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Yin J, Daryanani A, Lu F, Ku AT, Bright JR, Alilin ANS, Bowman J, Lake R, Li C, Truong TM, Twohig JD, Mostaghel EA, Ishikawa M, Simpson M, Trostel SY, Corey E, Sowalsky AG, Kelly K. Reproducible preclinical models of androgen receptor driven human prostate cancer bone metastasis. Prostate 2024; 84:1033-1046. [PMID: 38708958 PMCID: PMC11216894 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical models recapitulating the metastatic phenotypes are essential for developing the next-generation therapies for metastatic prostate cancer (mPC). We aimed to establish a cohort of clinically relevant mPC models, particularly androgen receptor positive (AR+) bone metastasis models, from LuCaP patient-derived xenografts (PDX) that reflect the heterogeneity and complexity of mPC. METHODS PDX tumors were dissociated into single cells, modified to express luciferase, and were inoculated into NSG mice via intracardiac injection. The progression of metastases was monitored by bioluminescent imaging. Histological phenotypes of metastases were characterized by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. Castration responses were further investigated in two AR-positive models. RESULTS Our PDX-derived metastasis (PDM) model collection comprises three AR+ adenocarcinomas (ARPC) and one AR- neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEPC). All ARPC models developed bone metastases with either an osteoblastic, osteolytic, or mixed phenotype, while the NEPC model mainly developed brain metastasis. Different mechanisms of castration resistance were observed in two AR+ PDM models with distinct genotypes, such as combined loss of TP53 and RB1 in one model and expression of AR splice variant 7 (AR-V7) expression in another model. Intriguingly, the castration-resistant tumors displayed inter- and intra-tumor as well as organ-specific heterogeneity in lineage specification. CONCLUSION Genetically diverse PDM models provide a clinically relevant system for biomarker identification and personalized medicine in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- JuanJuan Yin
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Asha Daryanani
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Anson T. Ku
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John R. Bright
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aian Neil S. Alilin
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joel Bowman
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ross Lake
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chennan Li
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tri M. Truong
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph D. Twohig
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elahe A. Mostaghel
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Masaki Ishikawa
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark Simpson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shana Y. Trostel
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adam G. Sowalsky
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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2
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Costagliola A, Lombardi R, Liguori G, Morrione A, Giordano A. Orexins and Prostate Cancer: State of the Art and Potential Experimental and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2023; 20:637-645. [PMID: 38035703 PMCID: PMC10687730 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in humans. Peptides have recently been used as targeted therapeutics in cancers, due to their extensive multi-functional applications. Two hypothalamic peptides, orexins A (OXA) and B (OXB) and their specific receptors, orexin receptor 1 (OX1R) and 2 (OX2R), orchestrate several biological processes in the central nervous system and peripheral organs. However, in addition to their role in physiological responses, orexins are involved in numerous inflammatory and/or neoplastic pathologies. The presence and expression of orexins in different cancer models, including prostate cancer, and their role in inducing pro- or anti-apoptotic responses in tumor cell lines, suggest that the orexinergic system might have potential therapeutic action or function as a diagnostic marker in PCa. In addition to the traditional animal models for studying human PCa, the canine model might also serve as an additional tool, due to its clinical similarities with human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Costagliola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Lombardi
- Local Health Authority, ASL, Foggia, Italy
- Unit of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceuticals, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Liguori
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy;
- Local Health Authority, ASL, Foggia, Italy
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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3
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Moran NE, Thomas-Ahner JM, Wan L, Zuniga KE, Erdman JW, Clinton SK. Tomatoes, Lycopene, and Prostate Cancer: What Have We Learned from Experimental Models? J Nutr 2022; 152:1381-1403. [PMID: 35278075 PMCID: PMC9178968 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidemiology suggests a protective effect of tomatoes or tomato phytochemicals, such as lycopene, on prostate cancer risk. However, human epidemiology alone cannot reveal causal relations. Laboratory animal models of prostate cancer provide opportunities to investigate hypotheses regarding dietary components in precisely controlled, experimental systems, contributing to our understanding of diet and cancer risk relations. We review the published studies evaluating the impact of tomatoes and/or lycopene in preclinical models of prostate carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis. The feeding of tomatoes or tomato components demonstrates anti-prostate cancer activity in both transplantable xenograft models of tumorigenesis and models of chemically- and genetically-driven carcinogenesis. Feeding pure lycopene shows anticancer activity in most studies, although outcomes vary by model system, suggesting that the impact of pure lycopene can depend on dose, duration, and specific carcinogenic processes represented in different models. Nonetheless, studies with the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model of carcinogenesis typically demonstrate similar bioactivity to that of tomato feeding. In general, interventions that commence earlier in carcinogenesis and are sustained tend to be more efficacious. Accumulated data suggest that lycopene is one, but perhaps not the only, anticancer bioactive compound in tomatoes. Although it is clear that tomatoes and lycopene have anti-prostate cancer activity in rodent models, major knowledge gaps remain in understanding dose-response relations and molecular mechanisms of action. Published and future findings from rodent studies can provide guidance for translational scientists to design and execute informative human clinical trials of prostate cancer prevention or in support of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Moran
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer M Thomas-Ahner
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lei Wan
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Interdisciplinary Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Krystle E Zuniga
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - John W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Steven K Clinton
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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4
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Nascente EDP, Amorim RL, Fonseca-Alves CE, de Moura VMBD. Comparative Pathobiology of Canine and Human Prostate Cancer: State of the Art and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2727. [PMID: 35681707 PMCID: PMC9179314 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
