1
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Tao K, Jensen IT, Zhang S, Villa-Rodríguez E, Blahovska Z, Salomonsen CL, Martyn A, Björgvinsdóttir ÞN, Kelly S, Janss L, Glasius M, Waagepetersen R, Radutoiu S. Nitrogen and Nod factor signaling determine Lotus japonicus root exudate composition and bacterial assembly. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3436. [PMID: 38653767 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Symbiosis with soil-dwelling bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen allows legume plants to grow in nitrogen-depleted soil. Symbiosis impacts the assembly of root microbiota, but it is unknown how the interaction between the legume host and rhizobia impacts the remaining microbiota and whether it depends on nitrogen nutrition. Here, we use plant and bacterial mutants to address the role of Nod factor signaling on Lotus japonicus root microbiota assembly. We find that Nod factors are produced by symbionts to activate Nod factor signaling in the host and that this modulates the root exudate profile and the assembly of a symbiotic root microbiota. Lotus plants with different symbiotic abilities, grown in unfertilized or nitrate-supplemented soils, display three nitrogen-dependent nutritional states: starved, symbiotic, or inorganic. We find that root and rhizosphere microbiomes associated with these states differ in composition and connectivity, demonstrating that symbiosis and inorganic nitrogen impact the legume root microbiota differently. Finally, we demonstrate that selected bacterial genera characterizing state-dependent microbiomes have a high level of accurate prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Tao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ib T Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sha Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eber Villa-Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zuzana Blahovska
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Anna Martyn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Simon Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Biotechnology, Lincoln Agritech, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Luc Janss
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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2
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Hasager F, Björgvinsdóttir ÞN, Vinther SF, Christofili A, Kjærgaard ER, Petters SS, Bilde M, Glasius M. Development and validation of an analytical pyrolysis method for detection of airborne polystyrene nanoparticles. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1717:464622. [PMID: 38309189 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Microplastic is ubiquitous in the environment. Recently it was discovered that microplastic (MP, 1 μm-5 mm) contamination is present in the atmosphere where it can be transported over long distances and introduced to remote pristine environments. Sources, concentration levels, and transportation pathways of MP are still associated with large uncertainties. The abundance of atmospheric MP increases with decreasing particle size, suggesting that nanoplastics (NP, <1μm) could be of considerable atmospheric relevance. Only few analytical methods are available for detection of nanosized plastic particles. Thermoanalytical techniques are independent of particle size and are thus a powerful tool for MP and NP analysis. Here we develop a method for analysis of polystyrene on the nanogram scale using pyrolysis gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Pyrolysis was performed using a slow temperature ramp, and analytes were cryofocused prior to injection. The mass spectrometer was operated in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. A lower limit of detection of 1±1 ng and a lower limit of quantification of 2±2 ng were obtained (for the trimer peak). The method was validated with urban matrices of low (7 μg per sample) and high (53 μg per sample) aerosol mass loadings. The method performs well for low loadings, whereas high loadings seem to cause a matrix effect reducing the signal of polystyrene. This effect can be minimized by introducing a thermal desorption step prior to pyrolysis. The study provides a novel analysis method for qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of PS on the nanogram scale in an aerosol matrix. Application of the method can be used to obtain concentration levels of polystyrene in atmospheric MP and NP. This is important in order to improve the understanding of the sources and sinks of MP and NP in the environment and thereby identify routes of exposure and uptake of this emerging contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freja Hasager
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Sofie F Vinther
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Antigoni Christofili
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eva R Kjærgaard
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sarah S Petters
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
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3
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Li L, Thomsen D, Wu C, Priestley M, Iversen EM, Tygesen Sko̷nager J, Luo Y, Ehn M, Roldin P, Pedersen HB, Bilde M, Glasius M, Hallquist M. Gas-to-Particle Partitioning of Products from Ozonolysis of Δ 3-Carene and the Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:918-928. [PMID: 38293769 PMCID: PMC10860141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Formation of oxidized products from Δ3-carene (C10H16) ozonolysis and their gas-to-particle partitioning at three temperatures (0, 10, and 20 °C) under dry conditions (<2% RH) and also at 10 °C under humid (78% RH) conditions were studied using a time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ToF-CIMS) combined with a filter inlet for gases and aerosols (FIGAERO). The Δ3-carene ozonolysis products detected by the FIGAERO-ToF-CIMS were dominated by semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). The main effect of increasing temperature or RH on the product distribution was an increase in fragmentation of monomer compounds (from C10 to C7 compounds), potentially via alkoxy scission losing a C3 group. The equilibrium partitioning coefficient estimated according to equilibrium partitioning theory shows that the measured SVOC products distribute more into the SOA phase as the temperature decreases from 20 to 10 and 0 °C and for most products as the RH increases from <2 to 78%. The temperature dependency of the saturation vapor pressure (above an assumed liquid state), derived from the partitioning method, also allows for a direct way to obtain enthalpy of vaporization for the detected species without accessibility of authentic standards of the pure substances. This method can provide physical properties, beneficial for, e.g., atmospheric modeling, of complex multifunctional oxidation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Ditte Thomsen
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Cheng Wu
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Michael Priestley
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | | | | | - Yuanyuan Luo
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Mikael Ehn
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Pontus Roldin
- Department
of Physics, Lund University, Lund 22100, Sweden
- IVL
Swedish Environmental Institute, Malmö21119, Sweden
| | - Henrik B. Pedersen
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
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4
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Petters SS, Kjærgaard ER, Hasager F, Massling A, Glasius M, Bilde M. Morphology and hygroscopicity of nanoplastics in sea spray. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:32430-32442. [PMID: 37991397 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03793b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The role of airborne nanoparticles in atmospheric chemistry and public health is largely controlled by particle size, morphology, surface composition, and coating. Aerosol mass spectrometry provides real-time chemical characterization of submicron atmospheric particles, but analysis of nanoplastics in complex aerosol mixtures such as sea spray is severely limited by challenges associated with separation and ionization of the aerosol matrix. Here we characterize the internal and external mixing state of synthetic sea spray aerosols spiked with 150 nm nanoplastics. Aerosols generated from pneumatic atomization and from a sea spray tank are compared. A humidified tandem differential mobility analyzer is used as a size and hygroscopicity filter, resulting in separation of nanoplastics from sea spray, and an inline high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer is used to characterize particle composition and ionization efficiency. The separation technique amplified the detection limit of the airborne nanoplastics. A salt coating was found on the nanoplastics with coating thickness increasing exponentially with increasing bulk solution salinity, which was varied from 0 to 40 g kg-1. Relative ionization efficiencies of polystyrene and sea salt chloride were 0.19 and 0.36, respectively. The growth-factor derived hygroscopicity of sea salt was 1.4 at 75% relative humidity. These results underscore the importance of separating airborne nanoplastics from sea salt aerosol for detailed online characterization by aerosol mass spectrometry and characterization of salt coatings as a function of water composition. The surface coating of nanoplastic aerosols by salts can profoundly impact their surface chemistry, water uptake, and humidified particle size distributions in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Freja Hasager
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Massling
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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5
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Subrahmaniam HJ, Lind Salomonsen C, Radutoiu S, Ehlers BK, Glasius M. Unraveling the secrets of plant roots: Simplified method for large scale root exudate sampling and analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Open Res Eur 2023; 3:12. [PMID: 37645513 PMCID: PMC10445920 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.15377.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Plants exude a plethora of compounds to communicate with their environment. Although much is known about above-ground plant communication, we are only beginning to fathom the complexities of below-ground chemical communication channels. Studying root-exuded compounds and their role in plant communication has been difficult due to the lack of standardized methodologies. Here, we develop an interdisciplinary workflow to explore the natural variation in root exudate chemical composition of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We highlight key challenges associated with sampling strategies and develop a framework for analyzing both narrow- and broad-scale patterns of root exudate composition in a large set of natural A. thaliana accessions. Methods Our method involves cultivating individual seedlings in vitro inside a plastic mesh, followed by a short hydroponic sampling period in small quantities of ultrapure water. The mesh makes it easy to handle plants of different sizes and allows for large-scale characterization of individual plant root exudates under axenic conditions. This setup can also be easily extended for prolonged temporal exudate collection experiments. Furthermore, the short sampling time minimizes the duration of the experiment while still providing sufficient signal even with small volume of the sampling solution. We used ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) for untargeted metabolic profiling, followed by tentative compound identification using MZmine3 and SIRIUS 5 software, to capture a broad overview of root exudate composition in A. thaliana accessions. Results Based on 28 replicates of the Columbia genotype (Col-0) compared with 10 random controls, MZmine3 annotated 354 metabolites to be present only in Col-0 by negative ionization. Of these, 254 compounds could be annotated by SIRIUS 5 software. Conclusions The methodology developed in this study can be used to broadly investigate the role of root exudates as chemical signals in plant belowground interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harihar Jaishree Subrahmaniam
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics - Plant Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics - Plant Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bodil K. Ehlers
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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6
