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Simitopoulos A, Tsekouras A, Macheras P. Coupling Drug Dissolution with BCS. Pharm Res 2024; 41:481-491. [PMID: 38291164 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to develop a Temporal Biopharmaceutic Classification System (T-BCS), linking Finite Dissolution Time (F.D.T.) and Mean Dissolution Time (M.D.T.) for Class I/III drugs and Mean Dissolution Time for saturation (M.D.T.s.) for Class II/IV drugs. METHODS These parameters are estimated graphically or by fitting dissolution models to experimental data and coupled with the dose-to-solubility ratio (q) for each drug normalized in terms of the actual volume of dissolution medium (900 mL). RESULTS Class I/III drugs consistently exhibited q values less than 1, aligning with expectations based on their solubility, while some Class II/IV drugs presented a deviation from anticipated q values, with observations of q < 1. This irregularity was rendered to the dissolution volume of 250 mL used for biopharmaceutical classification purposes instead of 900 mL applied as well as the dual classification of some sparingly soluble drugs. Biowaivers were also analyzed in terms of M.D.T., F.D.T. estimates and the regulatory dissolution time limits for rapidly and very-rapidly dissolved drugs. CONCLUSIONS The T-BCS is useful for establishing correlations and assessing the magnitude of M.D.T., F.D.T., or M.D.T.s. for inter- and intra-class comparisons of different drugs and provide relationships between these parameters across all the models that were utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Simitopoulos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsekouras
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- PharmaInformatics Unit, ATHENA Research Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Panos Macheras
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- PharmaInformatics Unit, ATHENA Research Center, Athens, Greece.
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2
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Alimpertis N, Simitopoulos A, Tsekouras AA, Macheras P. IVIVC Revised. Pharm Res 2024; 41:235-246. [PMID: 38191705 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To revise the IVIVC considering the physiologically sound Finite Absorption Time (F.A.T.) and Finite Dissolution Time (F.D.T.) concepts. METHODS The estimates τ and τd for F.A.T. and F.D.T., respectively are constrained by the inequality τd ≤ τ; their relative magnitude is dependent on drug's BCS classification. A modified Levy plot, which includes the time estimates for τ and τd was developed. IVIVC were also considered in the light of τ and τd estimates. The modified Levy plot of theophylline, a class I drug, coupled with the rapid (30 min) and very rapid (15 min) dissolution time limits showed that drug dissolution/absorption of Class I drugs takes place in less than an hour. We reanalyzed a carbamazepine (Tegretol) bioequivalence study using PBFTPK models to reveal its complex absorption kinetics with two or three stages. RESULTS The modified Levy plot unveiled the short time span (~ 2 h) of the in vitro dissolution data in comparison with the duration of in vivo dissolution/absorption processes (~ 17 h). Similar results were observed with the modified IVIVC plots. Analysis of another set of carbamazepine data, using PBFTPK models, confirmed a three stages absorption process. Analysis of steady-state (Tegretol) data from a paediatric study using PBFTPK models, revealed a single input stage of duration 3.3 h. The corresponding modified Levy and IVIVC plots were found to be nonlinear. CONCLUSIONS The consideration of Levy plots and IVIVC in the light of the F.A.T. and F.D.T. concepts allows a better physiological insight of the in vitro and in vivo drug dissolution/absorption processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Alimpertis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- PharmaInformatics Unit, ATHENA Research Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Antony Simitopoulos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios A Tsekouras
- PharmaInformatics Unit, ATHENA Research Center, Athens, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panos Macheras
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- PharmaInformatics Unit, ATHENA Research Center, Athens, Greece.