First described in 1817, prostate cancer is considered a complex neoplastic entity, and one of the main causes of death in men in the western world. In dogs, prostatic carcinoma (PC) exhibits undifferentiated morphology with different phenotypes, is hormonally independent of aggressive character, and has high rates of metastasis to different organs. Although in humans, the risk factors for tumor development are known, in dogs, this scenario is still unclear, especially regarding castration. Therefore, with the advent of molecular biology, studies were and are carried out with the aim of identifying the main molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of canine PC, aiming to identify potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted treatment. However, there are extensive gaps to be filled, especially when considering the dog as experimental model for the study of this neoplasm in humans. Thus, due to the complexity of the subject, the objective of this review is to present the main pathobiological aspects of canine PC from a comparative point of view to the same neoplasm in the human species, addressing the historical context and current understanding in the scientific field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo de Paula Nascente
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74001-970, Brazil;
| | - Renée Laufer Amorim
- Veterinary Clinic Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil;
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Li Y, Ni K, Chan C, Guo N, Luo T, Han W, Culbert A, Weichselbaum RR, Lin W. Dimethylaminomicheliolide Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Radiotherapy for Synergistic Combination with Immune Checkpoint Blockade. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022; 5:2100160. [PMID: 35812344 PMCID: PMC9269983 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) has demonstrated synergy with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in preclinical models. However, its potential as an immunoadjuvant is limited by low immunogenicity at low radiation doses and immunosuppression at high radiation doses. It is hypothesized that radiosensitizers can enhance both the anticancer and immunogenic effects of low-dose radiation. Herein the authors report the antitumor immunity of combined RT and immunotherapy with dimethylaminomicheliolide (DMAMCL), a prodrug of the anti-inflammatory sesquiterpene lactone micheliolide (MCL). DMAMCL sensitized cancer cells to a single fraction of RT in vitro by inducing apoptosis and DNA double-strand breaks. DMAMCL with 5 fractions of 2 Gy focal X-ray irradiation led to significant anticancer efficacy in subcutaneous and spontaneous models of murine cancer. DMAMCL-sensitized RT upregulated programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in the tumors. Combination of DMAMCL-sensitized RT with anti-PD-L1 ICB significantly enhanced antitumor efficacy by increasing tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and establishing immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Ni
- Department of Chemistry University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Christina Chan
- Department of Chemistry University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nining Guo
- Department of Chemistry University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Taokun Luo
- Department of Chemistry University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wenbo Han
- Department of Chemistry University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - August Culbert
- Department of Chemistry University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ralph R Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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6
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Khoo A, Liu LY, Nyalwidhe JO, Semmes OJ, Vesprini D, Downes MR, Boutros PC, Liu SK, Kislinger T. Proteomic discovery of non-invasive biomarkers of localized prostate cancer using mass spectrometry. Nat Rev Urol 2021; 18:707-724. [PMID: 34453155 PMCID: PMC8639658 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed non-skin cancer in men worldwide. Patient outcomes are remarkably heterogeneous and the best existing clinical prognostic tools such as International Society of Urological Pathology Grade Group, pretreatment serum PSA concentration and T-category, do not accurately predict disease outcome for individual patients. Thus, patients newly diagnosed with prostate cancer are often overtreated or undertreated, reducing quality of life and increasing disease-specific mortality. Biomarkers that can improve the risk stratification of these patients are, therefore, urgently needed. The ideal biomarker in this setting will be non-invasive and affordable, enabling longitudinal evaluation of disease status. Prostatic secretions, urine and blood can be sources of biomarker discovery, validation and clinical implementation, and mass spectrometry can be used to detect and quantify proteins in these fluids. Protein biomarkers currently in use for diagnosis, prognosis and relapse-monitoring of localized prostate cancer in fluids remain centred around PSA and its variants, and opportunities exist for clinically validating novel and complimentary candidate protein biomarkers and deploying them into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Khoo
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lydia Y Liu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julius O Nyalwidhe
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - O John Semmes
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Danny Vesprini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Odette Cancer Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michelle R Downes
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Stanley K Liu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Odette Cancer Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
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7
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Turner L, Burbanks A, Cerasuolo M. PCa dynamics with neuroendocrine differentiation and distributed delay. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2021; 18:8577-8602. [PMID: 34814314 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the fifth most common cause of death from cancer, and the second most common diagnosed cancer in men. In the last few years many mathematical models have been proposed to describe the dynamics of prostate cancer under treatment. So far one of the major challenges has been the development of mathematical models that would represent in vivo conditions and therefore be suitable for clinical applications, while being mathematically treatable. In this paper, we take a step in this direction, by proposing a nonlinear distributed-delay dynamical system that explores neuroendocrine transdifferentiation in human prostate cancer in vivo. Sufficient conditions for the existence and the stability of a tumour-present equilibrium are given, and the occurrence of a Hopf bifurcation is proven for a uniform delay distribution. Numerical simulations are provided to explore differences in behaviour for uniform and exponential delay distributions. The results suggest that the choice of the delay distribution is key in defining the dynamics of the system and in determining the conditions for the onset of oscillations following a switch in the stability of the tumour-present equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Turner
- School of Mathematics and Physics - University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3HF, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Burbanks
- School of Mathematics and Physics - University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3HF, United Kingdom
| | - Marianna Cerasuolo
- School of Mathematics and Physics - University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3HF, United Kingdom
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Fiard G, Stavrinides V, Chambers ES, Heavey S, Freeman A, Ball R, Akbar AN, Emberton M. Cellular senescence as a possible link between prostate diseases of the ageing male. Nat Rev Urol 2021; 18:597-610. [PMID: 34294916 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Senescent cells accumulate with age in all tissues. Although senescent cells undergo cell-cycle arrest, these cells remain metabolically active and their secretome - known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype - is responsible for a systemic pro-inflammatory state, which contributes to an inflammatory microenvironment. Senescent cells can be found in the ageing prostate and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype and can be linked to BPH and prostate cancer. Indeed, a number of signalling pathways provide biological plausibility for the role of senescence in both BPH and prostate cancer, although proving causality is difficult. The theory of senescence as a mechanism for prostate disease has a number of clinical implications and could offer opportunities for targeting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Fiard
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Urology, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France.
