1
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Isaacman-VanWertz G, Frazier G, Willison J, Faiola C. Missing Measurements of Sesquiterpene Ozonolysis Rates and Composition Limit Understanding of Atmospheric Reactivity. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:7937-7946. [PMID: 38669108 PMCID: PMC11080055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Emissions of biogenic reactive carbon significantly influence atmospheric chemistry, contributing to the formation and destruction of secondary pollutants, such as secondary organic aerosol and ozone. While isoprene and monoterpenes are a major fraction of emissions and have been extensively studied, substantially less is known about the atmospheric impacts of higher-molecular-weight terpenes such as sesquiterpenes. In particular, sesquiterpenes have been proposed to play a significant role in ozone chemical loss due to the very high ozone reaction rates of certain isomers. However, relatively little data are available on the isomer-resolved composition of this compound class or its role in ozone chemistry. This study examines the chemical diversity of sesquiterpenes and availability of ozone reaction rate constants to evaluate the current understanding of their ozone reactivity. Sesquiterpenes are found to be highly diverse, with 72 different isomers reported and relatively few isomers that contribute a large mass fraction across all studies. For the small number of isomers with known ozone reaction rates, estimated rates may be 25 times higher or lower than measurements, indicating that estimated reaction rates are highly uncertain. Isomers with known ozone reaction rates make up approximately half of the mass of sesquiterpenes in concentration and emission measurements. Consequently, the current state of the knowledge suggests that the total ozone reactivity of sesquiterpenes cannot be quantified without very high uncertainty, even if isomer-resolved composition is known. These results are in contrast to monoterpenes, which are less diverse and for which ozone reaction rates are well-known, and in contrast to hydroxyl reactivity of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, for which reaction rates can be reasonably well estimated. Improved measurements of a relatively small number of sesquiterpene isomers would reduce uncertainties and improve our understanding of their role in regional and global ozone chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Charles
E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Graham Frazier
- Charles
E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jeff Willison
- U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Celia Faiola
- Department
of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University
of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2525, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2525, United States
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2
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Wang W, Srivastava S, Garg A, Xiao C, Hawks S, Pan J, Duggal N, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Zhou W, Marr LC, Vikesland PJ. Digital Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy-Lateral Flow Test Dipstick: Ultrasensitive, Rapid Virus Quantification in Environmental Dust. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:4926-4936. [PMID: 38452107 PMCID: PMC10956432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces a novel surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based lateral flow test (LFT) dipstick that integrates digital analysis for highly sensitive and rapid viral quantification. The SERS-LFT dipsticks, incorporating gold-silver core-shell nanoparticle probes, enable pixel-based digital analysis of large-area SERS scans. Such an approach enables ultralow-level detection of viruses that readily distinguishes positive signals from background noise at the pixel level. The developed digital SERS-LFTs demonstrate limits of detection (LODs) of 180 fg for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, 120 fg for nucleocapsid protein, and 7 plaque forming units for intact virus, all within <30 min. Importantly, digital SERS-LFT methods maintain their robustness and their LODs in the presence of indoor dust, thus underscoring their potential for accurate and reliable virus diagnosis and quantification in real-world environmental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Virginia
Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS)
Sustainable Nanotechnology Center (VTSuN), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Sonali Srivastava
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Virginia
Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS)
Sustainable Nanotechnology Center (VTSuN), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Aditya Garg
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Seth Hawks
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jin Pan
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Nisha Duggal
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Linsey C. Marr
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Virginia
Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS)
Sustainable Nanotechnology Center (VTSuN), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Peter J. Vikesland
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Virginia
Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS)
Sustainable Nanotechnology Center (VTSuN), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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3