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Laursen KR, Christensen NV, Mulder FA, Schullehner J, Hoffmann HJ, Jensen A, Møller P, Loft S, Olin AC, Rasmussen BB, Rosati B, Strandberg B, Glasius M, Bilde M, Sigsgaard T. Airway and systemic biomarkers of health effects after short-term exposure to indoor ultrafine particles from cooking and candles - A randomized controlled double-blind crossover study among mild asthmatic subjects. Part Fibre Toxicol 2023; 20:26. [PMID: 37430267 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-023-00537-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is insufficient knowledge about the systemic health effects of exposure to fine (PM2.5) and ultrafine particles emitted from typical indoor sources, including cooking and candlelight burning. We examined whether short-term exposure to emissions from cooking and burning candles cause inflammatory changes in young individuals with mild asthma. Thirty-six non-smoking asthmatics participated in a randomized controlled double-blind crossover study attending three exposure sessions (mean PM2.5 µg/m3; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ng/m3): (a) air mixed with emissions from cooking (96.1; 1.1), (b) air mixed with emissions from candles (89.8; 10), and (c) clean filtered air (5.8; 1.0). Emissions were generated in an adjacent chamber and let into a full-scale exposure chamber where participants were exposed for five hours. Several biomarkers were assessed in relation to airway and systemic inflammatory changes; the primary outcomes of interest were surfactant Protein-A (SP-A) and albumin in droplets in exhaled air - novel biomarkers for changes in the surfactant composition of small airways. Secondary outcomes included cytokines in nasal lavage, cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), epithelial progenitor cells (EPCs), genotoxicity, gene expression related to DNA-repair, oxidative stress, and inflammation, as well as metabolites in blood. Samples were collected before exposure start, right after exposure and the next morning. RESULTS SP-A in droplets in exhaled air showed stable concentrations following candle exposure, while concentrations decreased following cooking and clean air exposure. Albumin in droplets in exhaled air increased following exposure to cooking and candles compared to clean air exposure, although not significant. Oxidatively damaged DNA and concentrations of some lipids and lipoproteins in the blood increased significantly following exposure to cooking. We found no or weak associations between cooking and candle exposure and systemic inflammation biomarkers including cytokines, CRP, and EPCs. CONCLUSIONS Cooking and candle emissions induced effects on some of the examined health-related biomarkers, while no effect was observed in others; Oxidatively damaged DNA and concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins were increased in blood after exposure to cooking, while both cooking and candle emissions slightly affected the small airways including the primary outcomes SP-A and albumin. We found only weak associations between the exposures and systemic inflammatory biomarkers. Together, the results show the existence of mild inflammation following cooking and candle exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Rosenkilde Laursen
- Environment, Occupation and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nichlas Vous Christensen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frans Aa Mulder
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jörg Schullehner
- Environment, Occupation and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans Jürgen Hoffmann
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Annie Jensen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna-Carin Olin
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Bernadette Rosati
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Environment, Occupation and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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7
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Klausen FB, Amidi A, Kjærgaard SK, Schlünssen V, Ravn P, Østergaard K, Gutzke VH, Glasius M, Grønborg TK, Hansen SN, Zachariae R, Wargocki P, Sigsgaard T. The effect of air quality on sleep and cognitive performance in school children aged 10-12 years: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2023; 36:177-191. [PMID: 36861764 PMCID: PMC10464806 DOI: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of CO2 during sleep on next-morning cognitive performance in young schoolchildren, the authors performed a double-blind fully balanced crossover placebo-controlled study. MATERIAL AND METHODS The authors included 36 children aged 10-12 years in the climate chamber. The children slept at 21°C in 6 groups each at 3 different conditions separated by 7 days in a random order. Conditions were as follows: high ventilation with CO2 at 700 ppm, high ventilation with added pure CO2 at 2000-3000 ppm, and reduced ventilation with CO2 at 2-3000 ppm and bioeffluents. Children were subjected to a digital cognitive test battery (CANTAB) in the evening prior to sleep and on the next morning after breakfast. Sleep quality was monitored with wrist actigraphs. RESULTS There were no significant exposure effects on cognitive performance. Sleep efficiency was significantly lower at high ventilation with CO2 at 700 ppm which is considered to be a chance effect. No other effects were seen, and no relation between air quality during sleep and next-morning cognitive performance was observed in the children emitting an estimated 10 lCO2/h per child. CONCLUSIONS No effect of CO2 during sleep was found on next day cognition. The children were awakened in the morning, and spent from 45-70 min in well-ventilated rooms before they were tested. Hence, it cannot be precluded that the children have benefitted from the good indoor air quality conditions before and during the testing period. The slightly better sleep efficiency during high CO2 concentrations might be a chance finding. Hence, replication is needed in actual bedrooms controlling for other external factors before any generalizations can be made. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2023;36(2):177-91.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Bejder Klausen
- Aarhus University, Department of Public Health, Section for Environment, Occupation and Health, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ali Amidi
- Aarhus University, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren K. Kjærgaard
- Aarhus University, Department of Public Health, Section for Environment, Occupation and Health, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- Aarhus University, Department of Public Health, Section for Environment, Occupation and Health, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Ravn
- Aarhus University, Department of Public Health, Section for Environment, Occupation and Health, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Østergaard
- Aarhus University, Department of Public Health, Section for Environment, Occupation and Health, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Heitmann Gutzke
- Aarhus University, Department of Public Health, Section for Environment, Occupation and Health, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Therese Koops Grønborg
- Aarhus University, Department of Public Health, Research Section of Biostatistics, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stefan Nygaard Hansen
- Aarhus University, Department of Public Health, Research Section of Biostatistics, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert Zachariae
- Aarhus University, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Aarhus University, Department of Public Health, Section for Environment, Occupation and Health, Aarhus, Denmark
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8
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Thomsen D, Thomsen LD, Iversen EM, Björgvinsdóttir TN, Vinther SF, Skønager JT, Hoffmann T, Elm J, Bilde M, Glasius M. Ozonolysis of α-Pinene and Δ 3-Carene Mixtures: Formation of Dimers with Two Precursors. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:16643-16651. [PMID: 36355568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the structurally similar monoterpenes, α-pinene and Δ3-carene, differs substantially. The aerosol phase is already complex for a single precursor, and when mixtures are oxidized, products, e.g., dimers, may form between different volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This work investigates whether differences in SOA formation and properties from the oxidation of individual monoterpenes persist when a mixture of the monoterpenes is oxidized. Ozonolysis of α-pinene, Δ3-carene, and a 1:1 mixture of them was performed in the Aarhus University Research on Aerosol (AURA) atmospheric simulation chamber. Here, ∼100 ppb of monoterpene was oxidized by 200 ppb O3 under dark conditions at 20 °C. The particle number concentration and particle mass concentration for ozonolysis of α-pinene exceed those from ozonolysis of Δ3-carene alone, while their mixture results in concentrations similar to α-pinene ozonolysis. Detailed offline analysis reveals evidence of VOC-cross-product dimers in SOA from ozonolysis of the monoterpene mixture: a VOC-cross-product dimer likely composed of the monomeric units cis-caric acid and 10-hydroxy-pinonic acid and a VOC-cross-product dimer ester likely from the monomeric units caronaldehyde and terpenylic acid were tentatively identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. To improve the understanding of chemical mechanisms determining SOA, it is relevant to identify VOC-cross-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Thomsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lotte Dyrholm Thomsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Emil Mark Iversen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Sofie Falk Vinther
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jane Tygesen Skønager
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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9
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Jensen LZ, Glasius M, Gryning SE, Massling A, Finster K, Šantl-Temkiv T. Seasonal Variation of the Atmospheric Bacterial Community in the Greenlandic High Arctic Is Influenced by Weather Events and Local and Distant Sources. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:909980. [PMID: 35879956 PMCID: PMC9307761 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.909980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arctic is a hot spot for climate change with potentially large consequences on a global scale. Aerosols, including bioaerosols, are important players in regulating the heat balance through direct interaction with sunlight and indirectly, through inducing cloud formation. Airborne bacteria are the major bioaerosols with some species producing the most potent ice nucleating compounds known, which are implicated in the formation of ice in clouds. Little is known about the numbers and dynamics of airborne bacteria in the Arctic and even less about their seasonal variability. We collected aerosol samples and wet deposition samples in spring 2015 and summer 2016, at the Villum Research Station in Northeast Greenland. We used amplicon sequencing and qPCR targeting the 16S rRNA genes to assess the quantities and composition of the DNA and cDNA-level bacterial community. We found a clear seasonal variation in the atmospheric bacterial community, which is likely due to variable sources and meteorology. In early spring, the atmospheric bacterial community was dominated by taxa originating from temperate and Subarctic regions and arriving at the sampling site through long-range transport. We observed an efficient washout of the aerosolized bacterial cells during a snowstorm, which was followed by very low concentrations of bacteria in the atmosphere during the consecutive 4 weeks. We suggest that this is because in late spring, the long-range transport ceased, and the local sources which comprised only of ice and snow surfaces were weak resulting in low bacterial concentrations. This was supported by observed changes in the chemical composition of aerosols. In summer, the air bacterial community was confined to local sources such as soil, plant material and melting sea-ice. Aerosolized and deposited Cyanobacteria in spring had a high activity potential, implying their activity in the atmosphere or in surface snow. Overall, we show how the composition of bacterial aerosols in the high Arctic varies on a seasonal scale, identify their potential sources, demonstrate how their community sizes varies in time, investigate their diversity and determine their activity potential during and post Arctic haze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Z. Jensen
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iCLIMATE Aarhus University Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Sven-Erik Gryning
- DTU Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Andreas Massling
- iCLIMATE Aarhus University Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kai Finster
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tina Šantl-Temkiv
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iCLIMATE Aarhus University Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Tina Šantl-Temkiv,
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10
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Glasius M, Thomsen D, Wang K, Iversen LS, Duan J, Huang RJ. Chemical characteristics and sources of organosulfates, organosulfonates, and carboxylic acids in aerosols in urban Xi'an, Northwest China. Sci Total Environ 2022; 810:151187. [PMID: 34756911 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated speciation and levels of organosulfates, organosulfonates as well as carboxylic acids in aerosol samples collected during summer (2014) and winter (2014/15) in Xi'an, Northwest China, to improve understanding of composition and sources of organic aerosols in this region heavily affected by air pollution. Organosulfates are formed from reactive gas-phase organic compounds and acidic sulfate aerosols, contributing to secondary organic aerosols, SOA. The aerosol samples show a large diversity in organosulfur species in line with other regions of China, reflecting the high levels and complexity of SOA precursors. In summer samples, organosulfates from isoprene are prevalent due to transport of air masses from southern regions with isoprene-emitting mountain forests. During winter, air masses are local or from areas north of the city with low population density and very low temperatures. The estimated levels of organosulfates and organosulfonates in summer (768 ± 346 ng m-3) and winter samples (938 ± 374 ng m-3) are more similar than expected given the high levels of sulfate and organic carbon in winter, indicating the complexity of organosulfur formation processes. We observed an organosulfonate with molecular weight 214 (C6H14O6S) at high estimated levels (254 ± 232 ng m-3) in winter, but much lower concentrations (12 ± 13 ng m-3) in summer. High levels of organosulfur compounds were mainly observed at aerosol pH below about 2.5. Concentrations of carboxylic acids from oxidation of monoterpenes were low (5.2 ± 2.7 ng m-3 in summer). Phthalic acid was as high as 90 ± 29 ng m-3 during winter and correlated highly with organic carbon, chloride and potassium, indicating a common origin, most likely burning of biomass and plastic-containing waste. Further research is needed to elucidate formation and sources of organosulfates and organosulfonates, as well as the impact on aerosol properties affecting e.g. health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Ditte Thomsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | | | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