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble, France.
| | - Vasilis Stavrinides
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emma S Chambers
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Susan Heavey
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alex Freeman
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rhys Ball
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Medicine, The Rayne Building, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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Wu D, Osunkoya AO, Kucuk O. Epithelial protein lost in neoplasm (EPLIN) and prostate cancer: lessons learned from the ARCaP model. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2021; 9:264-276. [PMID: 34541025 PMCID: PMC8446762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Confucius said, "Good tools are prerequisite to the successful execution of a job". Among his many groundbreaking achievements, Dr. Leland W. K. Chung established several widely used prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines, including C4-2, C4-2B, and ARCaP. These cellular models have been pivotal tools to enhance our understanding of the biology of PCa progression and assist in the discovery of new strategies to treat metastatic, castration-resistant PCa. Recent studies in the ARCaP PCa progression model uncovered epithelial protein lost in neoplasm (EPLIN), an actin-binding protein with an indispensable role in the maintenance of epithelial structures, as a negative regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Clinical evidence further supports the potential role of EPLIN in controlling metastasis in PCa and other solid tumors. In this article, we review the current understanding of the biology of EPLIN and the ARCaP model in the discovery of new agents for the prevention and treatment of PCa metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqing Wu
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development and Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
- MetCure Therapeutics LLCAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adeboye O Osunkoya
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDecatur, GA, USA
| | - Omer Kucuk
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
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10
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Miles HN, Delafield DG, Li L. Recent Developments and Applications of Quantitative Proteomics Strategies for High-Throughput Biomolecular Analyses in Cancer Research. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 4:1050-1072. [PMID: 34430874 PMCID: PMC8341969 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00039j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovations in medical technology and dedicated focus from the scientific community have inspired numerous treatment strategies for benign and invasive cancers. While these improvements often lend themselves to more positive prognoses and greater patient longevity, means for early detection and severity stratification have failed to keep pace. Detection and validation of cancer-specific biomarkers hinges on the ability to identify subtype-specific phenotypic and proteomic alterations and the systematic screening of diverse patient groups. For this reason, clinical and scientific research settings rely on high throughput and high sensitivity mass spectrometry methods to discover and quantify unique molecular perturbations in cancer patients. Discussed within is an overview of quantitative proteomics strategies and a summary of recent applications that enable revealing potential biomarkers and treatment targets in prostate, ovarian, breast, and pancreatic cancer in a high throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah N. Miles
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison777 Highland AvenueMadisonWI53705-2222USA+1-608-262-5345+1-608-265-8491
| | | | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison777 Highland AvenueMadisonWI53705-2222USA+1-608-262-5345+1-608-265-8491
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
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11
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Nascimento-Gonçalves E, Seixas F, Ferreira R, Colaço B, Parada B, Oliveira PA. An overview of the latest in state-of-the-art murine models for prostate cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1349-1364. [PMID: 34224283 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1943354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer (PCa) is a complex, heterogenous and multifocal disease, which is debilitating for patients and often fatal - due to bone metastasis and castration-resistant cancer. The use of murine models that mimic human disease has been crucial in the development of innovative therapies and for better understanding the mechanisms associated with initiation and progression of PCa. AREAS COVERED This review presents a critical analysis of murine models for the study of PCa, highlighting their strengths, weaknesses and applications. EXPERT OPINION In animal models, disease may not occur exactly as it does in humans, and sometimes the levels of efficacy that certain treatments obtain in animal models cannot be translated into clinical practice. To choose the most appropriate animal model for each research work, it is crucial to understand the anatomical and physiological differences between the mouse and the human prostate, while it is also important to identify biological similarities and differences between murine and human prostate tumors. Although significant progress has already been made, thanks to many years of research and study, the number of new challenges and obstacles to overcome mean there is a long and difficult road still to travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Nascimento-Gonçalves
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (Laqv-requimte),department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro (UA), Portugal
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (Laqv-requimte),department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro (UA), Portugal
| | - Bruno Colaço
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Zootechnics, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Belmiro Parada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (Icbr), Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Urology and Renal Transplantation Department, Coimbra University Hospital Centre (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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12
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Pistollato F, Bernasconi C, McCarthy J, Campia I, Desaintes C, Wittwehr C, Deceuninck P, Whelan M. Alzheimer's Disease, and Breast and Prostate Cancer Research: Translational Failures and the Importance to Monitor Outputs and Impact of Funded Research. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1194. [PMID: 32674379 PMCID: PMC7401638 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia and cancer are becoming increasingly prevalent in Western countries. In the last two decades, research focused on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer, in particular, breast cancer (BC) and prostate cancer (PC), has been substantially funded both in Europe and worldwide. While scientific research outcomes have contributed to increase our understanding of the disease etiopathology, still the prevalence of these chronic degenerative conditions remains very high across the globe. By definition, no model is perfect. In particular, animal models of AD, BC, and PC have been and still are traditionally used in basic/fundamental, translational, and preclinical research to study human disease mechanisms, identify new therapeutic targets, and develop new drugs. However, animals do not adequately model some essential features of human disease; therefore, they are often unable to pave the way to the development of drugs effective in human patients. The rise of new technological tools and models in life science, and the increasing need for multidisciplinary approaches have encouraged many interdisciplinary research initiatives. With considerable funds being invested in biomedical research, it is becoming pivotal to define and apply indicators to monitor the contribution to innovation and impact of funded research. Here, we discuss some of the issues underlying translational failure in AD, BC, and PC research, and describe how indicators could be applied to retrospectively measure outputs and impact of funded biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pistollato
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (C.B.); (I.C.); (C.W.); (P.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Camilla Bernasconi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (C.B.); (I.C.); (C.W.); (P.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Janine McCarthy
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (C.B.); (I.C.); (C.W.); (P.D.); (M.W.)