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Franklin EB, Yee LD, Wernis R, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Kreisberg N, Weber R, Zhang H, Palm BB, Hu W, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Manzi A, Artaxo P, Souza RAFD, Jimenez JL, Martin ST, Goldstein AH. Chemical Signatures of Seasonally Unique Anthropogenic Influences on Organic Aerosol Composition in the Central Amazon. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:6263-6272. [PMID: 37011031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization and fires perturb the quantities and composition of fine organic aerosol in the central Amazon, with ramifications for radiative forcing and public health. These disturbances include not only direct emissions of particulates and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors but also changes in the pathways through which biogenic precursors form SOA. The composition of ambient organic aerosol is complex and incompletely characterized, encompassing millions of potential structures relatively few of which have been synthesized and characterized. Through analysis of submicron aerosol samples from the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) field campaign by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with machine learning, ∼1300 unique compounds were traced and characterized over two seasons. Fires and urban emissions produced chemically and interseasonally distinct impacts on product signatures, with only ∼50% of compounds observed in both seasons. Seasonally unique populations point to the importance of aqueous processing in Amazonian aerosol aging, but further mechanistic insights are impeded by limited product identity knowledge. Less than 10% of compounds were identifiable at an isomer-specific level. Overall, the findings (i) provide compositional characterization of anthropogenic influence on submicron organic aerosol in the Amazon, (ii) identify key season-to-season differences in chemical signatures, and (iii) highlight high-priority knowledge gaps in current speciated knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Franklin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Lindsay D Yee
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca Wernis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Nathan Kreisberg
- Aerosol Dynamics, Inc., Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Robert Weber
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Douglas A Day
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Antonio Manzi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista 12630-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A F De Souza
- School of Technology, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69065-020, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Scot T Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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4
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Hurley JF, Smiley E, Isaacman-VanWertz G. Modeled Emission of Hydroxyl and Ozone Reactivity from Evaporation of Fragrance Mixtures. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:15672-15679. [PMID: 34784200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile chemical products (VCPs) account for increasing fractions of organic carbon emitted to the atmosphere, particularly in urban areas. Fragrances are potentially reactive components that are added to many VCPs. To better constrain these emissions, 11 commercially available liquid fragrance mixtures were characterized for their composition and their evaporation modeled. Emissions of mass, hydroxyl reactivity, and ozone reactivity were estimated by modeling under four different scenarios. Fragrance compounds were generally less than one-half the mass of fragrance mixtures, with the balance comprised of solvents and plasticizers and unresolved mass thought to be dominated by plasticizers. The results showed that terpenes and terpenoids account for nearly all of the emitted mass and reactivity while only comprising ∼10% w/w on average of the liquid fragrance mixtures. Most of the reactivity is emitted within hours, with ozone reactivity evolving more rapidly than OH reactivity and comprised almost entirely of terpenes. Limonene, a common fragrance constituent, dominates the reactivity of emitted carbon. Generally, 20-40% of the potential hydroxyl reactivity contained in the fragrance mixture does not evaporate on time scales sufficient to have an impact on local or regional air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Hurley
- Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Elizabeth Smiley
- Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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5
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Lu X, Weiner E, Smiley E, Widdowson M, Isaacman-VanWertz G. Detailed chemical characterization of the composition and variability of soil gas at remediated residential heating oil discharges. J Hazard Mater 2021; 413:125372. [PMID: 33930950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Underground storage tanks containing petroleum or other hazardous substances are used widely for residential storage of home heating oil. Spills and leaks of fuel from these tanks are common, and resulting subsurface petroleum vapors may pose health risks. However, understanding of this risk is limited by a lack of observational data on the chemical composition of vapors from discharged fuel. We present here the composition of soil gas sampled at 66 remediated residential sites of underground heating oil discharges throughout Virginia using a newly developed data analysis technique that allows characterization of hydrocarbons by carbon number and degree of unsaturation. Measured concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons exceeded 100,000 μg/m3 at 12 sites, but its composition varied widely between sites. Concentrations of hydrocarbons from chemical classes differing by more than a few carbon numbers or degrees of unsaturation are found to be poorly correlated. Furthermore, differences in composition are poorly described by metrics expected to indicate subsurface weathering (e.g., discharge year, or ratio of n-heptadecane to pristane). These results suggest that the composition and magnitude of residual contamination at remediated subsurface discharges is driven by rarely documented spill characteristics (e.g., age and composition of source material, discharge rate, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lu
- The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0105, United States
| | - Ellen Weiner
- The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0105, United States
| | - Elizabeth Smiley
- The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0105, United States
| | - Mark Widdowson
- The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0105, United States
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0105, United States.
