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Kramer R, Aarnio-Peterson CM, Conard LA, Lenz KR, Matthews A. Eating disorder symptoms among transgender and gender diverse youth. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 29:30-44. [PMID: 37343277 PMCID: PMC10748461 DOI: 10.1177/13591045231184917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Compared to cisgender peers, transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth and adults report elevated eating disorder (ED) symptoms likely related to gender dysphoria and attempts to modify their bodies accordingly. Less is known about the impact on gender-affirming care and ED symptoms. This study aimed to expand on extant research and describe ED symptoms in TGD youth seeking gender-affirming care while exploring potential associations between gender-affirming hormone use and ED symptoms. A total of 251 TGD youth completed the Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) as part of routine clinical care. ANCOVAs and negative binomial regressions examined differences in ED symptoms among transgender females (identifying as female but assigned male at birth) and transgender males (identifying as male but assigned female at birth). ED severity was not significantly different among transgender females versus transgender males, (p = .09), or associated with gender-affirming hormone use (p = .07). Transgender females receiving gender-affirming hormones reported a greater proportion of objective binge eating episodes compared to those who were not (p = .03). Over a quarter of TGD youth reported engagement in ED behaviors suggesting assessment and intervention related to ED behaviors among TGD youth is imperative since adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period for adolescents and engagement in ED behaviors could lead to full ED development and medical risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kramer
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Claire M Aarnio-Peterson
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lee Ann Conard
- College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Katrina R Lenz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abigail Matthews
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Pirtea P, Ayoubi JM, Desmedt S, T’Sjoen G. Ovarian, breast, and metabolic changes induced by androgen treatment in transgender men. Fertil Steril 2021; 116:936-942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.07.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Dutra E, Lee J, Torbati T, Garcia M, Merz CNB, Shufelt C. Cardiovascular implications of gender-affirming hormone treatment in the transgender population. Maturitas 2019; 129:45-49. [PMID: 31547912 PMCID: PMC6761990 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transgender men and women represent a growing population in the United States and Europe, with 0.5% of adults and 3% of youth identifying as transgender. Globally, an estimated 0.3-0.5% of the population identify as transgender. Despite the increasing percentage of individuals whose gender identity, gender expression and behavior differ from their assigned sex at birth, health outcomes in transgenders have been understudied. Many transgender people seek treatment with cross-sex hormone therapy starting from a young age and frequently at high doses in order to obtain the secondary sex characteristics of the desired gender. There is a need to understand the potential long-term health consequences of cross-sex hormone therapy, given that cardiovascular disease is the leading disease-specific cause of death in this population. This review discusses the cardiovascular risks of gender-affirming hormone treatments with respect to transgender women and transgender men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Dutra
- Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julie Lee
- Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tina Torbati
- Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maurice Garcia
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Cedars-Sinai Transgender Surgery and Health Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - C Noel Bairey Merz
- Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chrisandra Shufelt
- Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Weinand JD, Safer JD. Hormone therapy in transgender adults is safe with provider supervision; A review of hormone therapy sequelae for transgender individuals. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2015; 2:55-60. [PMID: 28090436 PMCID: PMC5226129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Some providers report concern for the safety of transgender hormone therapy (HT). METHODS This is a systematic literature review of HT safety for transgender adults. RESULTS Current literature suggests HT is safe when followed carefully for certain risks. The greatest health concern for HT in transgender women is venous thromboembolism. HT among transgender men appears to cause polycythemia. Both groups experienced elevated fasting glucose. There is no increase in cancer prevalence or mortality due to transgender HT. CONCLUSION Although current data support the safety of transgender HT with physician supervision, larger, long-term studies are needed in transgender medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua D. Safer
- Transgender Medicine Research Group, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Feng H, Zheng L, Feng Z, Zhao Y, Zhang N. The role of leptin in obesity and the potential for leptin replacement therapy. Endocrine 2013; 44:33-9. [PMID: 23274948 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leptin (from the Greek word "lepto'' meaning "thin") is a 167-amino acid peptide hormone encoded by the obesity (ob) gene and secreted by white adipocytes. Blood leptin concentrations are increased in obese individuals. Leptin is a satiety hormone that provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus, controlling appetite and energy expenditure. Leptin binds to presynaptic GABAergic neurons to produce its effect, raising the distinct possibility that GABAergic axon terminals are the ultimate subcellular site of action for its effects. Released into the circulation, leptin crosses the blood-brain barrier and binds to leptin receptors, influencing the activity of various hypothalamic neurons, as well as encoding orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides. Moreover, leptin affects a wide range of metabolic functions in the peripheral tissue. In this review, we discuss some physiologic functions of leptin, including effects on obesity and some effects of leptin replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helin Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 12 Health Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China.