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM), Washington, DC 20016, USA;
| | - Ivana Campia
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (C.B.); (I.C.); (C.W.); (P.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Christian Desaintes
- European Commission, Directorate General for Research and Innovation (RTD), 1000 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Clemens Wittwehr
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (C.B.); (I.C.); (C.W.); (P.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Pierre Deceuninck
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (C.B.); (I.C.); (C.W.); (P.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Maurice Whelan
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (C.B.); (I.C.); (C.W.); (P.D.); (M.W.)
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13
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Coletti R, Leonardelli L, Parolo S, Marchetti L. A QSP model of prostate cancer immunotherapy to identify effective combination therapies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9063. [PMID: 32493951 PMCID: PMC7270132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, by enhancing the endogenous anti-tumor immune responses, is showing promising results for the treatment of numerous cancers refractory to conventional therapies. However, its effectiveness for advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer remains unsatisfactory and new therapeutic strategies need to be developed. To this end, systems pharmacology modeling provides a quantitative framework to test in silico the efficacy of new treatments and combination therapies. In this paper we present a new Quantitative Systems Pharmacology (QSP) model of prostate cancer immunotherapy, calibrated using data from pre-clinical experiments in prostate cancer mouse models. We developed the model by using Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) describing the tumor, key components of the immune system, and seven treatments. Numerous combination therapies were evaluated considering both the degree of tumor inhibition and the predicted synergistic effects, integrated into a decision tree. Our simulations predicted cancer vaccine combined with immune checkpoint blockade as the most effective dual-drug combination immunotherapy for subjects treated with androgen-deprivation therapy that developed resistance. Overall, the model presented here serves as a computational framework to support drug development, by generating hypotheses that can be tested experimentally in pre-clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Coletti
- University of Trento, Department of mathematics, Trento, 38123, Italy
- Fondazione The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), Rovereto, 38068, Italy
| | - Lorena Leonardelli
- Fondazione The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), Rovereto, 38068, Italy
| | - Silvia Parolo
- Fondazione The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), Rovereto, 38068, Italy
| | - Luca Marchetti
- Fondazione The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), Rovereto, 38068, Italy.
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14
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Liu TT, Ewald JA, Ricke EA, Bell R, Collins C, Ricke WA. Modeling human prostate cancer progression in vitro. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:893-902. [PMID: 30590461 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed mechanisms involved in prostate cancer (CaP) development and progression are not well understood. Current experimental models used to study CaP are not well suited to address this issue. Previously, we have described the hormonal progression of non-tumorigenic human prostate epithelial cells (BPH1) into malignant cells via tissue recombination. Here, we describe a method to derive human cell lines from distinct stages of CaP that parallel cellular, genetic and epigenetic changes found in patients with cancers. This BPH1-derived Cancer Progression (BCaP) model represents different stages of cancer. Using diverse analytical strategies, we show that the BCaP model reproduces molecular characteristics of CaP in human patients. Furthermore, we demonstrate that BCaP cells have altered gene expression of shared pathways with human and transgenic mouse CaP data, as well as, increasing genomic instability with TMPRSS2-ERG fusion in advanced tumor cells. Together, these cell lines represent a unique model of human CaP progression providing a novel tool that will allow the discovery and experimental validation of mechanisms regulating human CaP development and progression. This BPH1-derived Cancer Progression (BCaP) model represents different stages of cancer. The BCaP model reproduces molecular characteristics of prostate cancer. The cells have altered gene expression with TMPRSS2-ERG fusion representing a unique model for prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa T Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan A Ewald
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emily A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert Bell
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colin Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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15
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Yuan Y, Wei Z, Chu C, Zhang J, Song X, Walczak P, Bulte JWM. Development of Zinc‐Specific iCEST MRI as an Imaging Biomarker for Prostate Cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Division of MR Research The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program Institute for Cell Engineering The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Zhiliang Wei
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Division of MR Research The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Chengyan Chu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Division of MR Research The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program Institute for Cell Engineering The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Jia Zhang
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Division of MR Research The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Xiaolei Song
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Division of MR Research The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program Institute for Cell Engineering The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Division of MR Research The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program Institute for Cell Engineering The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Jeff W. M. Bulte
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Division of MR Research The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program Institute for Cell Engineering The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Oncology Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Chemical Biomolecular Engineering The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
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16
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Yuan Y, Wei Z, Chu C, Zhang J, Song X, Walczak P, Bulte JWM. Development of Zinc-Specific iCEST MRI as an Imaging Biomarker for Prostate Cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15512-15517. [PMID: 31430007 PMCID: PMC7261412 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The healthy prostate contains the highest concentration of mobile zinc in the body. As this level decreases dramatically during the initial development of prostate cancer, in vivo detection of prostate zinc content may be applied for diagnosis of prostate cancer. Using 19 F ion chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging (iCEST MRI) and TF-BAPTA as a fluorinated Zn-binding probe with micromolar sensitivity, we show that iCEST MRI is able to differentiate between normal and malignant prostate cells with a 10-fold difference in contrast following glucose-stimulated zinc secretion in vitro. The iCEST signal decreased in normal prostate cells upon downregulation of the ZIP1 zinc transporter. In vivo, using an orthotopic prostate cancer mouse model and a transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model, a gradual decrease of >300 % in iCEST contrast following the transition of normal prostate epithelial cells to cancer cells was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhiliang Wei
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chengyan Chu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jia Zhang
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaolei Song
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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Abstract
Despite the high long-term survival in localized prostate cancer, metastatic prostate cancer remains largely incurable even after intensive multimodal therapy. The lethality of advanced disease is driven by the lack of therapeutic regimens capable of generating durable responses in the setting of extreme tumor heterogeneity on the genetic and cell biological levels. Here, we review available prostate cancer model systems, the prostate cancer genome atlas, cellular and functional heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment, tumor-intrinsic and tumor-extrinsic mechanisms underlying therapeutic resistance, and technological advances focused on disease detection and management. These advances, along with an improved understanding of the adaptive responses to conventional cancer therapies, anti-androgen therapy, and immunotherapy, are catalyzing development of more effective therapeutic strategies for advanced disease. In particular, knowledge of the heterotypic interactions between and coevolution of cancer and host cells in the tumor microenvironment has illuminated novel therapeutic combinations with a strong potential for more durable therapeutic responses and eventual cures for advanced disease. Improved disease management will also benefit from artificial intelligence-based expert decision support systems for proper standard of care, prognostic determinant biomarkers to minimize overtreatment of localized disease, and new standards of care accelerated by next-generation adaptive clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocan Wang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Di Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Denise J Spring