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6
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Heald CL, Gouw JD, Goldstein AH, Guenther AB, Hayes PL, Hu W, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Jimenez JL, Keutsch FN, Koss AR, Misztal PK, Rappenglück B, Roberts JM, Stevens PS, Washenfelder RA, Warneke C, Young CJ. Contrasting Reactive Organic Carbon Observations in the Southeast United States (SOAS) and Southern California (CalNex). Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:14923-14935. [PMID: 33205951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the central role of reactive organic carbon (ROC) in the formation of secondary species that impact global air quality and climate, our assessment of ROC abundance and impacts is challenged by the diversity of species that contribute to it. We revisit measurements of ROC species made during two field campaigns in the United States: the 2013 SOAS campaign in forested Centreville, AL, and the 2010 CalNex campaign in urban Pasadena, CA. We find that average measured ROC concentrations are about twice as high in Pasadena (73.8 μgCsm-3) than in Centreville (36.5 μgCsm-3). However, the OH reactivity (OHR) measured at these sites is similar (20.1 and 19.3 s-1). The shortfall in OHR when summing up measured contributions is 31%, at Pasadena and 14% at Centreville, suggesting that there may be a larger reservoir of unmeasured ROC at the former site. Estimated O3 production and SOA potential (defined as concentration × yield) are both higher during CalNex than SOAS. This analysis suggests that the ROC in urban California is less reactive, but due to higher concentrations of oxides of nitrogen and hydroxyl radicals, is more efficient in terms of O3 and SOA production, than in the forested southeastern U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette L Heald
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joost de Gouw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alex B Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine,California 92697, United States
| | - Patrick L Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Frank N Keutsch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Abigail R Koss
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bernhard Rappenglück
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - James M Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Philip S Stevens
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Rebecca A Washenfelder
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Cora J Young
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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7
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Isaacman-VanWertz G, Lu X, Weiner E, Smiley E, Widdowson M. Characterization of Hydrocarbon Groups in Complex Mixtures Using Gas Chromatography with Unit-Mass Resolution Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12481-12488. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0105, United States
| | - Xin Lu
- The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0105, United States
| | - Ellen Weiner
- The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0105, United States
| | - Elizabeth Smiley
- The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0105, United States
| | - Mark Widdowson
- The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0105, United States
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8
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Yee LD, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Wernis RA, Kreisberg NM, Glasius M, Riva M, Surratt JD, de Sá SS, Martin ST, Alexander ML, Palm BB, Hu W, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Jimenez JL, Liu Y, Misztal PK, Artaxo P, Viegas J, Manzi A, de Souza RAF, Edgerton ES, Baumann K, Goldstein AH. Natural and Anthropogenically Influenced Isoprene Oxidation in Southeastern United States and Central Amazon. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:5980-5991. [PMID: 32271021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions alter secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation chemistry from naturally emitted isoprene. We use correlations of tracers and tracer ratios to provide new perspectives on sulfate, NOx, and particle acidity influencing isoprene-derived SOA in two isoprene-rich forested environments representing clean to polluted conditions-wet and dry seasons in central Amazonia and Southeastern U.S. summer. We used a semivolatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph (SV-TAG) and filter samplers to measure SOA tracers indicative of isoprene/HO2 (2-methyltetrols, C5-alkene triols, 2-methyltetrol organosulfates) and isoprene/NOx (2-methylglyceric acid, 2-methylglyceric acid organosulfate) pathways. Summed concentrations of these tracers correlated with particulate sulfate spanning three orders of magnitude, suggesting that 1 μg m-3 reduction in sulfate corresponds with at least ∼0.5 μg m-3 reduction in isoprene-derived SOA. We also find that isoprene/NOx pathway SOA mass primarily comprises organosulfates, ∼97% in the Amazon and ∼55% in Southeastern United States. We infer under natural conditions in high isoprene emission regions that preindustrial aerosol sulfate was almost exclusively isoprene-derived organosulfates, which are traditionally thought of as representative of an anthropogenic influence. We further report the first field observations showing that particle acidity correlates positively with 2-methylglyceric acid partitioning to the gas phase and negatively with the ratio of 2-methyltetrols to C5-alkene triols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D Yee
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca A Wernis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Suzane S de Sá
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
| | - Scot T Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
| | - M Lizabeth Alexander
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Douglas A Day
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yingjun Liu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 05508-020
| | - Juarez Viegas
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil 69060-001
| | - Antonio Manzi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil 69060-001
| | | | - Eric S Edgerton
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, North Carolina 27513, United States
| | - Karsten Baumann
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, North Carolina 27513, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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9
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Shrivastava M, Andreae MO, Artaxo P, Barbosa HMJ, Berg LK, Brito J, Ching J, Easter RC, Fan J, Fast JD, Feng Z, Fuentes JD, Glasius M, Goldstein AH, Alves EG, Gomes H, Gu D, Guenther A, Jathar SH, Kim S, Liu Y, Lou S, Martin ST, McNeill VF, Medeiros A, de Sá SS, Shilling JE, Springston SR, Souza RAF, Thornton JA, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Yee LD, Ynoue R, Zaveri RA, Zelenyuk A, Zhao C. Urban pollution greatly enhances formation of natural aerosols over the Amazon rainforest. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1046. [PMID: 30837467 PMCID: PMC6401186 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08909-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the least understood aspects in atmospheric chemistry is how urban emissions influence the formation of natural organic aerosols, which affect Earth's energy budget. The Amazon rainforest, during its wet season, is one of the few remaining places on Earth where atmospheric chemistry transitions between preindustrial and urban-influenced conditions. Here, we integrate insights from several laboratory measurements and simulate the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the Amazon using a high-resolution chemical transport model. Simulations show that emissions of nitrogen-oxides from Manaus, a city of ~2 million people, greatly enhance production of biogenic SOA by 60-200% on average with peak enhancements of 400%, through the increased oxidation of gas-phase organic carbon emitted by the forests. Simulated enhancements agree with aircraft measurements, and are much larger than those reported over other locations. The implication is that increasing anthropogenic emissions in the future might substantially enhance biogenic SOA in pristine locations like the Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0230, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, P.O. Box 3060, Mainz, D-55020, Germany