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Ono A, Kurihara R, Terada K, Sugano K. Bioequivalence Dissolution Test Criteria for Formulation Development of High Solubility-Low Permeability Drugs. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2023; 71:213-219. [PMID: 36858526 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to provide the experimental and theoretical basis of bioequivalence (BE) dissolution test criteria for formulation development of high solubility-low permeability drugs. According to the biowaiver scheme based on the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS), for BCS class III drugs, a test formulation and a reference formulation are predicted to be BE when 85% of the drug dissolves within 15 min (T85% < 15 min) in the compendial dissolution test. However, previous theoretical simulation studies have suggested that this criterion may possibly be relaxed for use in practical formulation development. In the present study, the dissolution profiles of 14 famotidine formulations for which BE has been clinically confirmed were evaluated by the compendial dissolution test at pH 1.2 and 6.8. The plasma concentration-time profiles of famotidine formulations were simulated using the dissolution data. In addition, virtual simulations were performed to estimate the range of dissolution rates to be bioequivalent. The fastest and slowest dissolution rates among the famotidine formulations were T85% = 10 min and T85% = 60 min at pH 6.8, respectively. The virtual simulation BE study suggested that famotidine formulations can be bioequivalent when T85% < 99 min. In the case of BCS III drugs, the rate-limiting step of oral drug absorption is the membrane permeation process rather than the dissolution process. Therefore, a difference in the dissolution process has less effect on BE. These results contribute to a better understanding of the biowaiver approach and would be of great help in the formulation development of BCS class III drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Ono
- Laboratory for Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control, Pharmaceuticals Production & Technology Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation
| | - Rena Kurihara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Katsuhide Terada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
| | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Laboratory, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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Silva TMD, Honorio TDS, Chaves MHDC, Duque MD, Cabral LM, Patricio BFDC, Rocha HVA. In silico bioavailability for BCS class II efavirenz tablets using biorelevant dissolution media for IVIVR and simulation of formulation changes. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1342-1352. [PMID: 34622730 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1991368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work aims to evaluate the ability of biorelevant dissolution media to simulate the bioavailability of efavirenz tablets, establish an in vitro-in vivo relationship (IVIVR) based on in vivo data using GastroPlus® and simulate formulation changes using DDDPlus™. METHODS Solubility and drug release profiles were conducted in SLS 0.5% and biorelevant media, such as FaSSIF, FeSSIF, FaSSIF-V2, and FeSSIF-V2. The efavirenz physicochemical properties were used to simulate the plasma concentration profile and compare the simulated pharmacokinetic parameters in fasted and fed states. An IVIVR was developed using Loo-Riegelman as the deconvolution method to estimate drug bioavailability. DDDPlus™ was used to perform virtual trials of formulations to evaluate whether formulations changes and the efavirenz particle size could influence the bioavailability. RESULTS The drug dissolution displayed higher levels in the biorelevant media that simulated gut-fed state (FeSSIF and FeSSIF-V2). The absorption model successfully predicted the efavirenz pharmacokinetics, and FeSSIF-V2 was chosen as the predictive dissolution media, while an IVIVR was established using the Loo-Riegelman deconvolution method. CONCLUSIONS The present work provides valuable information about efavirenz solubility and kinetics in the gastrointestinal tract, allowing an IVIVR to support future formulation changes. This understanding is essential for rational science-driven formulation development. At least, this study also showed the validity and applicability of in vitro and in silico tools in the regulatory scenario helping on drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Martins da Silva
- Farmanguinhos, Laboratório de Micro e Nanotecnologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.,Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento na Indústria Farmacêutica, Farmanguinhos, Programa de Pós-graduação Profissional em Gestão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago da Silva Honorio