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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18
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Tricoli L, Naeem A, Parasido E, Mikhaiel JP, Choudhry MU, Berry DL, Abdelgawad IA, Lee RJ, Feldman AS, Ihemelandu C, Avantaggiati M, Kumar D, Byers S, Gallagher R, Wulfkuhle J, Petricoin E, Rodriguez O, Albanese C. Characterization of the effects of defined, multidimensional culture conditions on conditionally reprogrammed primary human prostate cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:2193-2207. [PMID: 29416764 PMCID: PMC5788632 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability to propagate human prostate epithelial cells indefinitely has historically presented a serious impediment to prostate cancer research. The conditionally reprogrammed cell (CRC) approach uses the combination of irradiated J2 mouse fibroblasts and a Rho kinase inhibitor such as Y27632 to support the continuous culture of cells derived from most epithelial tissues, including the prostate. Due to their rapid establishment and overall ease of use, CRCs are now widely used in a variety of basic and preclinical settings. In addition, CRCs were successfully used to clinically treat respiratory papillomatosis. Although both normal and tumor-derived prostate CRCs have been used to study the basic biology of prostate cancer and to test new therapies, certain limitations exist. We have previously reported that prostate CRCs form functional prostate glands when implanted under the mouse renal capsule. However in conventional culture, the prostate CRCs exist in an adult stem-like, transient amplifying state and consequently do not adequately recapitulate several important features of a differentiated prostate epithelium. To address these limitations, we previously described a transwell dish-based model that supported the culturing of prostate CRCs and the collection of cells and cell extracts for molecular and genetic analyses. Using normal and tumor-derived prostate CRCs, we describe the combined effects of the multi-dimensional transwell platform and defined culture media on prostate cellular proliferation, differentiation and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Tricoli
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aisha Naeem
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Erika Parasido
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John P. Mikhaiel
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Muhammad Umer Choudhry
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Deborah L. Berry
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Richard J. Lee
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam S. Feldman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chukwuemeka Ihemelandu
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Maria Avantaggiati
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephen Byers
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rosa Gallagher
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Julia Wulfkuhle
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Emanuel Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Olga Rodriguez
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Preclinical Imaging Research Laboratory, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chris Albanese
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Preclinical Imaging Research Laboratory, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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19
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Human Bone Xenografts: from Preclinical Testing for Regenerative Medicine to Modeling of Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40610-016-0044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Peng H, Zhao W, Tan H, Ji Z, Li J, Li K, Zhou X. Prediction of treatment efficacy for prostate cancer using a mathematical model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21599. [PMID: 26868634 PMCID: PMC4751505 DOI: 10.1038/srep21599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate immune system plays a critical role in the regulation of prostate cancer development regarding androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) and/or immunotherapy (vaccination). In this study, we developed a mathematical model to explore the interactions between prostate tumor and immune microenvironment. This model was used to predict treatment outcomes for prostate cancer with ADT, vaccination, Treg depletion and/or IL-2 neutralization. Animal data were used to guide construction, parameter selection, and validation of our model. Our analysis shows that Treg depletion and/or IL-2 neutralization can effectively improve the treatment efficacy of combined therapy with ADT and vaccination. Treg depletion has a higher synergetic effect than that from IL-2 neutralization. This study highlights a potential therapeutic strategy in effectively managing prostate tumor growth and provides a framework of systems biology approach in studying tumor-related immune mechanism and consequent selection of therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Peng
- Division of Radiologic Sciences – Center for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Weiling Zhao
- Division of Radiologic Sciences – Center for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Hua Tan
- Division of Radiologic Sciences – Center for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Zhiwei Ji
- Division of Radiologic Sciences – Center for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jingsong Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - King Li
- Division of Radiologic Sciences – Center for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Division of Radiologic Sciences – Center for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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21
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Simmons JK, Hildreth BE, Supsavhad W, Elshafae SM, Hassan BB, Dirksen WP, Toribio RE, Rosol TJ. Animal Models of Bone Metastasis. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:827-41. [PMID: 26021553 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815586223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone is one of the most common sites of cancer metastasis in humans and is a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Bone metastases are considered incurable and result in pain, pathologic fracture, and decreased quality of life. Animal models of skeletal metastases are essential to improve the understanding of the molecular pathways of cancer metastasis and growth in bone and to develop new therapies to inhibit and prevent bone metastases. The ideal animal model should be clinically relevant, reproducible, and representative of human disease. Currently, an ideal model does not exist; however, understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the available models will lead to proper study design and successful cancer research. This review provides an overview of the current in vivo animal models used in the study of skeletal metastases or local tumor invasion into bone and focuses on mammary and prostate cancer, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and miscellaneous tumors that metastasize to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Simmons
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B E Hildreth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W Supsavhad
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S M Elshafae
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B B Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W P Dirksen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - R E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - T J Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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22
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Krušlin B, Ulamec M, Tomas D. Prostate cancer stroma: an important factor in cancer growth and progression. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2015; 15:1-8. [PMID: 26042506 PMCID: PMC4469930 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2015.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive stromal changes that occur in different human cancers might play a role in local tumor spreading and progression. Studies done on various human cancers have shown activated stromal cell phenotypes, modified extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and increased microvessel density. Furthermore, they exhibit biological markers consistent with stroma at the site of wound repair. In prostate cancer, stroma is composed of fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells and immune cells. Predominant cells in the tumorous stroma are, however, fibroblasts/myofibroblasts. They are responsible for the synthesis, deposition and remodeling of the ECM. Epithelial tumorous cells, in interaction with stromal cells and with the help of various molecules of ECM, create a microenvironment suitable for cancer cell proliferation, movement, and differentiation. In this review, we discussed the role of different stromal components in prostate cancer as well as their potential prognostic and therapeutic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Božo Krušlin
- Department of pathology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital, Zagreb.