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11
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Laursen KR, Rasmussen BB, Rosati B, Gutzke VH, Østergaard K, Ravn P, Kjaergaard SK, Bilde M, Glasius M, Sigsgaard T. Acute health effects from exposure to indoor ultrafine particles-A randomized controlled crossover study among young mild asthmatics. Indoor Air 2021; 31:1993-2007. [PMID: 34235780 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter is linked to adverse health effects, however, little is known about health effects of particles emitted from typical indoor sources. We examined acute health effects of short-term exposure to emissions from cooking and candles among asthmatics. In a randomized controlled double-blinded crossover study, 36 young non-smoking asthmatics attended three exposure sessions lasting 5 h: (a) air mixed with emissions from cooking (fine particle mass concentration): (PM2.5 : 96.1 μg/m3 ), (b) air mixed with emissions from candles (PM2.5 : 89.8 μg/m3 ), and c) clean filtered air (PM2.5 : 5.8 μg/m3 ). Health effects (spirometry, fractional exhaled Nitric Oxide [FeNO], nasal volume and self-reported symptoms) were evaluated before exposure start, then 5 and 24 h after. During exposures volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particle size distributions, number concentrations and optical properties were measured. Generally, no statistically significant changes were observed in spirometry, FeNO, or nasal volume comparing cooking and candle exposures to clean air. In males, nasal volume and FeNO decreased after exposure to cooking and candles, respectively. Participants reported additional and more pronounced symptoms during exposure to cooking and candles compared to clean air. The results indicate that emissions from cooking and candles exert mild inflammation in asthmatic males and decrease comfort among asthmatic males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernadette Rosati
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vibeke Heitmann Gutzke
- Environment, Work and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Østergaard
- Environment, Work and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Ravn
- Environment, Work and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Environment, Work and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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12
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Andersen C, Omelekhina Y, Rasmussen BB, Nygaard Bennekov M, Skov SN, Køcks M, Wang K, Strandberg B, Mattsson F, Bilde M, Glasius M, Pagels J, Wierzbicka A. Emissions of soot, PAHs, ultrafine particles, NO x, and other health relevant compounds from stressed burning of candles in indoor air. Indoor Air 2021; 31:2033-2048. [PMID: 34297865 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Burning candles release a variety of pollutants to indoor air, some of which are of concern for human health. We studied emissions of particles and gases from the stressed burning of five types of pillar candles with different wax and wick compositions. The stressed burning was introduced by controlled fluctuating air velocities in a 21.6 m3 laboratory chamber. The aerosol physicochemical properties were measured both in well-mixed chamber air and directly above the candle flame with online and offline techniques. All candles showed different emission profiles over time with high repeatability among replicates. The particle mass emissions from stressed burning for all candle types were dominated by soot (black carbon; BC). The wax and wick composition strongly influenced emissions of BC, PM2.5 , and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and to lower degree ultrafine particles, inorganic and organic carbon fraction of PM, but did not influence NOx , formaldehyde, and gas-phase PAHs. Measurements directly above the flame showed empirical evidence of short-lived strong emission peaks of soot particles. The results show the importance of including the entire burn time of candles in exposure assessments, as their emissions can vary strongly over time. Preventing stressed burning of candles can reduce exposure to pollutants in indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Søren Nielsen Skov
- Danish Technological Institute, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Morten Køcks
- Danish Technological Institute, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Mattsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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13
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Rasmussen BB, Wang K, Karstoft JG, Skov SN, Køcks M, Andersen C, Wierzbicka A, Pagels J, Pedersen PB, Glasius M, Bilde M. Emissions of ultrafine particles from five types of candles during steady burn conditions. Indoor Air 2021; 31:1084-1094. [PMID: 33565212 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from candles are of concern for indoor air quality. In this work, five different types of pillar candles were burned under steady burn conditions in a new laboratory scale system for repeatable and controlled comparison of candle emissions (temperature ~25°C, relative humidity ~13%, O2 >18%, air exchange rate 1.9 h-1 ). Burn rate, particle number concentrations, mass concentrations, and mode diameters varied between candle types. Based on the results, the burning period was divided in two phases: initial (0-1 h) and stable (1-6 h). Burn rates were in the range 4.4-7.3 and 4.7-7.1 g/h during initial and stable phase, respectively. Relative particle number emissions, mode diameters, and mass concentrations were higher during the initial phase compared to the stable phase for a majority of the candles. We hypothesize that this is due to elevated emissions of wick additives upon ignition of the candle together with a slightly higher burn rate in the initial phase. Experiments at higher relative humidity (~40%) gave similar results with a tendency toward larger particle sizes at the higher relative humidity. Chemical composition with respect to inorganic salts was similar in the emitted particles (dry conditions) compared to the candlewicks, but with variations between different candles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Søren N Skov
- Danish Technological Institute, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Morten Køcks
- Danish Technological Institute, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter B Pedersen
- Danish Technological Institute, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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14
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Rosati B, Christiansen S, Wollesen de Jonge R, Roldin P, Jensen MM, Wang K, Moosakutty SP, Thomsen D, Salomonsen C, Hyttinen N, Elm J, Feilberg A, Glasius M, Bilde M. New Particle Formation and Growth from Dimethyl Sulfide Oxidation by Hydroxyl Radicals. ACS Earth Space Chem 2021; 5:801-811. [PMID: 33889792 PMCID: PMC8054244 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is produced by plankton in oceans and constitutes the largest natural emission of sulfur to the atmosphere. In this work, we examine new particle formation from the primary pathway of oxidation of gas-phase DMS by OH radicals. We particularly focus on particle growth and mass yield as studied experimentally under dry conditions using the atmospheric simulation chamber AURA. Experimentally, we show that aerosol mass yields from oxidation of 50-200 ppb of DMS are low (2-7%) and that particle growth rates (8.2-24.4 nm/h) are comparable with ambient observations. An HR-ToF-AMS was calibrated using methanesulfonic acid (MSA) to account for fragments distributed across both the organic and sulfate fragmentation table. AMS-derived chemical compositions revealed that MSA was always more dominant than sulfate in the secondary aerosols formed. Modeling using the Aerosol Dynamics, gas- and particle-phase chemistry kinetic multilayer model for laboratory CHAMber studies (ADCHAM) indicates that the Master Chemical Mechanism gas-phase chemistry alone underestimates experimentally observed particle formation and that DMS multiphase and autoxidation chemistry is needed to explain observations. Based on quantum chemical calculations, we conclude that particle formation from DMS oxidation in the ambient atmosphere will most likely be driven by mixed sulfuric acid/MSA clusters clustering with both amines and ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Rosati
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna AT-1090, Austria
| | - Sigurd Christiansen
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | | | - Pontus Roldin
- Division
of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund SE-221
00, Sweden
| | - Mads Mørk Jensen
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Kai Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Shamjad P. Moosakutty
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
- Clean Combustion
Research Center, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology, Thuwal KSA-23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ditte Thomsen
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Camilla Salomonsen
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Noora Hyttinen
- Nano
and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University
of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Anders Feilberg
- Department
of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade
12, Aarhus N DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
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15
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Rosenkilde Laursen K, Bønløkke JH, Bendstrup E, Bilde M, Glasius M, Heitmann Gutzke V, Puthukkadan Moosakutty S, Olin AC, Ravn P, Østergaard K, Sigsgaard T. An RCT of acute health effects in COPD-patients after passive vape exposure from e-cigarettes. Eur Clin Respir J 2020; 8:1861580. [PMID: 33456728 PMCID: PMC7781946 DOI: 10.1080/20018525.2020.1861580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: E-cigarette use has been shown to have short-term acute effects among active users but less is known of the acute passive effects, particularly among individuals with existing respiratory diseases. Objective: To investigate local and systemic effects of short-term passive vape exposure among patients with mild or moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: In a double-blinded crossover study 16 non-smoking COPD-patients (mean age 68) were randomly exposed for 4 h to passive vape (median PM2.5: 18 µg/m3 (range: 8-333)) and clean air (PM2.5 < 6 µg/m3) separated by 14 days. Particles were measured using an ultrafine particle counter (P-TRAK) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Health effects including Surfactant Protein-A (SP-A) and albumin in exhaled air, spirometry, FeNO, and plasma proteins were evaluated before, right after, and 24 hours after exposure. Participants reported symptoms throughout exposure sessions. Data were analyzed using mixed models. Results: SP-A in exhaled air was negatively affected by exposure to vape and several plasma proteins increased significantly. Throat irritation was more pronounced during passive vape exposure, while FVC and FEV1 decreased, however, not significantly. Conclusions: SP-A in exhaled air and some plasma proteins were affected by passive vape in patients with COPD indicating inflammation, showing that passive vape exposure is potentially harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakob Hjort Bønløkke
- Environment, Work and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Bendstrup
- Center for Rare Lung Diseases, Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Vibeke Heitmann Gutzke
- Environment, Work and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Anna-Carin Olin
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Ravn
- Environment, Work and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Østergaard