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | | | - Larry K Berg
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Joel Brito
- IMT Lille Douai, University of Lille, SAGE, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Joseph Ching
- Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1-1, Nagamine, Tsukuba, 305-0052, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Jiwen Fan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jerome D Fast
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Zhe Feng
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jose D Fuentes
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Eliane Gomes Alves
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, Manaus, AM, 69.060-000, Brazil
| | - Helber Gomes
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Dasa Gu
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alex Guenther
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, USA
| | - Saewung Kim
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Sijia Lou
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Scot T Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Adan Medeiros
- Amazonas State University, Center of Superior Studies of Tefé, R. Brasília, Tefé, AM, 69470000, Brazil
| | - Suzane S de Sá
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - John E Shilling
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Stephen R Springston
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven, NY, 11973, USA
| | - R A F Souza
- Amazonas State University, Superior School of Technology, Av Darcy Vargas, Manaus, AM, 69050020, Brazil
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
| | | | - Lindsay D Yee
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Rita Ynoue
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508090, Brazil
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Chun Zhao
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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10
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Eichler CMA, Cao J, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Little JC. Modeling the formation and growth of organic films on indoor surfaces. Indoor Air 2019; 29:17-29. [PMID: 30387208 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Emission, transport, and fate of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), which include plasticizers, flame retardants, pesticides, biocides, and oxidation products of volatile organic compounds, are influenced in part by their tendency to sorb to indoor surfaces. A thin organic film enhances this effect, because it acts as both an SVOC sink and a source, thus potentially prolonging human exposure. Unfortunately, our ability to describe the initial formation and subsequent growth of organic films on indoor surfaces is limited. To overcome this gap, we propose a mass transfer model accounting for adsorption, condensation, and absorption of multiple gas-phase SVOCs on impervious, vertical indoor surfaces. Further model development and experimental research are needed including more realistic scenarios accounting for surface heterogeneity, non-ideal organic mixtures, and particle deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M A Eichler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Jianping Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | - John C Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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11
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Isaacman-VanWertz G, Massoli P, O'Brien RE, Nowak JB, Canagaratna MR, Jayne JT, Worsnop DR, Su L, Knopf DA, Misztal PK, Arata C, Goldstein AH, Kroll JH. Using advanced mass spectrometry techniques to fully characterize atmospheric organic carbon: current capabilities and remaining gaps. Faraday Discuss 2018; 200:579-598. [PMID: 28574567 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic compounds in the atmosphere vary widely in their molecular composition and chemical properties, so no single instrument can reasonably measure the entire range of ambient compounds. Over the past decade, a new generation of in situ, field-deployable mass spectrometers has dramatically improved our ability to detect, identify, and quantify these organic compounds, but no systematic approach has been developed to assess the extent to which currently available tools capture the entire space of chemical identity and properties that is expected in the atmosphere. Reduced-parameter frameworks that have been developed to describe atmospheric mixtures are exploited here to characterize the range of chemical properties accessed by a suite of instruments. Multiple chemical spaces (e.g. oxidation state of carbon vs. volatility, and oxygen number vs. carbon number) were populated with ions measured by several mass spectrometers, with gas- and particle-phase α-pinene oxidation products serving as the test mixture of organic compounds. Few gaps are observed in the coverage of the parameter spaces by the instruments employed in this work, though the full extent to which comprehensive measurement was achieved is difficult to assess due to uncertainty in the composition of the mixture. Overlaps between individual ions and regions in parameter space were identified, both between gas- and particle-phase measurements, and within each phase. These overlaps were conservatively found to account for little (<10%) of the measured mass. However, challenges in identifying overlaps and in accurately converting molecular formulas into chemical properties (such as volatility or reactivity) highlight a continued need to incorporate structural information into atmospheric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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12
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Glasius M, Bering MS, Yee LD, de Sá SS, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Wernis RA, Barbosa HMJ, Alexander ML, Palm BB, Hu W, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Jimenez JL, Shrivastava M, Martin ST, Goldstein AH. Organosulfates in aerosols downwind of an urban region in central Amazon. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2018; 20:1546-1558. [PMID: 30357193 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00413g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates are formed in the atmosphere from reactions between reactive organic compounds (such as oxidation products of isoprene) and acidic sulfate aerosol. Here we investigated speciated organosulfates in an area typically downwind of the city of Manaus situated in the Amazon forest in Brazil during "GoAmazon2014/5" in both the wet season (February-March) and dry season (August-October). We observe products consistent with the reaction of isoprene photooxidation products and sulfate aerosols, leading to formation of several types of isoprene-derived organosulfates, which contribute 3% up to 42% of total sulfate aerosol measured by aerosol mass spectrometry. During the wet season the average contribution of summed organic sulfate concentrations to total sulfate was 19 ± 10% and similarly during the dry season the contribution was 19 ± 8%. This is the highest fraction of speciated organic sulfate to total sulfate observed at any reported site. Organosulfates appeared to be dominantly formed from isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), averaging 104 ± 73 ng m-3 (range 15-328 ng m-3) during the wet season, with much higher abundance 610 ± 400 ng m-3 (range 86-1962 ng m-3) during the dry season. The concentration of isoprene-derived organic sulfate correlated with total inorganic sulfate (R2 = 0.35 and 0.51 during the wet and dry seasons, respectively), implying the significant influence of inorganic sulfate aerosol for the heterogeneous reactive uptake of IEPOX. Organosulfates also contributed to organic matter in aerosols (3.5 ± 1.9% during the wet season and 5.1 ± 2.5% during the dry season). The present study shows that an important fraction of sulfate in aerosols in the Amazon downwind of Manaus consists of multifunctional organic chemicals formed in the atmosphere, and that increased SO2 emissions would substantially increase SOA formation from isoprene.