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23
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Abstract
Few pharmacotherapies are currently available to treat castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), with low impact on patient survival. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multi-functional peptide with opposite roles in prostate tumorigenesis as an inhibitor in normal growth and early stage disease and a promoter in advanced prostate cancer. Dysregulated TGF-β signaling leads to a cascade of events contributing to oncogenesis, including up-regulated proliferation, decreased apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and evasion of immune surveillance. TGF-β signaling pathway presents an appropriate venue for establishing a therapeutic targeting platform in CRPC. Exploitation of TGF-β effectors and their cross talk with the androgen axis pathway will provide new insights into mechanisms of resistance of the current antiandrogen therapeutic strategies and lead to generation of new effective treatment modalities for CRPC. Points of functional convergence of TGF-β with key oncogenic pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and androgen receptor (AR), are discussed as navigated within the EMT landscape in the tumor microenvironment. In this context the emerging anti-TGF-β pharmacotherapies for prostate cancer treatment are considered. Targeting the functional cross-talk between the TGF-β signaling effectors with the androgen axis supports the development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating CRPC with high specificity and efficacy in a personalized-medicine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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24
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Abstract
When the National Institutes of Health Mouse Models of Human Cancer Consortium initiated the Prostate Steering Committee 15 years ago, there were no genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of prostate cancer (PCa). Today, a PubMed search for "prostate cancer mouse model" yields 3,200 publications and this list continues to grow. The first generation of GEM utilized the newly discovered and characterized probasin promoter driving viral oncogenes such as Simian virus 40 large T antigen to yield the LADY and TRAMP models. As the PCa research field has matured, the second generation of models has incorporated the single and multiple molecular changes observed in human disease, such as loss of PTEN and overexpression of Myc. Application of these models has revealed that mice are particularly resistant to developing invasive PCa, and once they achieve invasive disease, the PCa rarely resembles human disease. Nevertheless, these models and their application have provided vital information on human PCa progression. The aim of this review is to provide a brief primer on mouse and human prostate histology and pathology, provide descriptions of mouse models, as well as attempt to answer the age old question: Which GEM model of PCa is the best for my research question?
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25
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Gonçalves BF, Campos SGPD, Costa CF, Scarano WR, Góes RM, Taboga SR. Key participants of the tumor microenvironment of the prostate: an approach of the structural dynamic of cellular elements and extracellular matrix components during epithelial-stromal transition. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:4-13. [PMID: 25466989 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a multistep process that begins with the transformation of normal epithelial cells and continues with tumor growth, stromal invasion and metastasis. The remodeling of the peritumoral environment is decisive for the onset of tumor invasiveness. This event is dependent on epithelial-stromal interactions, degradation of extracellular matrix components and reorganization of fibrillar components. Our research group has studied in a new proposed rodent model the participation of cellular and molecular components in the prostate microenvironment that contributes to cancer progression. Our group adopted the gerbil Meriones unguiculatus as an alternative experimental model for prostate cancer study. This model has presented significant responses to hormonal treatments and to development of spontaneous and induced neoplasias. The data obtained indicate reorganization of type I collagen fibers and reticular fibers, synthesis of new components such as tenascin and proteoglycans, degradation of basement membrane components and elastic fibers and increased expression of metalloproteinases. Fibroblasts that border the region, apparently participate in the stromal reaction. The roles of each of these events, as well as some signaling molecules, participants of neoplastic progression and factors that promote genetic reprogramming during epithelial-stromal transition are also discussed.
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Cao Z, Kyprianou N. WITHDRAWN: Mechanisms navigating the TGF-β pathway in prostate cancer. Asian J Urol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
The cancer stem cell hypothesis postulates that a single stem-like cancer cell is able to produce all cancer cell types found in a tumor. These cells are also thought to be the causative agents of relapse following therapy. In order to confirm the importance of cancer stem cells in tumor formation and patient prognosis, their role in prostate cancer must be comprehensively studied. This review describes current methods and markers for isolating and characterizing prostate cancer stem cells, including assays for self-renewal, multipotency and resistance to therapy. In particular the advantages and limitations of these approaches are analyzed. The review will also examine novel methods for studying the lineage of cancer stem cells in vivo using transgenic mouse models. These lineage tracing approaches have significant advantages and, if a number of challenges can be addressed, offer great potential for understanding the significance of cancer stem cells in human prostate cancer.