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Fallah S, Sanjary Pour M, Rabbani Chadegani A, Korani M. Adiponectin, leptin and lipid profiles evaluation in oral contraceptive pill consumers. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 285:1747-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-011-2192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Lau WB, Tao L, Wang Y, Li R, Ma XL. Systemic adiponectin malfunction as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1863-73. [PMID: 21091079 PMCID: PMC3159112 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin (Ad) is an abundant protein hormone regulatory of numerous metabolic processes. The 30 kDa protein originates from adipose tissue, with full-length and globular domain circulatory forms. A collagenous domain within Ad leads to spontaneous self-assemblage into various oligomeric isoforms, including trimers, hexamers, and high-molecular-weight multimers. Two membrane-spanning receptors for Ad have been identified, with differing concentration distribution in various body tissues. The major intracellular pathway activated by Ad includes phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase, which is responsible for many of Ad's metabolic regulatory, anti-inflammatory, vascular protective, and anti-ischemic properties. Additionally, several AMP-activated protein kinase-independent mechanisms responsible for Ad's anti-inflammatory and anti-ischemic (resulting in cardioprotective) effects have also been discovered. Since its 1995 discovery, Ad has garnered considerable attention for its role in diabetic and cardiovascular pathology. Clinical observations have demonstrated the association of hypoadiponectinemia in patients with obesity, cardiovascular disease, and insulin resistance. In this review, we elaborate currently known information about Ad malfunction and deficiency pertaining to cardiovascular disease risk (including atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and cardiac injury), as well as review evidence supporting Ad resistance as a novel risk factor for cardiovascular injury, providing insight about the future of Ad research and the protein's potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Bond Lau
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Baba T, Endo T, Ikeda K, Shimizu A, Honnma H, Ikeda H, Masumori N, Ohmura T, Kiya T, Fujimoto T, Koizumi M, Saito T. Distinctive features of female-to-male transsexualism and prevalence of gender identity disorder in Japan. J Sex Med 2011; 8:1686-93. [PMID: 21477021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of transsexualism is thought to differ among socio-geographic backgrounds, and little is known about its prevalence in Japan. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is known to be associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, is often seen in female-to-male (FTM) transsexual patients. Consequently, detection of PCOS is an important part of health care for these individuals. AIM The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of transsexuality in Japan, as well as the incidences of PCOS and insulin resistance among Japanese FTM transsexual patients. METHODS One hundred four male-to-female (MTF) and 238 FTM Japanese transsexual patients were studied. Medical histories, including histories of menstrual cycling and hormone treatment, were taken. To exclude other diseases, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia and hormone-secreting tumors, thorough medical assessments, including transvaginal or transrectal ultrasonography and measurement of serum hormone levels and insulin resistance indexes, were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The diagnosis of PCOS was based on the Rotterdam 2003 criteria. RESULTS Based on demographic statistics, the prevalences of MTF and FTM transsexuality are about 3.97 and 8.20 per 100,000 people, respectively, making the MTF-to-FTM ratio about 1:2. Of the FTM transsexual patients studied, 128 had not taken hormones before their initial assessment (untreated group); the remaining 50 self-administered androgen. Among the untreated group, 32.0% were diagnosed with PCOS, 30.1% were insulin-resistant, and 31.1% showed hypoadiponectinemia. CONCLUSIONS The sex ratio among Japanese transsexuals is different than among Caucasians. PCOS and insulin resistance are common findings in FTM transsexual patients at initial presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Baba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Soares MJ, Cummings NK, Ping-Delfos WLCS. Energy metabolism and the metabolic syndrome: does a lower basal metabolic rate signal recovery following weight loss? Diabetes Metab Syndr 2011; 5:98-101. [PMID: 22813412 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether basal metabolic rate (BMR) was causally related to MetS, and to study the role of gender in this relationship. METHODS Seventy-two Caucasian subjects (43 women, 29 men) had changes in basal metabolic rate (BMR), carbohydrate oxidation rate (COR), fat oxidation rate (FOR) and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) assessed in response to weight loss. RESULTS There was a significant gender×MetS interaction in BMR at the start. Women with MetS had higher adjusted BMR, whilst men with MetS had lower adjusted BMR than their respective counterparts. Weight loss resulted in a significant decrease in fat mass (-5.2±0.31 kg, p=0.001), fat free mass (-2.3±0.27 kg, p=0.001), BMR (-549±58 kJ/d, p=0.001) and a decreased proportion of MetS (22/72, χ(2)=0.005). Subjects who recovered from MetS after weight loss (RMS) had ∼250 kJ/d significantly lower adjusted BMR compared to those who were never MetS (NMS, p=0.046) and those who still had MetS (MetS+, p=0.047). Regression analysis showed that change (Δ) in BMR was best determined by Δglucose×gender interaction (r(2)=23%), ΔFOR (r(2)=20.3%), ΔCOR (r(2)=19.4%) and Δtriglycerides (r(2)=7.8%). CONCLUSIONS There is a sexual dimorphism of BMR in MetS. Overall, the data support the notion that alterations in BMR may be central to the etiopathogenesis of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario J Soares
- Program of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia.