- Environment, Work and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Environment, Work and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Yee LD, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Wernis RA, Kreisberg NM, Glasius M, Riva M, Surratt JD, de Sá SS, Martin ST, Alexander ML, Palm BB, Hu W, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Jimenez JL, Liu Y, Misztal PK, Artaxo P, Viegas J, Manzi A, de Souza RAF, Edgerton ES, Baumann K, Goldstein AH. Natural and Anthropogenically Influenced Isoprene Oxidation in Southeastern United States and Central Amazon. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:5980-5991. [PMID: 32271021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions alter secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation chemistry from naturally emitted isoprene. We use correlations of tracers and tracer ratios to provide new perspectives on sulfate, NOx, and particle acidity influencing isoprene-derived SOA in two isoprene-rich forested environments representing clean to polluted conditions-wet and dry seasons in central Amazonia and Southeastern U.S. summer. We used a semivolatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph (SV-TAG) and filter samplers to measure SOA tracers indicative of isoprene/HO2 (2-methyltetrols, C5-alkene triols, 2-methyltetrol organosulfates) and isoprene/NOx (2-methylglyceric acid, 2-methylglyceric acid organosulfate) pathways. Summed concentrations of these tracers correlated with particulate sulfate spanning three orders of magnitude, suggesting that 1 μg m-3 reduction in sulfate corresponds with at least ∼0.5 μg m-3 reduction in isoprene-derived SOA. We also find that isoprene/NOx pathway SOA mass primarily comprises organosulfates, ∼97% in the Amazon and ∼55% in Southeastern United States. We infer under natural conditions in high isoprene emission regions that preindustrial aerosol sulfate was almost exclusively isoprene-derived organosulfates, which are traditionally thought of as representative of an anthropogenic influence. We further report the first field observations showing that particle acidity correlates positively with 2-methylglyceric acid partitioning to the gas phase and negatively with the ratio of 2-methyltetrols to C5-alkene triols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D Yee
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca A Wernis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Suzane S de Sá
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
| | - Scot T Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
| | - M Lizabeth Alexander
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Douglas A Day
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yingjun Liu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 05508-020
| | - Juarez Viegas
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil 69060-001
| | - Antonio Manzi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil 69060-001
| | | | - Eric S Edgerton
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, North Carolina 27513, United States
| | - Karsten Baumann
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, North Carolina 27513, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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17
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Ehlers BK, Berg MP, Staudt M, Holmstrup M, Glasius M, Ellers J, Tomiolo S, Madsen RB, Slotsbo S, Penuelas J. Plant Secondary Compounds in Soil and Their Role in Belowground Species Interactions. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:716-730. [PMID: 32414604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the effect of plant secondary compounds (PSCs) on belowground interactions in the more diffuse community of species living outside the rhizosphere is sparse compared with what we know about how PSCs affect aboveground interactions. We illustrate here that PSCs from foliar tissue, root exudates, and leaf litter effectively influence such belowground plant-plant, plant-microorganism, and plant-soil invertebrate interactions. Climatic factors can induce PSC production and select for different plant chemical types. Therefore, climate change can alter both quantitative and qualitative PSC production, and how these compounds move in the soil. This can change the soil chemical environment, with cascading effects on both the ecology and evolution of belowground species interactions and, ultimately, soil functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil K Ehlers
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Matty P Berg
- Community and Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Staudt
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Århus, Denmark
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Tomiolo
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; Plant Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - René B Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Århus, Denmark
| | - Stine Slotsbo
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Josep Penuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain.
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18
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Jensen TG, Holmstrup M, Madsen RB, Glasius M, Trac LN, Mayer P, Ehlers B, Slotsbo S. Effects of α-pinene on life history traits and stress tolerance in the springtail Folsomia candida. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 229:108681. [PMID: 31816427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Volatile monoterpenes are emitted in large quantities to both air and soil by many plant species. While studies have addressed effects of monoterpenes on aboveground invertebrates, we have much poorer understanding of the possible effects of monoterpenes on soil invertebrates. Monoterpenes play a protective role in some plant species during heat and water stress, and therefore may provide similar protection against abiotic stress to soil invertebrates. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the common monoterpene, α-pinene, on the soil living springtail, Folsomia candida (Collembola; Isotomidae). We hypothesized that exposure to α-pinene would lower the transition temperature of membranes, and thereby improve cold tolerance. Controlled exposure to α-pinene, which is a volatile liquid at room temperature, was made possible by passive dosing through the air-phase using a lipid donor. This lipid-based passive dosing approach also allows linking observed effects to concentrations in membrane when equilibrium is achieved. Equilibrium membrane concentrations above 116 mmol kg-1 caused springtails to become comatose, and coma recovery time was proportional to exposure concentration. Alpha-pinene delayed time to first egg laying, while the number of eggs laid and hatchability was unaffected. Springtails exposed to α-pinene showed increased survival of cold shock (-6 °C, 2 h), but no effects on heat (34 °C, 2 h) or drought tolerance (98.2% relative humidity, 7d) were observed. The present study has demonstrated that α-pinene has direct toxic effects to F. candida, but on the other hand can improve their cold tolerance considerably at membrane concentrations above 87 mmol kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | | | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lam Ngoc Trac
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bodil Ehlers
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Stine Slotsbo
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
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19
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Madsen RB, Glasius M. How Do Hydrothermal Liquefaction Conditions and Feedstock Type Influence Product Distribution and Elemental Composition? Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René B. Madsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, and Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, and Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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20
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Riva M, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Lei Z, Olson NE, Boyer HC, Narayan S, Yee LD, Green HS, Cui T, Zhang Z, Baumann K, Fort M, Edgerton E, Budisulistiorini SH, Rose CA, Ribeiro IO, e Oliveira RL, dos Santos EO, Machado CMD, Szopa S, Zhao Y, Alves EG, de Sá SS, Hu W, Knipping EM, Shaw SL, Duvoisin S, de Souza RAF, Palm BB, Jimenez JL, Glasius M, Goldstein AH, Pye HOT, Gold A, Turpin BJ, Vizuete W, Martin ST, Thornton JA, Dutcher CS, Ault AP, Surratt JD. Increasing Isoprene Epoxydiol-to-Inorganic Sulfate Aerosol Ratio Results in Extensive Conversion of Inorganic Sulfate to Organosulfur Forms: Implications for Aerosol Physicochemical Properties. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:8682-8694. [PMID: 31335134 PMCID: PMC6823602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Acid-driven multiphase chemistry of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), key isoprene oxidation products, with inorganic sulfate aerosol yields substantial amounts of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) through the formation of organosulfur compounds. The extent and implications of inorganic-to-organic sulfate conversion, however, are unknown. In this article, we demonstrate that extensive consumption of inorganic sulfate occurs, which increases with the IEPOX-to-inorganic sulfate concentration ratio (IEPOX/Sulfinorg), as determined by laboratory measurements. Characterization of the total sulfur aerosol observed at Look Rock, Tennessee, from 2007 to 2016 shows that organosulfur mass fractions will likely continue to increase with ongoing declines in anthropogenic Sulfinorg, consistent with our laboratory findings. We further demonstrate that organosulfur compounds greatly modify critical aerosol properties, such as acidity, morphology, viscosity, and phase state. These new mechanistic insights demonstrate that changes in SO2 emissions, especially in isoprene-dominated environments, will significantly alter biogenic SOA physicochemical properties. Consequently, IEPOX/Sulfinorg will play an important role in understanding the historical climate and determining future impacts of biogenic SOA on the global climate and air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Ziying Lei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicole E. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hallie C. Boyer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Shweta Narayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lindsay D. Yee
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hilary S. Green
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Mike Fort
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, NC 27513, USA
| | - Eric Edgerton
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, NC 27513, USA
| | - Sri H. Budisulistiorini
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Caitlin A. Rose
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Igor O. Ribeiro
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Rafael L. e Oliveira
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Erickson O. dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067, Brazil
| | - Cristine M. D. Machado
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067, Brazil
| | - Sophie Szopa
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-IPSL, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eliane G. Alves
- Environment Dynamics Department, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, 69067, Brazil
| | - Suzane S. de Sá
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | | | - Sergio Duvoisin
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo A. F. de Souza
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Brett B. Palm
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jose-Luis Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Barbara J. Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William Vizuete
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Scot T. Martin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Joel A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cari S. Dutcher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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21
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Wang K, Zhang Y, Huang RJ, Wang M, Ni H, Kampf CJ, Cheng Y, Bilde M, Glasius M, Hoffmann T. Molecular Characterization and Source Identification of Atmospheric Particulate Organosulfates Using Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:6192-6202. [PMID: 31083926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) have been observed as substantial constituents of atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) in a wide range of environments; however, the chemical composition, sources, and formation mechanism of OSs are still not well understood. In this study, we first created an "OS precursor map" based on the elemental composition of previous OS chamber experiments. Then, according to this "OS precursor map", we estimated the possible sources and molecular structures of OSs in atmospheric PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) samples, which were collected in urban areas of Beijing (China) and Mainz (Germany) and analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. On the basis of the "OS precursor map", together with the polarity information provided by UHPLC, OSs in Mainz samples are suggested to be mainly derived from isoprene/glyoxal or other unknown small polar organic compounds, while OSs in Beijing samples were generated from both isoprene/glyoxal and anthropogenic sources (e.g., long-chain alkanes and aromatics). The nitrooxy-OSs in the clean aerosol samples were mainly derived from monoterpenes, while much fewer monoterpene-derived nitrooxy-OSs were obtained in the polluted aerosol samples, showing that nitrooxy-OS formation is affected by different precursors in clean and polluted air conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, and Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change , Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Yun Zhang
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, and Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change , Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
- Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes , Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266061 , China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, and Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change , Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, and Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change , Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