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Ko HK, Akakura S, Peresie J, Goodrich DW, Foster BA, Gelman IH. A transgenic mouse model for early prostate metastasis to lymph nodes. Cancer Res 2014; 74:945-53. [PMID: 24492704 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of recurrent, metastatic prostate cancer following the failure of androgen-deprivation therapy represents the lethal phenotype of this disease. However, little is known regarding the genes and pathways that regulate this metastatic process, and moreover, it is unclear whether metastasis is an early or late event. The individual genetic loss of the metastasis suppressor, SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 or Rb, genes that are downregulated or deleted in human prostate cancer, results in prostatic hyperplasia. Here, we show that the combined loss of Akap12 and Rb results in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) that fails to progress to malignancy after 18 months. Strikingly, 83% of mice with PIN lesions exhibited metastases to draining lymph nodes, marked by relatively differentiated tumor cells expressing markers of basal (p63, cytokeratin 14) and luminal (cytokeratin 8 and androgen receptor) epithelial cells, although none expressed the basal marker, cytokeratin 5. The finding that PIN lesions contain increased numbers of p63/AR-positive, cytokeratin 5-negative basal cells compared with WT or Akap12-/- prostate lobes suggests that these transitional cells may be the source of the lymph node metastases. Taken together, these data suggest that in the context of Rb loss, Akap12 suppresses the oncogenic proliferation and early metastatic spread of basal-luminal prostate tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Ko
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Cancer Genetics and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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Garbis SD, Townsend PA. Proteomics of human prostate cancer biospecimens: the global, systems-wide perspective for Protein markers with potential clinical utility. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 10:337-54. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2013.827408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Hensley P, Mishra M, Kyprianou N. Targeting caspases in cancer therapeutics. Biol Chem 2013; 394:831-43. [PMID: 23509217 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the fundamental role of apoptosis in the growth balance and normal homeostasis against cell proliferation led to the recognition of its loss contributing to tumorigenesis. The mechanistic significance of reinstating apoptosis signaling towards selective targeting of malignant cells heavily exploits the caspase family of death-inducing molecules as a powerful therapeutic platform for the development of potent anticancer strategies. Some apoptosis inhibitors induce caspase expression and activity in preclinical models and clinical trials by targeting both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways and restoring the apoptotic capacity in human tumors. Furthermore, up-regulation of caspases emerges as a sensitizing mechanism for tumors exhibiting therapeutic resistance to radiation and adjuvant chemotherapy. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of the functional involvement of caspases in apoptosis control and the current understanding of reactivating caspase-mediated apoptosis signaling towards effective therapeutic modalities in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hensley
- Department of Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Glowa C, Peschke P, Karger CP, Hahn EW, Huber PE, Debus J, Ehemann V. Flow cytometric characterization of tumor subpopulations in three sublines of the Dunning R3327 rat prostate tumor model. Prostate 2013; 73:1710-20. [PMID: 23853045 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subsets of tumor cells were characterized by mapping DNA ploidy patterns in correlation with established cell surface markers in three non-treated sublines of the Dunning R3327 prostate tumor system representing different progressional stages. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to analyze DNA-index, cell cycle distribution as well as multiparametric aquisition of single and combined cell surface markers in single cell suspensions of frozen tumor tissues. RESULTS The three Dunning prostate tumor sublines clearly differ in their ploidy status. In addition each tumor subline displays a characteristic cell surface marker profile, which is correlated with the cell cycle phase and the amount of genomic alterations. CONCLUSIONS In a feasibility study we have shown that cross-reacting antibodies to human cell surface markers stain discrete tumor subpopulations in three sublines of the Dunning tumor model. Although it remains presently uncertain, which cell surface markers are most suitable for cell sorting to display cancer initiating (CIC) properties following subcutaneous or orthotopic grafting, the model may be useful for mechanistic investigations of putative stem-like tumor subpopulations and their significance in response to radio- or chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Glowa
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Keshari KR, Sriram R, Van Criekinge M, Wilson DM, Wang ZJ, Vigneron DB, Peehl DM, Kurhanewicz J. Metabolic reprogramming and validation of hyperpolarized 13C lactate as a prostate cancer biomarker using a human prostate tissue slice culture bioreactor. Prostate 2013; 73:1171-81. [PMID: 23532911 PMCID: PMC3976546 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of prostate cancer has been impeded by the lack of both clinically relevant disease models and metabolic markers that track tumor progression. Hyperpolarized (HP) (13) C MR spectroscopy has emerged as a new technology to investigate the metabolic shifts in prostate cancer. In this study, we investigate the glucose reprogramming using HP (13) C pyruvate MR in a patient-derived prostate tissue slice culture (TSC) model. METHODS The steady-state metabolite concentrations in freshly excised human prostate TSCs were assessed and compared to those from snap-frozen biopsy samples. The TSCs were then applied to a perfused cell (bioreactor) platform, and the bioenergetics and the dynamic pyruvate flux of the TSCs were investigated by (31) P and HP (13) C MR, respectively. RESULTS The prostate TSCs demonstrated steady-state glycolytic and phospholipid metabolism, and bioenergetics that recapitulate features of prostate cancer in vivo. (13) C spectra following injection of HP (13) C pyruvate showed significantly increased pyruvate to lactate flux in malignant as compared to the benign prostate TSCs. This increased flux in the malignant prostate TSCs correlated with both increased expression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) and activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). CONCLUSIONS We provide the first mechanistic evidence for HP (13) C lactate as a prostate cancer biomarker in living human tissues, critical for the interpretation of in vivo studies. More broadly, the clinically relevant metabolic model system in combination with HP MR can facilitate the identification of clinically translatable biomarkers of prostate cancer presence, aggressiveness, and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan R. Keshari
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Zhen J. Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel B. Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Donna M. Peehl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Correspondence to: Prof. John Kurhanewicz, PhD, Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Urology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 4th St., Byers Hall 203, San Francisco, CA 94158.