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Honnma H, Endo T, Kiya T, Shimizu A, Nagasawa K, Baba T, Fujimoto T, Henmi H, Kitajima Y, Manase K, Ishioka S, Ito E, Saito T. Remarkable features of ovarian morphology and reproductive hormones in insulin-resistant Zucker fatty (fa/fa) rats. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8:73. [PMID: 20576113 PMCID: PMC2907382 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zucker fatty (fa/fa) rats are a well-understood model of obesity and hyperinsulinemia. It is now thought that obesity/hyperinsulinemia is an important cause of endocrinological abnormality, but to date there have been no reports on the changes in ovarian morphology or the ovarian androgen profile in rat models of obesity and insulin resistance. METHODS In this study we investigated the effects of obesity and hyperinsulinemia on ovarian morphology and the hormone profile in insulin-resistant Zucker fatty rats (5, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age, n = 6-7). RESULTS Ovaries from 5-week-old fatty rats had significantly greater total and atretic follicle numbers, and higher atretic-to-total follicle ratios than those from lean rats. Ovaries from 12- and 16-week-old fatty rats showed interstitial cell hyperplasia and numerous cysts with features of advanced follicular atresia. In addition, serum testosterone and androstenedione levels significantly declined in fatty rats from age 8 to 16 weeks, so that fatty rats showed significantly lower levels of serum testosterone (12 and 16 weeks) and androstenedione (all weeks) than lean rats. This may reflect a reduction of androgen synthesis during follicular atresia. Serum adiponectin levels were high in immature fatty rats, and although the levels declined significantly as they matured, it remained significantly higher in fatty rats than in lean rats. On the other hand, levels of ovarian adiponectin and its receptors were significantly lower in mature fatty rats than in lean mature rats or immature fatty rats. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that ovarian morphology and hormone profiles are significantly altered by the continuous insulin resistance in Zucker fatty rats. Simultaneously, abrupt reductions in serum and ovarian adiponectin also likely contribute to the infertility seen in fatty rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Honnma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Endo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kiya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Ayumi Shimizu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Nagasawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Baba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Henmi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Kitajima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Kengo Manase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ishioka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Eiki Ito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
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Cupisti S, Giltay EJ, Gooren LJ, Kronawitter D, Oppelt PG, Beckmann MW, Dittrich R, Mueller A. The impact of testosterone administration to female-to-male transsexuals on insulin resistance and lipid parameters compared with women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:2647-53. [PMID: 20451188 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of testosterone (T) administration to female-to-male transsexuals (FtMs) on insulin resistance and lipid parameters and to compare the effects with women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN Cohort analysis. SETTING University hospital. PATIENT(S) Twenty-nine FtMs and 240 women with PCOS. INTERVENTION(S) Screening panel, ultrasound of the ovaries, hormone, lipid, and glucose and insulin measurements. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Endocrine, metabolic parameters, and insulin resistance. RESULT(S) The PCOS women had significantly higher fasting, 1-h, and 2-h insulin levels and a significantly lower insulin sensitivity index compared with FtMs before and after their T treatment. There were higher triglyceride levels and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels upon T treatment in FtMs compared with the PCOS women. Women with PCOS had higher body mass index (BMI) values. Positive correlations between insulin resistance indices and BMI were found only in women with PCOS. CONCLUSION(S) Testosterone administration by itself showed little detrimental influence on insulin resistance indices, but it had significant effects on lipid profiles. Compared with T, BMI had a greater impact on insulin resistance in women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Cupisti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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Chandra P, Basra SS, Chen TC, Tangpricha V. Alterations in Lipids and Adipocyte Hormones in Female-to-Male Transsexuals. Int J Endocrinol 2010; 2010:945053. [PMID: 20706676 PMCID: PMC2913672 DOI: 10.1155/2010/945053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone therapy in men and women results in decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL). We sought to determine whether testosterone therapy has this same effect on lipid parameters and adipocyte hormones in female-to-male (FTM) transsexuals. Twelve FTM transsexuals provided a fasting lipid profile including serum total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides prior to and after 1 year of testosterone therapy (testosterone enanthate or cypionate 50-125 mg IM every two weeks). Subjects experienced a significant decrease in mean serum HDL (52 +/- 11 to 40 +/- 7 mg/dL) (P < .001). The mean LDL (P = .316), triglyceride (P = .910), and total cholesterol (P = .769) levels remained unchanged. In a subset of subjects, we measured serum leptin levels which were reduced by 25% but did not reach statistical significance (P = .181) while resistin levels remained unchanged. We conclude that testosterone therapy in FTM transsexuals can promote an increased atherogenic lipid profile by lowering HDL and possibly reduce serum leptin levels. However, long-term studies are needed to determine whether decreases in HDL result in adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Chandra
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Woodruff Memorial Research Building, Room 1301, 101 Woodruff Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sukhdeep S. Basra
- School of Public Health, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tai C. Chen
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Vin Tangpricha
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Woodruff Memorial Research Building, Room 1301, 101 Woodruff Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- *Vin Tangpricha:
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