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13
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Yee LD, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Wernis RA, Meng M, Rivera V, Kreisberg NM, Hering SV, Bering MS, Glasius M, Upshur MA, Bé AG, Thomson RJ, Geiger FM, Offenberg JH, Lewandowski M, Kourtchev I, Kalberer M, de Sá S, Martin ST, Alexander ML, Palm BB, Hu W, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Jimenez JL, Liu Y, McKinney KA, Artaxo P, Viegas J, Manzi A, Oliveira MB, de Souza R, Machado LAT, Longo K, Goldstein AH. Observations of sesquiterpenes and their oxidation products in central Amazonia during the wet and dry seasons. Atmos Chem Phys 2018; 18:10433-10457. [PMID: 33354203 PMCID: PMC7751628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from the Amazon forest region represent the largest source of organic carbon emissions to the atmosphere globally. These BVOC emissions dominantly consist of volatile and intermediate-volatility terpenoid compounds that undergo chemical transformations in the atmosphere to form oxygenated condensable gases and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). We collected quartz filter samples with 12 h time resolution and performed hourly in situ measurements with a semi-volatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph (SV-TAG) at a rural site ("T3") located to the west of the urban center of Manaus, Brazil as part of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) field campaign to measure intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile BVOCs and their oxidation products during the wet and dry seasons. We speciated and quantified 30 sesquiterpenes and 4 diterpenes with mean concentrations in the range 0.01-6.04 ngm-3 (1-670ppqv). We estimate that sesquiterpenes contribute approximately 14 and 12% to the total reactive loss of O3 via reaction with isoprene or terpenes during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. This is reduced from ~ 50-70 % for within-canopy reactive O3 loss attributed to the ozonolysis of highly reactive sesquiterpenes (e.g., β-caryophyllene) that are reacted away before reaching our measurement site. We further identify a suite of their oxidation products in the gas and particle phases and explore their role in biogenic SOA formation in the central Amazon region. Synthesized authentic standards were also used to quantify gas- and particle-phase oxidation products derived from β-caryophyllene. Using tracer-based scaling methods for these products, we roughly estimate that sesquiterpene oxidation contributes at least 0.4-5 % (median 1 %) of total submicron OA mass. However, this is likely a low-end estimate, as evidence for additional unaccounted sesquiterpenes and their oxidation products clearly exists. By comparing our field data to laboratory-based sesquiterpene oxidation experiments we confirm that more than 40 additional observed compounds produced through sesquiterpene oxidation are present in Amazonian SOA, warranting further efforts towards more complete quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D. Yee
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and
Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720,
USA
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and
Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720,
USA
- now at: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Wernis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Meng Meng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- now at: Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied
Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA, USA
| | - Ventura Rivera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | | | - Mads S. Bering
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C,
Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C,
Denmark
| | - Mary Alice Upshur
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Ariana Gray Bé
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Regan J. Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Franz M. Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, USA
| | - John H. Offenberg
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Exposure Methods and
Measurements Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Exposure Methods and
Measurements Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Ivan Kourtchev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Suzane de Sá
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Scot T. Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M. Lizabeth Alexander
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Brett B. Palm
- Dept. of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309,
USA
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Dept. of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309,
USA
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Dept. of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309,
USA
| | - Douglas A. Day
- Dept. of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309,
USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Dept. of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309,
USA
| | - Yingjun Liu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- now at: Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and
Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720,
USA
| | - Karena A. McKinney
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- now at: Department of Chemistry, Colby College,
Waterville, Maine 04901, USA
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of São
Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juarez Viegas
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, AM,
Brazil
| | - Antonio Manzi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, AM,
Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz A. T. Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espiacais, São
José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla Longo
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espiacais, Cachoeira
Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and
Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720,
USA
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14