| | - Christopher J Kampf
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
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22
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Shrivastava M, Andreae MO, Artaxo P, Barbosa HMJ, Berg LK, Brito J, Ching J, Easter RC, Fan J, Fast JD, Feng Z, Fuentes JD, Glasius M, Goldstein AH, Alves EG, Gomes H, Gu D, Guenther A, Jathar SH, Kim S, Liu Y, Lou S, Martin ST, McNeill VF, Medeiros A, de Sá SS, Shilling JE, Springston SR, Souza RAF, Thornton JA, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Yee LD, Ynoue R, Zaveri RA, Zelenyuk A, Zhao C. Urban pollution greatly enhances formation of natural aerosols over the Amazon rainforest. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1046. [PMID: 30837467 PMCID: PMC6401186 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08909-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the least understood aspects in atmospheric chemistry is how urban emissions influence the formation of natural organic aerosols, which affect Earth's energy budget. The Amazon rainforest, during its wet season, is one of the few remaining places on Earth where atmospheric chemistry transitions between preindustrial and urban-influenced conditions. Here, we integrate insights from several laboratory measurements and simulate the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the Amazon using a high-resolution chemical transport model. Simulations show that emissions of nitrogen-oxides from Manaus, a city of ~2 million people, greatly enhance production of biogenic SOA by 60-200% on average with peak enhancements of 400%, through the increased oxidation of gas-phase organic carbon emitted by the forests. Simulated enhancements agree with aircraft measurements, and are much larger than those reported over other locations. The implication is that increasing anthropogenic emissions in the future might substantially enhance biogenic SOA in pristine locations like the Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0230, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, P.O. Box 3060, Mainz, D-55020, Germany
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | | | - Larry K Berg
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Joel Brito
- IMT Lille Douai, University of Lille, SAGE, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Joseph Ching
- Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1-1, Nagamine, Tsukuba, 305-0052, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Jiwen Fan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jerome D Fast
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Zhe Feng
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jose D Fuentes
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Eliane Gomes Alves
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, Manaus, AM, 69.060-000, Brazil
| | - Helber Gomes
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Dasa Gu
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alex Guenther
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, USA
| | - Saewung Kim
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Sijia Lou
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Scot T Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Adan Medeiros
- Amazonas State University, Center of Superior Studies of Tefé, R. Brasília, Tefé, AM, 69470000, Brazil
| | - Suzane S de Sá
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - John E Shilling
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Stephen R Springston
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven, NY, 11973, USA
| | - R A F Souza
- Amazonas State University, Superior School of Technology, Av Darcy Vargas, Manaus, AM, 69050020, Brazil
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
| | | | - Lindsay D Yee
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Rita Ynoue
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508090, Brazil
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Chun Zhao
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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23
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Freedman M, Bilde M, Donahue NM, Glasius M. Atmospheric surfaces. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2018; 20:1498-1499. [PMID: 30403393 DOI: 10.1039/c8em90043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Guest editors Miriam Freedman, Merete Bilde, Neil M. Donahue and Marianne Glasius introduce the Atmospheric Surfaces themed issue of Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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24
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Glasius M, Bering MS, Yee LD, de Sá SS, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Wernis RA, Barbosa HMJ, Alexander ML, Palm BB, Hu W, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Jimenez JL, Shrivastava M, Martin ST, Goldstein AH. Organosulfates in aerosols downwind of an urban region in central Amazon. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2018; 20:1546-1558. [PMID: 30357193 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00413g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates are formed in the atmosphere from reactions between reactive organic compounds (such as oxidation products of isoprene) and acidic sulfate aerosol. Here we investigated speciated organosulfates in an area typically downwind of the city of Manaus situated in the Amazon forest in Brazil during "GoAmazon2014/5" in both the wet season (February-March) and dry season (August-October). We observe products consistent with the reaction of isoprene photooxidation products and sulfate aerosols, leading to formation of several types of isoprene-derived organosulfates, which contribute 3% up to 42% of total sulfate aerosol measured by aerosol mass spectrometry. During the wet season the average contribution of summed organic sulfate concentrations to total sulfate was 19 ± 10% and similarly during the dry season the contribution was 19 ± 8%. This is the highest fraction of speciated organic sulfate to total sulfate observed at any reported site. Organosulfates appeared to be dominantly formed from isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), averaging 104 ± 73 ng m-3 (range 15-328 ng m-3) during the wet season, with much higher abundance 610 ± 400 ng m-3 (range 86-1962 ng m-3) during the dry season. The concentration of isoprene-derived organic sulfate correlated with total inorganic sulfate (R2 = 0.35 and 0.51 during the wet and dry seasons, respectively), implying the significant influence of inorganic sulfate aerosol for the heterogeneous reactive uptake of IEPOX. Organosulfates also contributed to organic matter in aerosols (3.5 ± 1.9% during the wet season and 5.1 ± 2.5% during the dry season). The present study shows that an important fraction of sulfate in aerosols in the Amazon downwind of Manaus consists of multifunctional organic chemicals formed in the atmosphere, and that increased SO2 emissions would substantially increase SOA formation from isoprene.
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25
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Yee LD, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Wernis RA, Meng M, Rivera V, Kreisberg NM, Hering SV, Bering MS, Glasius M, Upshur MA, Bé AG, Thomson RJ, Geiger FM, Offenberg JH, Lewandowski M, Kourtchev I, Kalberer M, de Sá S, Martin ST, Alexander ML, Palm BB, Hu W, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Jimenez JL, Liu Y, McKinney KA, Artaxo P, Viegas J, Manzi A, Oliveira MB, de Souza R, Machado LAT, Longo K, Goldstein AH. Observations of sesquiterpenes and their oxidation products in central Amazonia during the wet and dry seasons. Atmos Chem Phys 2018; 18:10433-10457. [PMID: 33354203 PMCID: PMC7751628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from the Amazon forest region represent the largest source of organic carbon emissions to the atmosphere globally. These BVOC emissions dominantly consist of volatile and intermediate-volatility terpenoid compounds that undergo chemical transformations in the atmosphere to form oxygenated condensable gases and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). We collected quartz filter samples with 12 h time resolution and performed hourly in situ measurements with a semi-volatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph (SV-TAG) at a rural site ("T3") located to the west of the urban center of Manaus, Brazil as part of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) field campaign to measure intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile BVOCs and their oxidation products during the wet and dry seasons. We speciated and quantified 30 sesquiterpenes and 4 diterpenes with mean concentrations in the range 0.01-6.04 ngm-3 (1-670ppqv). We estimate that sesquiterpenes contribute approximately 14 and 12% to the total reactive loss of O3 via reaction with isoprene or terpenes during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. This is reduced from ~ 50-70 % for within-canopy reactive O3 loss attributed to the ozonolysis of highly reactive sesquiterpenes (e.g., β-caryophyllene) that are reacted away before reaching our measurement site. We further identify a suite of their oxidation products in the gas and particle phases and explore their role in biogenic SOA formation in the central Amazon region. Synthesized authentic standards were also used to quantify gas- and particle-phase oxidation products derived from β-caryophyllene. Using tracer-based scaling methods for these products, we roughly estimate that sesquiterpene oxidation contributes at least 0.4-5 % (median 1 %) of total submicron OA mass. However, this is likely a low-end estimate, as evidence for additional unaccounted sesquiterpenes and their oxidation products clearly exists. By comparing our field data to laboratory-based sesquiterpene oxidation experiments we confirm that more than 40 additional observed compounds produced through sesquiterpene oxidation are present in Amazonian SOA, warranting further efforts towards more complete quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D. Yee
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and
Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720,
USA
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and
Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720,
USA
- now at: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Wernis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Meng Meng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- now at: Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied
Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA, USA
| | - Ventura Rivera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | | | - Mads S. Bering
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C,
Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C,
Denmark
| | - Mary Alice Upshur
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Ariana Gray Bé
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Regan J. Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Franz M. Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, USA
| | - John H. Offenberg
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Exposure Methods and
Measurements Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Exposure Methods and
Measurements Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Ivan Kourtchev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Suzane de Sá
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Scot T. Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M. Lizabeth Alexander
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Brett B. Palm
- Dept. of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309,
USA
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Dept. of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309,
USA
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Dept. of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309,
USA
| | - Douglas A. Day
- Dept. of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309,
USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Dept. of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309,
USA
| | - Yingjun Liu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- now at: Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and
Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720,
USA
| | - Karena A. McKinney
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- now at: Department of Chemistry, Colby College,
Waterville, Maine 04901, USA
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of São
Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juarez Viegas
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, AM,
Brazil
| | - Antonio Manzi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, AM,
Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz A. T. Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espiacais, São
José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla Longo
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espiacais, Cachoeira
Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and
Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720,
USA
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26