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Dutra Duque
- Laboratório de Farmacotécnica e Cosmetologia, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Lucio Mendes Cabral
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Helvécio Vinícius Antunes Rocha
- Farmanguinhos, Laboratório de Micro e Nanotecnologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.,Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento na Indústria Farmacêutica, Farmanguinhos, Programa de Pós-graduação Profissional em Gestão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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A Whole-Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model Characterizing Interplay of OCTs and MATEs in Intestine, Liver and Kidney to Predict Drug-Drug Interactions of Metformin with Perpetrators. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050698. [PMID: 34064886 PMCID: PMC8151202 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane transport of metformin is highly controlled by transporters including organic cation transporters (OCTs), plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT), and multidrug/toxin extrusions (MATEs). Hepatic OCT1, intestinal OCT3, renal OCT2 on tubule basolateral membrane, and MATE1/2-K on tubule apical membrane coordinately work to control metformin disposition. Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) of metformin occur when co-administrated with perpetrators via inhibiting OCTs or MATEs. We aimed to develop a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model characterizing interplay of OCTs and MATEs in the intestine, liver, and kidney to predict metformin DDIs with cimetidine, pyrimethamine, trimethoprim, ondansetron, rabeprazole, and verapamil. Simulations showed that co-administration of perpetrators increased plasma exposures to metformin, which were consistent with clinic observations. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that contributions of the tested factors to metformin DDI with cimetidine are gastrointestinal transit rate > inhibition of renal OCT2 ≈ inhibition of renal MATEs > inhibition of intestinal OCT3 > intestinal pH > inhibition of hepatic OCT1. Individual contributions of transporters to metformin disposition are renal OCT2 ≈ renal MATEs > intestinal OCT3 > hepatic OCT1 > intestinal PMAT. In conclusion, DDIs of metformin with perpetrators are attributed to integrated effects of inhibitions of these transporters.
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Hofsäss MA, Dressman JB. The Discriminatory Power of the BCS-Based Biowaiver: A Retrospective With Focus on Essential Medicines. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2824-2837. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Development of in vitro - in vivo correlations for newly optimized Nimesulide formulations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203123. [PMID: 30169547 PMCID: PMC6118371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of the human volunteers in bioequivalence studies is being discouraged by the Food and drug administration after the introduction of biowaiver approaches. In-vitro in-vivo correlation (IVIVC) with the level A is accepted for the registration of new molecules. In the present study deconvolution technique with numeric approaches was applied after compressing and in vitro validating the 100mg Nimesulide immediate, intermediate and slow release tablets. Single centered, crossover, randomized study was conducted in four phases with a two-week washout period to obtain the plasma drug concentration data after administrating test and reference products in male healthy volunteers. KineticaTM 4.4.1 (Thermoelectron corp, USA) was used for the calculation of two ways ANOVA with 90% CI from both log transformed and non- transformed data and Phoenix WinNonlin 7 and it's IVIVC toolkit version 7.0 was used for the application of numeric approaches of IVIVC. Results revealed that the individual internal percentage prediction error for AUCinf and Cmax were found to be < 15% while their average values were < 10% in all medium. Numeric values of % PE at pH 6.8 and pH 7.4 (50 rpm in USP II and 100 rpm in USP I and II apparatus) were found to be (2.5842, 2.9789 and, 7.1732; 7.0944, 2.4721 and 4.350) for AUCinf and (2.5842, 0.5736 and 4.6928; 5.6214, 3.0551 and -2.4711) values for Cmax respectively. The low values of prediction errors demonstrate that the correlation model is projecting the in vivo response of each formulation. Percentage External error (% PE) was not required because individual values of percentage internal error (%PE) of Cmax and AUClast were not >15. In order to predict point to point correlation between fraction drug dissolved and drug absorbed, their mean r2 value was found to be > 0.9112 which showed a linear correlation in slightly alkaline pH.