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McDonald BC, de Gouw JA, Gilman JB, Jathar SH, Akherati A, Cappa CD, Jimenez JL, Lee-Taylor J, Hayes PL, McKeen SA, Cui YY, Kim SW, Gentner DR, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Goldstein AH, Harley RA, Frost GJ, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Trainer M. Volatile chemical products emerging as largest petrochemical source of urban organic emissions. Science 2018; 359:760-764. [PMID: 29449485 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaq0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A gap in emission inventories of urban volatile organic compound (VOC) sources, which contribute to regional ozone and aerosol burdens, has increased as transportation emissions in the United States and Europe have declined rapidly. A detailed mass balance demonstrates that the use of volatile chemical products (VCPs)-including pesticides, coatings, printing inks, adhesives, cleaning agents, and personal care products-now constitutes half of fossil fuel VOC emissions in industrialized cities. The high fraction of VCP emissions is consistent with observed urban outdoor and indoor air measurements. We show that human exposure to carbonaceous aerosols of fossil origin is transitioning away from transportation-related sources and toward VCPs. Existing U.S. regulations on VCPs emphasize mitigating ozone and air toxics, but they currently exempt many chemicals that lead to secondary organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C McDonald
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA. .,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joost A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ali Akherati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Julia Lee-Taylor
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Patrick L Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stuart A McKeen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yu Yan Cui
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Si-Wan Kim
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Drew R Gentner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Harley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gregory J Frost
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James M Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael Trainer
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
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15
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Pye HOT, Zuend A, Fry JL, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Capps SL, Appel KW, Foroutan H, Xu L, Ng NL, Goldstein AH. Coupling of organic and inorganic aerosol systems and the effect on gas-particle partitioning in the southeastern US. Atmos Chem Phys 2018; 18:357-370. [PMID: 29963078 PMCID: PMC6020690 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-357-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Several models were used to describe the partitioning of ammonia, water, and organic compounds between the gas and particle phases for conditions in the southeastern US during summer 2013. Existing equilibrium models and frameworks were found to be sufficient, although additional improvements in terms of estimating pure-species vapor pressures are needed. Thermodynamic model predictions were consistent, to first order, with a molar ratio of ammonium to sulfate of approximately 1.6 to 1.8 (ratio of ammonium to 2× sulfate, RN/2S ≈ 0.8 to 0.9) with approximately 70% of total ammonia and ammonium (NH x ) in the particle. Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Network (SEARCH) gas and aerosol and Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) Monitor for AeRosols and Gases in Ambient air (MARGA) aerosol measurements were consistent with these conditions. CMAQv5.2 regional chemical transport model predictions did not reflect these conditions due to a factor of 3 overestimate of the nonvolatile cations. In addition, gas-phase ammonia was overestimated in the CMAQ model leading to an even lower fraction of total ammonia in the particle. Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) and aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements indicated less ammonium per sulfate than SEARCH and MARGA measurements and were inconsistent with thermodynamic model predictions. Organic compounds were predicted to be present to some extent in the same phase as inorganic constituents, modifying their activity and resulting in a decrease in [H+]air (H+ in μgm-3 air), increase in ammonia partitioning to the gas phase, and increase in pH compared to complete organic vs. inorganic liquid-liquid phase separation. In addition, accounting for nonideal mixing modified the pH such that a fully interactive inorganic-organic system had a pH roughly 0.7 units higher than predicted using traditional methods (pH = 1.5 vs. 0.7). Particle-phase interactions of organic and inorganic compounds were found to increase partitioning towards the particle phase (vs. gas phase) for highly oxygenated (O : C≥0.6) compounds including several isoprene-derived tracers as well as levoglu-cosan but decrease particle-phase partitioning for low O: C, monoterpene-derived species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havala O. T. Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Juliane L. Fry
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Shannon L. Capps
- Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - K. Wyat Appel
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hosein Foroutan
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Nga L. Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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16
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Isaacman-VanWertz G, Sueper DT, Aikin KC, Lerner BM, Gilman JB, de Gouw JA, Worsnop DR, Goldstein AH. Automated single-ion peak fitting as an efficient approach for analyzing complex chromatographic data. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1529:81-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Archibald A, Arnold S, Bejan L, Brown S, Brüggemann M, Carpenter LJ, Collins W, Evans M, Finlayson-Pitts B, George C, Hastings M, Heard D, Hewitt CN, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Kalberer M, Keutsch F, Kiendler-Scharr A, Knopf D, Lelieveld J, Marais E, Petzold A, Ravishankara A, Reid J, Rovelli G, Scott C, Sherwen T, Shindell D, Tinel L, Unger N, Wahner A, Wallington TJ, Williams J, Young P, Zelenyuk A. Atmospheric chemistry and the biosphere: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:195-228. [PMID: 28795727 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd90038d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Worton DR, Decker M, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Chan AWH, Wilson KR, Goldstein AH. Improved molecular level identification of organic compounds using comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography, dual ionization energies and high resolution mass spectrometry. Analyst 2017; 142:2395-2403. [PMID: 28555694 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00625j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new analytical methodology combining comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC), dual ionization energies and high resolution time