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Głazowska S, Baldwin L, Mravec J, Bukh C, Hansen TH, Jensen MM, Fangel JU, Willats WGT, Glasius M, Felby C, Schjoerring JK. The impact of silicon on cell wall composition and enzymatic saccharification of Brachypodium distachyon. Biotechnol Biofuels 2018; 11:171. [PMID: 29951115 PMCID: PMC6009033 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants and in particular grasses benefit from a high uptake of silicon (Si) which improves their growth and productivity by alleviating adverse effects of biotic and abiotic stress. However, the silicon present in plant tissues may have a negative impact on the processing and degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. Solutions to reduce the silicon content either by biomass engineering or development of downstream separation methods are therefore targeted. Different cell wall components have been proposed to interact with the silica pool in plant shoots, but the understanding of the underlying processes is still limited. RESULTS In the present study, we have characterized silicon deposition and cell wall composition in Brachypodium distachyon wild-type and low-silicon 1 (Bdlsi1-1) mutant plants. Our analyses included different organs and plant developmental stages. In the mutant defective in silicon uptake, low silicon availability favoured deposition of this element in the amorphous form or bound to cell wall polymers rather than as silicified structures. Several alterations in non-cellulosic polysaccharides and lignin were recorded in the mutant plants, indicating differences in the types of linkages and in the three-dimensional organization of the cell wall network. Enzymatic saccharification assays showed that straw from mutant plants was marginally more degradable following a 190 °C hydrothermal pretreatment, while there were no differences without or after a 120 °C hydrothermal pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that silicon affects the composition of plant cell walls, mostly by altering linkages of non-cellulosic polymers and lignin. The modifications of the cell wall network and the reduced silicon concentration appear to have little or no implications on biomass recalcitrance to enzymatic saccharification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Głazowska
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Laetitia Baldwin
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Christian Bukh
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Hesselhøj Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mads Mørk Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and INANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonatan U. Fangel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - William G. T. Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry and INANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Claus Felby
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jan Kofod Schjoerring
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Djajadi DT, Jensen MM, Oliveira M, Jensen A, Thygesen LG, Pinelo M, Glasius M, Jørgensen H, Meyer AS. Lignin from hydrothermally pretreated grass biomass retards enzymatic cellulose degradation by acting as a physical barrier rather than by inducing nonproductive adsorption of enzymes. Biotechnol Biofuels 2018; 11:85. [PMID: 29619081 PMCID: PMC5880018 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin is known to hinder efficient enzymatic conversion of lignocellulose in biorefining processes. In particular, nonproductive adsorption of cellulases onto lignin is considered a key mechanism to explain how lignin retards enzymatic cellulose conversion in extended reactions. RESULTS Lignin-rich residues (LRRs) were prepared via extensive enzymatic cellulose degradation of corn stover (Zea mays subsp. mays L.), Miscanthus × giganteus stalks (MS) and wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.) (WS) samples that each had been hydrothermally pretreated at three severity factors (log R0) of 3.65, 3.83 and 3.97. The LRRs had different residual carbohydrate levels-the highest in MS; the lowest in WS. The residual carbohydrate was not traceable at the surface of the LRRs particles by ATR-FTIR analysis. The chemical properties of the lignin in the LRRs varied across the three types of biomass, but monolignols composition was not affected by the severity factor. When pure cellulose was added to a mixture of LRRs and a commercial cellulolytic enzyme preparation, the rate and extent of glucose release were unaffected by the presence of LRRs regardless of biomass type and severity factor, despite adsorption of the enzymes to the LRRs. Since the surface of the LRRs particles were covered by lignin, the data suggest that the retardation of enzymatic cellulose degradation during extended reaction on lignocellulosic substrates is due to physical blockage of the access of enzymes to the cellulose caused by the gradual accumulation of lignin at the surface of the biomass particles rather than by nonproductive enzyme adsorption. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that lignin from hydrothermally pretreated grass biomass retards enzymatic cellulose degradation by acting as a physical barrier blocking the access of enzymes to cellulose rather than by inducing retardation through nonproductive adsorption of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demi T. Djajadi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads M. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marlene Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Jensen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth G. Thygesen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Manuel Pinelo
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henning Jørgensen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Present Address: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anne S. Meyer
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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28
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Kristensen K, Jensen LN, Glasius M, Bilde M. The effect of sub-zero temperature on the formation and composition of secondary organic aerosol from ozonolysis of alpha-pinene. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2017; 19:1220-1234. [PMID: 28805852 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00231a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a newly constructed temperature controlled cold-room smog chamber at Aarhus University, Denmark. The chamber is herein utilized to study the effect of sub-zero temperature on the formation and chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from ozone initiated oxidation of α-pinene. The chemical composition of α-pinene SOA formed from dark ozonolysis of α-pinene at 293 K and 258 K was investigated using High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (HR-ToF-AMS) and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC/ESI-qToF-MS). For comparison, an OH-initiated oxidation experiment was performed at 293 K. In ozonolysis experiments it was found that oxygen-to-carbon (O : C) ratios were higher in the particles formed at 293 K compared to 258 K. A total of 16 different organic acids and 30 dimers esters were quantified in the collected particles composing up to 34% of the total α-pinene SOA mass with increased mass fraction of carboxylic acids in particles from α-pinene ozonolysis at 258 K compared to 293 K. In contrast, dimer esters showed suppressed formation at the sub-zero reaction temperature, thus contributing 3% to SOA mass at 258 K while contributing 9% at 293 K. SOA formed in the OH-initiated oxidation of α-pinene at 293 K resulted in low concentrations of dimer esters supporting Criegee intermediates as a possible pathway to dimer ester formation. Vapour pressure estimates of the identified carboxylic acids and dimer esters are presented and show how otherwise semi-volatile carboxylic acids at sufficiently low temperatures may classify as low or even extremely low volatile organic compounds (ELVOC), thus may add to an enhanced particle formation observed at the sub-zero temperature through gas-to-particle conversion. The change in chemical composition of the SOA particles with temperature is ascribed to a combination of effects: the decreased vapour pressures and hence increased condensation of carboxylic acids from the gas phase to the particle phase along with suppressed formation of the high molecular weight dimer esters and different gas and particle phase chemistry results in particles of different chemical composition as a consequence of low reaction temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C., Denmark.
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29
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Pérez B, Dahlgaard S, Bulsara P, Rawlings A, Jensen M, Dong M, Glasius M, Clarke M, Guo Z. Synthesis and characterization of O-acylated-ω-hydroxy fatty acids as skin-protecting barrier lipids. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 490:137-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Klemmer M, Madsen RB, Houlberg K, Mørup AJ, Christensen PS, Becker J, Glasius M, Iversen BB. Effect of Aqueous Phase Recycling in Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maika Klemmer
- Center for Materials Crystallography,
Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade
140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - René B. Madsen
- Center for Materials Crystallography,
Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade
140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper Houlberg
- Center for Materials Crystallography,
Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade
140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders J. Mørup
- Center for Materials Crystallography,
Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade
140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per S. Christensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography,
Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade
140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jacob Becker
- Center for Materials Crystallography,
Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade
140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Center for Materials Crystallography,
Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade
140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography,
Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade
140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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31
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Biller P, Madsen RB, Klemmer M, Becker J, Iversen BB, Glasius M. Effect of hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase recycling on bio-crude yields and composition. Bioresour Technol 2016; 220:190-199. [PMID: 27567480 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising thermo-chemical processing technology for the production of biofuels but produces large amounts of process water. Therefore recirculation of process water from HTL of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) is investigated. Two sets of recirculation on a continuous reactor system using K2CO3 as catalyst were carried out. Following this, the process water was recirculated in batch experiments for a total of 10 rounds. To assess the effect of alkali catalyst, non-catalytic HTL process water recycling was performed with 9 recycle rounds. Both sets of experiments showed a large increase in bio-crude yields from approximately 35 to 55wt%. The water phase and bio-crude samples from all experiments were analysed via quantitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to investigate their composition and build-up of organic compounds. Overall the results show an increase in HTL conversion efficiency and a lower volume, more concentrated aqueous by-product following recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Biller
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - René B Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maika Klemmer
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jacob Becker
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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32
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Riva M, Bell DM, Hansen AMK, Drozd GT, Zhang Z, Gold A, Imre D, Surratt JD, Glasius M, Zelenyuk A. Effect of Organic Coatings, Humidity and Aerosol Acidity on Multiphase Chemistry of Isoprene Epoxydiols. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:5580-8. [PMID: 27176464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase chemistry of isomeric isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) has been shown to be the dominant source of isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Recent studies have reported particles composed of ammonium bisulfate (ABS) mixed with model organics exhibit slower rates of IEPOX uptake. In the present study, we investigate the effect of atmospherically relevant organic coatings of α-pinene (AP) SOA on the reactive uptake of trans-β-IEPOX onto ABS particles under different conditions and coating thicknesses. Single particle mass spectrometry was used to characterize in real-time particle size, shape, density, and quantitative composition before and after reaction with IEPOX. We find that IEPOX uptake by pure sulfate particles is a volume-controlled process, which results in particles with uniform concentration of IEPOX-derived SOA across a wide range of sizes. Aerosol acidity was shown to enhance IEPOX-derived SOA formation, consistent with recent studies. The presence of water has a weaker impact on IEPOX-derived SOA yield, but significantly enhanced formation of 2-methyltetrols, consistent with offline filter analysis. In contrast, IEPOX uptake by ABS particles coated with AP-derived SOA is lower compared to that of pure ABS particles, strongly dependent on particle composition, and therefore on particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - David M Bell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | | | - Greg T Drozd
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - Dan Imre
- Imre Consulting , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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33
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Abstract
