by UV light with λ < 220 nm has been shown in models and some initial laboratory studies to create a S-MIF; however, sulfur must leave the atmosphere in at least two chemically different forms to preserve any S-MIF signature. Two commonly cited examples of chemically different sulfur species that could have exited the atmosphere are elemental sulfur (S(8)) and sulfuric acid (H(2)SO(4)) aerosols. Here, we use real-time aerosol mass spectrometry to directly detect the sulfur-containing aerosols formed when SO(2) either photolyzes at wavelengths from 115 to 400 nm, to simulate the UV solar spectrum, or interacts with high-energy electrons, to simulate lightning. We found that sulfur-containing aerosols form under all laboratory conditions. Further, the addition of a reducing gas, in our experiments hydrogen (H(2)) or methane (CH(4)), increased the formation of S(8). With UV photolysis, formation of S(8) aerosols is highly dependent on the initial SO(2) pressure; and S(8) is only formed at a 2% SO(2) mixing ratio and greater in the absence of a reductant, and at a 0.2% SO(2) mixing ratio and greater in the presence of 1000 ppmv CH(4). We also found that organosulfur compounds are formed from the photolysis of CH(4) and moderate amounts of SO(2). The implications for sulfur aerosols on early Earth are discussed. Key Words: S-MIF-Archean atmosphere-Early Earth-Sulfur aerosols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Langley DeWitt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|