of flight mass spectrometry has been developed that improves molecular level identification of organic compounds in complex environmental samples. GC×GC maximizes compound separation providing cleaner mass spectra by minimizing erroneous fragments from interferences and co-eluting peaks. Traditional electron ionization (EI, 70 eV) provides MS fragmentation patterns that can be matched to published EI MS libraries while vacuum ultraviolet photoionization (VUV, 10.5 eV) yields MS with reduced fragmentation enhancing the abundance of the molecular ion providing molecular formulas when combined with high resolution mass spectrometry. We demonstrate this new approach by applying it to a sample of organic aerosol. In this sample, 238 peaks were matched to EI MS library data with FM ≥ 800 but a fifth (42 compounds) were determined to be incorrectly identified because the molecular formula was not confirmed by the VUV MS data. This highlights the importance of using a complementary technique to confirm compound identifications even for peaks with very good matching statistics. In total, 171 compounds were identified by EI MS matching to library spectra with confirmation of the molecular formula from the high resolution VUV MS data and were not dependent on the matching statistics being above a threshold value. A large number of unidentified peaks were still observed with FM < 800, which in routine analysis would typically be neglected. Where possible, these peaks were assigned molecular formulas from the VUV MS data (211 in total). In total, the combination of EI and VUV MS data provides more than twice as much molecular level peak information than traditional approaches and improves confidence in the identification of individual organic compounds. The molecular formula data from the VUV MS data was used, in conjunction with GC×GC retention times and the observed EI MS, to generate a new, searchable EI MS library compatible with the standard NIST MS search program. This library is deliberately dynamic and editable so that other end users can add new entries and update existing entries as new information becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Worton
- Department of Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Monika Decker
- Department of Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Alpert P, Archibald A, Arnold S, Ashworth K, Brown S, Campbell S, Carpenter LJ, Coe H, Dou J, Edebeli J, Finlayson-Pitts B, Grantham A, Hamilton J, Hastings M, Heard D, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Jones R, Kalberer M, Kiendler-Scharr A, Knopf D, Kroll J, Lelieveld J, Lewis A, Marais E, Marsh A, Moller S, Petzold A, Porter W, Ravishankara A, Reid J, Rickard A, Rovelli G, Rudich Y, Taatjes C, Vaughan A, Wahner A, Wallington TJ, Williams J, Young P, Zelenyuk A. New tools for atmospheric chemistry: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:663-691. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd90041d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Pye HOT, Murphy BN, Xu L, Ng NL, Carlton AG, Guo H, Weber R, Vasilakos P, Appel KW, Budisulistiorini SH, Surratt JD, Nenes A, Hu W, Jimenez JL, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Misztal PK, Goldstein AH. On the implications of aerosol liquid water and phase separation for organic aerosol mass. Atmos Chem Phys 2017; 17:343-369. [PMID: 30147709 PMCID: PMC6104851 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-343-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds and liquid water are major aerosol constituents in the southeast United States (SE US). Water associated with inorganic constituents (inorganic water) can contribute to the partitioning medium for organic aerosol when relative humidities or organic matter to organic carbon (OM/OC) ratios are high such that separation relative humidities (SRH) are below the ambient relative humidity (RH). As OM/OC ratios in the SE US are often between 1.8 and 2.2, organic aerosol experiences both mixing with inorganic water and separation from it. Regional chemical transport model simulations including inorganic water (but excluding water uptake by organic compounds) in the partitioning medium for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) when RH > SRH led to increased SOA concentrations,· particularly at night. Water uptake to the organic phase resulted in even greater SOA concentrations as a result of a positive feedback in which water uptake increased SOA, which further increased aerosol water and organic aerosol. Aerosol properties· such as the OM/OC and hygroscopicity parameter (κorg), were captured well by the model compared with measurements during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) 2013. Organic nitrates from monoterpene oxidation were predicted to be the least water-soluble semivolatile species in the model, but most biogenically derived semivolatile species in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model were highly water soluble and expected to contribute to water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). Organic aerosol and SOA precursors were abundant at night, but additional improvements in daytime organic aerosol are needed to close the model-measurement gap. When taking into account deviations from ideality, including both inorganic (when RH > SRH) and organic water in the organic partitioning medium reduced the mean bias in SOA for routine monitoring networks and improved model performance compared to observations from SOAS. Property updates from this work will be released in CMAQ v5.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havala O. T. Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin N. Murphy
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nga L. Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Annmarie G. Carlton
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- now at: Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hongyu Guo
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rodney Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Petros Vasilakos
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - K. Wyat Appel
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Jason D. Surratt
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Institute of Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens,·Palea Penteli, 15236, Greece
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, Greece
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,·CO,·USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,·CO,·USA
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Pawel K. Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