Earth's atmosphere contains a multitude of organic compounds, which differ by orders of magnitude regarding fundamental properties such as volatility, reactivity, and propensity to form cloud droplets, affecting their impact on global climate and human health. Despite recent major research efforts and advances, there are still substantial gaps in understanding of atmospheric organic chemistry, hampering efforts to understand, model, and mitigate environmental problems such as aerosol formation in both polluted urban and more pristine regions. The analytical toolbox available for chemists to study atmospheric organic components has expanded considerably during the past decade, opening new windows into speciation, time resolution and detection of reactive and semivolatile compounds at low concentrations. This has provided unprecedented opportunities, but also unveiled new scientific challenges. Specific groundbreaking examples include the role of epoxides in aerosol formation especially from isoprene, the importance of highly oxidized, reactive organics in air-surface processes (whether atmosphere-biosphere exchange or aerosols), as well as the extent of interactions of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions and the resulting impact on atmospheric organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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34
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Madsen RB, Christensen PS, Houlberg K, Lappa E, Mørup AJ, Klemmer M, Olsen EM, Jensen MM, Becker J, Iversen BB, Glasius M. Analysis of organic gas phase compounds formed by hydrothermal liquefaction of Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles. Bioresour Technol 2015; 192:826-830. [PMID: 26051525 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work provides a comprehensive characterization of the gas phase from hydrothermal liquefaction of Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) collected during a 24-h continuous experiment. The gas consisted mainly of CO2, CO, H2, CH4 and C2H6 accounting for 96 v/v% while further analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed additionally 62 compounds of which 54 were tentatively identified. These products included methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, various olefins and several aromatic compounds. The composition provided clear indication of the steady state of the system. Apart from CO2, olefins were the most abundant compound class and could provide a source of revenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- René B Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Per S Christensen
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kasper Houlberg
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Elpiniki Lappa
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anders J Mørup
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maika Klemmer
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Eva M Olsen
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mads M Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jacob Becker
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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35
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Mørup AJ, Becker J, Christensen PS, Houlberg K, Lappa E, Klemmer M, Madsen RB, Glasius M, Iversen BB. Construction and Commissioning of a Continuous Reactor for Hydrothermal Liquefaction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Juul Mørup
- Center for Materials Crystallography,
Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade
140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jacob Becker
- Center for Materials Crystallography,
Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade
140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Sigaard Christensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography,
Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade
140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper Houlberg
- Center for Materials Crystallography,
Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade
140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Elpiniki Lappa
- Center for Materials Crystallography,
Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade
140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maika Klemmer
- Center for Materials Crystallography,
Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade
140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - René Bjerregaard Madsen
- Center for Materials Crystallography,
Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade
140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Center for Materials Crystallography,
Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade
140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bo Brummerstedt Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography,
Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade
140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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36
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Nozière B, Kalberer M, Claeys M, Allan J, D'Anna B, Decesari S, Finessi E, Glasius M, Grgić I, Hamilton JF, Hoffmann T, Iinuma Y, Jaoui M, Kahnt A, Kampf CJ, Kourtchev I, Maenhaut W, Marsden N, Saarikoski S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Surratt JD, Szidat S, Szmigielski R, Wisthaler A. The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3919-83. [PMID: 25647604 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nozière
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Barbara D'Anna
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Irena Grgić
- ○National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- ¶Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Kourtchev
- ‡University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- §University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,□Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason D Surratt
- ▼University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Falkeborg M, Cheong LZ, Gianfico C, Sztukiel KM, Kristensen K, Glasius M, Xu X, Guo Z. Alginate oligosaccharides: Enzymatic preparation and antioxidant property evaluation. Food Chem 2014; 164:185-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Jensen A, Karottki DG, Christensen JM, Bønløkke JH, Sigsgaard T, Glasius M, Loft S, Møller P. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation after wood smoke exposure in a reconstructed Viking Age house. Environ Mol Mutagen 2014; 55:652-661. [PMID: 24889798 DOI: 10.1002/em.21877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particles from combustion of wood is associated with respiratory symptoms, whereas there is limited knowledge about systemic effects. We investigated effects on systemic inflammation, oxidative stress and DNA damage in humans who lived in a reconstructed Viking Age house, with indoor combustion of wood for heating and cooking. The subjects were exposed to high indoor concentrations of PM2.5 (700-3,600 µg/m(3)), CO (10.7-15.3 ppm) and NO2 (140-154 µg/m(3)) during a 1-week stay. Nevertheless, there were unaltered levels of genotoxicity, determined as DNA strand breaks and formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase and oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 sensitive sites in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. There were also unaltered expression levels of OGG1, HMOX1, CCL2, IL8, and TNF levels in leukocytes. In serum, there were unaltered levels of C-reactive protein, IL6, IL8, TNF, lactate dehydrogenase, cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoproteins. The wood smoke exposure was associated with decreased serum levels of sICAM-1, and a tendency to decreased sVCAM-1 levels. There was a minor increase in the levels of circulating monocytes expressing CD31, whereas there were unaltered expression levels of CD11b, CD49d, and CD62L on monocytes after the stay in the house. In conclusion, even a high inhalation exposure to wood smoke was associated with limited systemic effects on markers of oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation, and monocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Jensen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Staudt S, Kundu S, Lehmler HJ, He X, Cui T, Lin YH, Kristensen K, Glasius M, Zhang X, Weber RJ, Surratt JD, Stone1 EA. Aromatic organosulfates in atmospheric aerosols: synthesis, characterization, and abundance. Atmos Environ (1994) 2014; 94:366-373. [PMID: 24976783 PMCID: PMC4071301 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic organosulfates are identified and quantified in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from Lahore, Pakistan, Godavari, Nepal, and Pasadena, California. To support detection and quantification, authentic standards of phenyl sulfate, benzyl sulfate, 3-and 4-methylphenyl sulfate and 2-, 3-, and 4-methylbenzyl sulfate were synthesized. Authentic standards and aerosol samples were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to negative electrospray ionization (ESI) quadrupole time-of-flight (ToF) mass spectrometry. Benzyl sulfate was present in all three locations at concentrations ranging from 4 - 90 pg m-3. Phenyl sulfate, methylphenyl sulfates and methylbenzyl sulfates were observed intermittently with abundances of 4 pg m-3, 2-31 pg m-3, 109 pg m-3, respectively. Characteristic fragment ions of aromatic organosulfates include the sulfite radical (•SO3-, m/z 80) and the sulfate radical (•SO4-,m/z 96). Instrumental response factors of phenyl and benzyl sulfates varied by a factor of 4.3, indicating that structurally-similar organosulfates may have significantly different instrumental responses and highlighting the need to develop authentic standards for absolute quantitation organosulfates. In an effort to better understand the sources of aromatic organosulfates to the atmosphere, chamber experiments with the precursor toluene were conducted under conditions that form biogenic organosulfates. Aromatic organosulfates were not detected in the chamber samples, suggesting that they form through different pathways, have different precursors (e.g. naphthalene or methylnaphthalene), or are emitted from primary sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Staudt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Shuvashish Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Xianran He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kasper Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Rodney J. Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Døvling Kaspersen J, Moestrup Jessen C, Stougaard Vad B, Skipper Sørensen E, Kleiner Andersen K, Glasius M, Pinto Oliveira CL, Otzen DE, Pedersen JS. Low-Resolution Structures of OmpA⋅DDM Protein-Detergent Complexes. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2113-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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41
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Su R, Kesavan L, Jensen MM, Tiruvalam R, He Q, Dimitratos N, Wendt S, Glasius M, Kiely CJ, Hutchings GJ, Besenbacher F. Selective photocatalytic oxidation of benzene for the synthesis of phenol using engineered Au–Pd alloy nanoparticles supported on titanium dioxide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:12612-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04024d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Andersen KB, Glasius M, Feilberg A. Gas-particle partitioning of odorants in a pig house measured by thermal desorption GC/MS. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2014; 16:1059-1068. [PMID: 24654010 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00444a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Odorous compounds identified in pig houses span a wide range of vapour pressures and may thus be present as volatile and semi-volatile compounds, but little is known about the partitioning between phases. In this study, the concentrations of 17 known odorants were measured in a pig house both in the gas phase and in particles. Particles were collected on PTFE coated glass fibre (GF) filters while gas phase compounds were collected using Tenax TA and Carbograph 5TD sorption tubes after the filtration. All samples were analysed using a thermal desorption gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer (TD-GC-MS). The effect of desorbing the filters at different temperatures (290, 200 and 100 °C) was investigated, and we found that a desorption temperature of 290 °C was optimal. Backup filters were placed behind the front particle sampling filter to account for adsorption of gas-phase compounds to the front filters (positive artefact). Adsorption of propanoic acid, butanoic acid and 4-methylphenol to GF filters and PTFE-coated GF filters was specifically investigated in the laboratory by measuring the air concentration with proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry. Both field and laboratory results show considerable adsorption of most compounds to filters, and the use of backup filters is necessary to account for this. Of the odorants investigated in this study, carboxylic acids (C4-C6) were the most abundant in the particles, which is ascribed to acid dissociation in the particles. The logarithm of the subcooled liquid vapour pressures, log p, plotted against the logarithm of estimated equilibrium gas-particle coefficients, log Kp, showed that the compounds were divided into two groups, polar and non-polar compounds, that showed linear trends with mr-values of -0.94 and -0.83 respectively. The study shows that it is possible to measure gas-particle partitioning by filters and TD-GC-MS. Only very low concentrations and low fractions of odorants were found in the particles measured in the pig house.