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Keller JM, Schade GR, Ives K, Cheng X, Rosol TJ, Piert M, Siddiqui J, Roberts WW, Keller ET. A novel canine model for prostate cancer. Prostate 2013; 73:952-9. [PMID: 23335024 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No existing animal model fully recapitulates all features of human prostate cancer. The dog is the only large mammal, besides humans, that commonly develops spontaneous prostate cancer. Canine prostate cancer features many similarities with its human counterpart. We sought to develop a canine model of prostate cancer that would more fully represent the features of human prostate cancer than existing models. METHODS The Ace-1 canine prostate cancer cell line was injected transabdominally under transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guidance into the prostates of immunosuppressed, intact, adult male dogs. Tumor progression was monitored by TRUS imaging. Some dogs were subjected to positron emission tomography (PET) for tumor detection. Time of euthanasia was determined based on tumor size, impingement on urethra, and general well-being. Euthanasia was followed by necropsy and histopathology. RESULTS Ace-1 tumor cells grew robustly in every dog injected. Tumors grew in subcapsular and parenchymal regions of the prostate. Tumor tissue could be identified using PET. Histological findings were similar to those observed in human prostate cancer. Metastases to lungs and lymph nodes were detected, predominantly in dogs with intraprostatic tumors. CONCLUSIONS We have established a minimally invasive dog model of prostate cancer. This model may be valuable for studying prostate cancer progression and distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Keller
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5940, USA
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Urol 2013. [DOI: 10.1097/mou.0b013e3283605159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Narlik-Grassow M, Blanco-Aparicio C, Carnero A. The PIM family of serine/threonine kinases in cancer. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:136-59. [PMID: 23576269 DOI: 10.1002/med.21284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The proviral insertion site in Moloney murine leukemia virus, or PIM proteins, are a family of serine/threonine kinases composed of three different isoforms (PIM1, PIM2, and PIM3) that are highly evolutionarily conserved. These proteins are regulated primarily by transcription and stability through pathways that are controlled by Janus kinase/Signal transducer and activator of transcription, JAK/STAT, transcription factors. The PIM family proteins have been found to be overexpressed in hematological malignancies and solid tumors, and their roles in these tumors were confirmed in mouse tumor models. Furthermore, the PIM family proteins have been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis, metabolism, cell cycle, and homing and migration, which has led to the postulation of these proteins as interesting targets for anticancer drug discovery. In the present work, we review the importance of PIM kinases in tumor growth and as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Narlik-Grassow
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
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Sampson N, Neuwirt H, Puhr M, Klocker H, Eder IE. In vitro model systems to study androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:R49-64. [PMID: 23447570 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common causes of male cancer-related death in Western nations. The cellular response to androgens is mediated via the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-inducible transcription factor whose dysregulation plays a key role during PCa development and progression following androgen deprivation therapy, the current mainstay systemic treatment for advanced PCa. Thus, a better understanding of AR signaling and new strategies to abrogate AR activity are essential for improved therapeutic intervention. Consequently, a large number of experimental cell culture models have been established to facilitate in vitro investigations into the role of AR signaling in PCa development and progression. These different model systems mimic distinct stages of this heterogeneous disease and exhibit differences with respect to AR expression/status and androgen responsiveness. Technological advances have facilitated the development of in vitro systems that more closely reflect the physiological setting, for example via the use of three-dimensional coculture to study the interaction of prostate epithelial cells with the stroma, endothelium, immune system and tissue matrix environment. This review provides an overview of the most commonly used in vitro cell models currently available to study AR signaling with particular focus on their use in addressing key questions relating to the development and progression of PCa. It is hoped that the continued development of in vitro models will provide more biologically relevant platforms for mechanistic studies, drug discovery and design ensuring a more rapid transfer of knowledge from the laboratory to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Sampson
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Wierstra I. FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) in tumorigenesis: overexpression in human cancer, implication in tumorigenesis, oncogenic functions, tumor-suppressive properties, and target of anticancer therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 119:191-419. [PMID: 23870513 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407190-2.00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor and is also intimately involved in tumorigenesis. FOXM1 stimulates cell proliferation and cell cycle progression by promoting the entry into S-phase and M-phase. Additionally, FOXM1 is required for proper execution of mitosis. In accordance with its role in stimulation of cell proliferation, FOXM1 exhibits a proliferation-specific expression pattern and its expression is regulated by proliferation and anti-proliferation signals as well as by proto-oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Since these factors are often mutated, overexpressed, or lost in human cancer, the normal control of the foxm1 expression by them provides the basis for deregulated FOXM1 expression in tumors. Accordingly, FOXM1 is overexpressed in many types of human cancer. FOXM1 is intimately involved in tumorigenesis, because it contributes to oncogenic transformation and participates in tumor initiation, growth, and progression, including positive effects on angiogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-associated lung inflammation, self-renewal capacity of cancer cells, prevention of premature cellular senescence, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. However, in the context of urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis, FOXM1 has an unexpected tumor suppressor role in endothelial cells because it limits pulmonary inflammation and canonical Wnt signaling in epithelial lung cells, thereby restricting carcinogenesis. Accordingly, FOXM1 plays a role in homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks and maintenance of genomic stability, that is, prevention of polyploidy and aneuploidy. The implication of FOXM1 in tumorigenesis makes it an attractive target for anticancer therapy, and several antitumor drugs have been reported to decrease FOXM1 expression.
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Ju X, Ertel A, Casimiro MC, Yu Z, Meng H, McCue PA, Walters R, Fortina P, Lisanti MP, Pestell RG. Novel oncogene-induced metastatic prostate cancer cell lines define human prostate cancer progression signatures. Cancer Res 2012. [PMID: 23204233 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, murine prostate cancer cell lines, generated via selective transduction with a single oncogene (c-Myc, Ha-Ras, and v-Src), showed oncogene-specific prostate cancer molecular signatures that were recapitulated in human prostate cancer and developed lung metastasis in immune-competent mice. Interrogation of two independent retrospective cohorts of patient samples using the oncogene signature showed an ability to distinguish tumor from normal prostate with a predictive value for prostate cancer of 98% to 99%. In a blinded study, the signature algorithm showed independent substratification of reduced recurrence-free survival by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The generation of new oncogene-specific prostate cancer cell lines that recapitulate human prostate cancer gene expression, which metastasize in immune-competent mice, are a valuable new resource for testing targeted therapy, whereas the molecular signatures identified herein provides further value over current gene signature markers of prediction and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Ju
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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