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Archibald A, Arnold S, Bartels-Rausch T, Brown S, Caravan R, Carpenter LJ, Chhantyal-Pun R, Coe H, Dou J, Edebeli J, Evans M, Finlayson-Pitts B, George C, Hamilton J, Heald C, Heard D, Hewitt CN, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Jones R, Kalberer M, Kampf C, Kerminen VM, Kiendler-Scharr A, Knopf D, Kroll J, Lelieveld J, Marais E, McGillen M, Mellouki A, Petzold A, Ravishankara A, Rickard A, Rudich Y, Taatjes C, Wahner A, Williams J, Zelenyuk A. Atmospheric chemistry processes: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:353-378. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd90039b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Isaacman-VanWertz G, Yee LD, Kreisberg NM, Wernis R, Moss JA, Hering SV, de Sá SS, Martin ST, Alexander ML, Palm BB, Hu W, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Jimenez JL, Riva M, Surratt JD, Viegas J, Manzi A, Edgerton E, Baumann K, Souza R, Artaxo P, Goldstein AH. Ambient Gas-Particle Partitioning of Tracers for Biogenic Oxidation. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:9952-62. [PMID: 27552285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exchange of atmospheric organic compounds between gas and particle phases is important in the production and chemistry of particle-phase mass but is poorly understood due to a lack of simultaneous measurements in both phases of individual compounds. Measurements of particle- and gas-phase organic compounds are reported here for the southeastern United States and central Amazonia. Polyols formed from isoprene oxidation contribute 8% and 15% on average to particle-phase organic mass at these sites but are also observed to have substantial gas-phase concentrations contrary to many models that treat these compounds as nonvolatile. The results of the present study show that the gas-particle partitioning of approximately 100 known and newly observed oxidation products is not well explained by environmental factors (e.g., temperature). Compounds having high vapor pressures have higher particle fractions than expected from absorptive equilibrium partitioning models. These observations support the conclusion that many commonly measured biogenic oxidation products may be bound in low-volatility mass (e.g., accretion products, inorganic-organic adducts) that decomposes to individual compounds on analysis. However, the nature and extent of any such bonding remains uncertain. Similar conclusions are reach for both study locations, and average particle fractions for a given compound are consistent within ∼25% across measurement sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department. of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lindsay D Yee
- Department. of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Rebecca Wernis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joshua A Moss
- Department. of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Susanne V Hering
- Aerosol Dynamics Inc. , Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Suzane S de Sá
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
| | - Scot T Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
| | - M Lizabeth Alexander
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Douglas A Day
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Juarez Viegas
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia , Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil , 69060-001
| | - Antonio Manzi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia , Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil , 69060-001
| | - Eric Edgerton
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc. , Cary, North Carolina 27513, United States
| | - Karsten Baumann
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc. , Cary, North Carolina 27513, United States
| | - Rodrigo Souza
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas , Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil , 69735-000
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil , 05508-020
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department. of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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23
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Worton DR, Zhang H, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Chan AWH, Wilson KR, Goldstein AH. Comprehensive Chemical Characterization of Hydrocarbons in NIST Standard Reference Material 2779 Gulf of Mexico Crude Oil. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:13130-13138. [PMID: 26460682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive chemical information is needed to understand the environmental fate and impact of hydrocarbons released during oil spills. However, chemical information remains incomplete because of the limitations of current analytical techniques and the inherent chemical complexity of crude oils. In this work, gas chromatography (GC)-amenable C9-C33 hydrocarbons were comprehensively characterized from the National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material (NIST SRM) 2779 Gulf of Mexico crude oil by GC coupled to vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry (GC/VUV-MS), with a mass balance of 68 ± 22%. This technique overcomes one important limitation faced by traditional GC and even comprehensive 2D gas chromatography (GC×GC): the necessity for individual compounds to be chromatographically resolved from one another in order to be characterized. VUV photoionization minimizes fragmentation of the molecular ions, facilitating the characterization of the observed hydrocarbons as a function of molecular weight (carbon number, NC), structure (number of double bond equivalents, NDBE), and mass fraction (mg kg(-1)), which represent important metrics for understanding their fate and environmental impacts. Linear alkanes (8 ± 1%), branched alkanes (11 ± 2%), and cycloalkanes (37 ± 12%) dominated the mass with the largest contribution from cycloalkanes containing one or two rings and one or more alkyl side chains (27 ± 9%). Linearity and good agreement with previous work for a subset of >100 components and for the sum of compound classes provided confidence in our measurements and represents the first independent assessment of our analytical approach and calibration methodology. Another crude oil collected from the Marlin platform (35 km northeast of the Macondo well) was shown to be chemically identical within experimental errors to NIST SRM 2779, demonstrating that Marlin crude is an appropriate surrogate oil for researchers conducting laboratory research into impacts of the DeepWater Horizon disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Worton
- Aerosol Dynamics, Inc. , Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | | | | | | | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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