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Worton DR, Surratt JD, Lafranchi BW, Chan AWH, Zhao Y, Weber RJ, Park JH, Gilman JB, de Gouw J, Park C, Schade G, Beaver M, Clair JMS, Crounse J, Wennberg P, Wolfe GM, Harrold S, Thornton JA, Farmer DK, Docherty KS, Cubison MJ, Jimenez JL, Frossard AA, Russell LM, Kristensen K, Glasius M, Mao J, Ren X, Brune W, Browne EC, Pusede SE, Cohen RC, Seinfeld JH, Goldstein AH. Observational insights into aerosol formation from isoprene. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:11403-11413. [PMID: 24004194 DOI: 10.1021/es4011064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric photooxidation of isoprene is an important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and there is increasing evidence that anthropogenic oxidant emissions can enhance this SOA formation. In this work, we use ambient observations of organosulfates formed from isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) and methacrylic acid epoxide (MAE) and a broad suite of chemical measurements to investigate the relative importance of nitrogen oxide (NO/NO2) and hydroperoxyl (HO2) SOA formation pathways from isoprene at a forested site in California. In contrast to IEPOX, the calculated production rate of MAE was observed to be independent of temperature. This is the result of the very fast thermolysis of MPAN at high temperatures that affects the distribution of the MPAN reservoir (MPAN / MPA radical) reducing the fraction that can react with OH to form MAE and subsequently SOA (F(MAE formation)). The strong temperature dependence of F(MAE formation) helps to explain our observations of similar concentrations of IEPOX-derived organosulfates (IEPOX-OS; ~1 ng m(-3)) and MAE-derived organosulfates (MAE-OS; ~1 ng m(-3)) under cooler conditions (lower isoprene concentrations) and much higher IEPOX-OS (~20 ng m(-3)) relative to MAE-OS (<0.0005 ng m(-3)) at higher temperatures (higher isoprene concentrations). A kinetic model of IEPOX and MAE loss showed that MAE forms 10-100 times more ring-opening products than IEPOX and that both are strongly dependent on aerosol water content when aerosol pH is constant. However, the higher fraction of MAE ring opening products does not compensate for the lower MAE production under warmer conditions (higher isoprene concentrations) resulting in lower formation of MAE-derived products relative to IEPOX at the surface. In regions of high NOx, high isoprene emissions and strong vertical mixing the slower MPAN thermolysis rate aloft could increase the fraction of MPAN that forms MAE resulting in a vertically varying isoprene SOA source.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Worton
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Yli-Juuti T, Zardini A, Eriksson AC, Hansen AM, Pagels JH, Swietlicki E, Svenningsson B, Glasius M, Worsnop DR, Riipinen I, Bilde M. Volatility of organic aerosol: evaporation of ammonium sulfate/succinic acid aqueous solution droplets. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:12123-30. [PMID: 24107221 PMCID: PMC3971733 DOI: 10.1021/es401233c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Condensation and evaporation modify the properties and effects of atmospheric aerosol particles. We studied the evaporation of aqueous succinic acid and succinic acid/ammonium sulfate droplets to obtain insights on the effect of ammonium sulfate on the gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric organic acids. Droplet evaporation in a laminar flow tube was measured in a Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer setup. A wide range of droplet compositions was investigated, and for some of the experiments the composition was tracked using an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. The measured evaporation was compared to model predictions where the ammonium sulfate was assumed not to directly affect succinic acid evaporation. The model captured the evaporation rates for droplets with large organic content but overestimated the droplet size change when the molar concentration of succinic acid was similar to or lower than that of ammonium sulfate, suggesting that ammonium sulfate enhances the partitioning of dicarboxylic acids to aqueous particles more than currently expected from simple mixture thermodynamics. If extrapolated to the real atmosphere, these results imply enhanced partitioning of secondary organic compounds to particulate phase in environments dominated by inorganic aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taina Yli-Juuti
- Department of Physics, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alessandro
A. Zardini
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- European
Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy and Transport,
Sustainable Transport Unit, Via Enrico
Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, Varese, Italy
| | - Axel C. Eriksson
- Ergonomics
and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Physics, Lund University, Professorsgatan 1, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne Maria
K. Hansen
- Department
of Chemistry and iNANO, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade
140, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Joakim H. Pagels
- Ergonomics
and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Swietlicki
- Department
of Physics, Lund University, Professorsgatan 1, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Marianne Glasius
- Department
of Chemistry and iNANO, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade
140, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Department of Physics, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Aerodyne
Research Inc., 45 Manning
Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, 5000
Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Applied Environmental
Science & Bert
Bolin Center for Climate Research, Stockholm
University, ITM/Stockholms Universitet, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhang H, Worton D, Lewandowski M, Ortega J, Rubitschun CL, Park JH, Kristensen K, Campuzano-Jost P, Day D, Jimenez JL, Jaoui M, Offenberg J, Kleindienst TE, Gilman J, Kuster W, de Gouw J, Park C, Schade G, Frossard AA, Russell L, Kaser L, Jud W, Hansel A, Cappellin L, Karl T, Glasius M, Guenther A, Goldstein AH, Seinfeld J, Gold A, Kamens RM, Surratt JD. Organosulfates as tracers for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) in the atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:9437-46. [PMID: 22849588 PMCID: PMC3557936 DOI: 10.1021/es301648z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) is an important biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emitted by pine trees and a potential precursor of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in forested regions. In the present study, hydroxyl radical (OH)-initiated oxidation of MBO was examined in smog chambers under varied initial nitric oxide (NO) and aerosol acidity levels. Results indicate measurable SOA from MBO under low-NO conditions. Moreover, increasing aerosol acidity was found to enhance MBO SOA. Chemical characterization of laboratory-generated MBO SOA reveals that an organosulfate species (C(5)H(12)O(6)S, MW 200) formed and was substantially enhanced with elevated aerosol acidity. Ambient fine aerosol (PM(2.5)) samples collected from the BEARPEX campaign during 2007 and 2009, as well as from the BEACHON-RoMBAS campaign during 2011, were also analyzed. The MBO-derived organosulfate characterized from laboratory-generated aerosol was observed in PM(2.5) collected from these campaigns, demonstrating that it is a molecular tracer for MBO-initiated SOA in the atmosphere. Furthermore, mass concentrations of the MBO-derived organosulfate are well correlated with MBO mixing ratio, temperature, and acidity in the field campaigns. Importantly, this compound accounted for an average of 0.25% and as high as 1% of the total organic aerosol mass during BEARPEX 2009. An epoxide intermediate generated under low-NO conditions is tentatively proposed to produce MBO SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofei Zhang
- Department of Environmental
Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David
R. Worton
- Department of Environmental
Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Aerosol Dynamics
Inc., Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711, United States
| | - John Ortega
- National Center
for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division,
Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Caitlin L. Rubitschun
- Department of Environmental
Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jeong-Hoo Park
- Department of Environmental
Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Douglas
A. Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Mohammed Jaoui
- Alion Science and
Technology, P.O. Box 12313, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - John
H. Offenberg
- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Tadeusz E. Kleindienst
- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jessica Gilman
- Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research
Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado
80305, United States
| | - William
C. Kuster
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research
Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado
80305, United States
| | - Joost de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research
Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado
80305, United States
| | - Changhyoun Park
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Gunnar
W. Schade
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Amanda A. Frossard
- Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Lynn Russell
- Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Lisa Kaser
- Institute
of Ion Physics and
Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Jud
- Institute
of Ion Physics and
Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute
of Ion Physics and
Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Luca Cappellin
- National Center
for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division,
Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Thomas Karl
- National Center
for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division,
Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Alex Guenther
- National Center
for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division,
Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental
Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of California,
Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John
H. Seinfeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
91125, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental
Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Richard M. Kamens
- Department of Environmental
Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department of Environmental
Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Hu J, Guo Z, Glasius M, Kristensen K, Xiao L, Xu X. Pressurized liquid extraction of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) with bioethanol: an efficient and sustainable approach. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5765-73. [PMID: 21782193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To develop an efficient green extraction approach for recovery of bioactive compounds from natural plants, we examined the potential of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) with bioethanol/water as solvents. The advantages of PLE over other extraction approaches, in addition to reduced time/solvent cost, the extract of PLE showed a distinct constituent profile from that of Soxhlet extraction, with significantly improved recovery of diarylheptanoids, etc. Among the pure solvents tested for PLE, bioethanol yield the highest efficiency for recovering most constituents of gingerol-related compounds; while for a broad concentration spectrum of ethanol aqueous solutions, 70% ethanol gave the best performance in terms of yield of total extract, complete constituent profile and recovery of most gingerol-related components. PLE with 70% bioethanol operated at 1500 psi and 100 °C for 20 min (static extraction time: 5 min) is recommended as optimized extraction conditions, achieving 106.8%, 109.3% and 108.0% yield of [6]-, [8]- and [10]-gingerol relative to the yield of corresponding constituent obtained by 8h Soxhlet extraction (absolute ethanol as extraction solvent).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajin Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Glasius M, la Cour A, Lohse C. Fossil and nonfossil carbon in fine particulate matter: A study of five European cities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Gollmer A, Arnbjerg J, Blaikie FH, Pedersen BW, Breitenbach T, Daasbjerg K, Glasius M, Ogilby PR. Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green®: Photochemical Behavior in Solution and in a Mammalian Cell. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:671-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Yang Z, Feddern V, Glasius M, Guo Z, Xu X. Improved enzymatic production of phenolated acylglycerols through alkyl phenolate intermediates. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 33:673-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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