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Verbeeck RK, Kanfer I, Löbenberg R, Abrahamsson B, Cristofoletti R, Groot DW, Langguth P, Polli JE, Parr A, Shah VP, Mehta M, Dressman JB. Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Enalapril. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1933-1943. [PMID: 28435140 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Literature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence testing for the marketing authorization of immediate-release, solid oral dosage forms containing enalapril maleate are reviewed. Enalapril, a prodrug, is hydrolyzed by carboxylesterases to the active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalaprilat. Enalapril as the maleate salt is shown to be highly soluble, but only 60%-70% of an orally administered dose of enalapril is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the enterocytes. Consequently, enalapril maleate is a Biopharmaceutics Classification System class III substance. Because in situ conversion of the maleate salt to the sodium salt is sometimes used in production of the finished drug product, not every enalapril maleate-labeled finished product actually contains the maleate salt. Enalapril is not considered to have a narrow therapeutic index. With this background, a biowaiver-based approval procedure for new generic products or after major revisions to existing products is deemed acceptable, provided the in vitro dissolution of both test and reference preparation is very rapid (at least 85% within 15 min at pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8). Additionally, the test and reference product must contain the identical active drug ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger K Verbeeck
- School of Pharmacy, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Isadore Kanfer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Lesley Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Division of Bioequivalence, Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), Brasılia, Brazil
| | - D W Groot
- RIVM-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Langguth
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - James E Polli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Alan Parr
- BioCeutics LLC, Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina 27501
| | - Vinod P Shah
- International Pharmaceutical Federation FIP, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Mehul Mehta
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Centre for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Abuhelwa AY, Williams DB, Upton RN, Foster DJ. Food, gastrointestinal pH, and models of oral drug absorption. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 112:234-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hansmann S, Darwich A, Margolskee A, Aarons L, Dressman J. Forecasting oral absorption across biopharmaceutics classification system classes with physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:1501-1515. [PMID: 27781273 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was (1) to determine how closely physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models can predict oral bioavailability using a priori knowledge of drug-specific properties and (2) to examine the influence of the biopharmaceutics classification system class on the simulation success. METHODS Simcyp Simulator, GastroPlus™ and GI-Sim were used. Compounds with published Biowaiver monographs (bisoprolol (BCS I), nifedipine (BCS II), cimetidine (BCS III), furosemide (BCS IV)) were selected to ensure availability of accurate and reproducible data for all required parameters. Simulation success was evaluated with the average fold error (AFE) and absolute average fold error (AAFE). Parameter sensitivity analysis (PSA) to selected parameters was performed. KEY FINDINGS Plasma concentration-time profiles after intravenous administration were forecast within an AAFE < 3. The addition of absorption processes resulted in more variability in the prediction of the plasma profiles, irrespective of biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class. The reliability of literature permeability data was identified as a key issue in the accuracy of predicting oral drug absorption. CONCLUSION For the four drugs studied, it appears that the forecasting accuracy of the PBPK models is related to the BCS class (BCS I > BCS II, BCS III > BCS IV). These results will need to be verified with additional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hansmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Adam Darwich
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alison Margolskee
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Leon Aarons
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Exploring the Feasibility of Biowaiver Extension of BCS Class III Drugs with Site-Specific Absorption Using Gastrointestinal Simulation Technology. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 42:471-487. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-016-0361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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12
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Verma S, Singh SK, Verma PRP. Solidified SNEDDS of loratadine: formulation using hydrophilic and hydrophobic grades of Aerosil®, pharmacokinetic evaluations and in vivo–in silico predictions using GastroPlus™. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21796b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic grades of Aerosil® were employed to develop solid-SNEDDS of loratadine and evaluated for their influence on powder, physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samridhi Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
- Birla Institute of Technology
- Ranchi-835215
- India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
- Birla Institute of Technology
- Ranchi-835215
- India
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13
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Sugano K, Terada K. Rate- and Extent-Limiting Factors of Oral Drug Absorption: Theory and Applications. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2777-88. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Parr A, Hidalgo IJ, Bode C, Brown W, Yazdanian M, Gonzalez MA, Sagawa K, Miller K, Jiang W, Stippler ES. The Effect of Excipients on the Permeability of BCS Class III Compounds and Implications for Biowaivers. Pharm Res 2015; 33:167-76. [PMID: 26286187 PMCID: PMC4689772 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1773-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Currently, the FDA allows biowaivers for Class I (high solubility and high permeability) and Class III (high solubility and low permeability) compounds of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). Scientific evidence should be provided to support biowaivers for BCS Class I and Class III (high solubility and low permeability) compounds. Methods Data on the effects of excipients on drug permeability are needed to demonstrate that commonly used excipients do not affect the permeability of BCS Class III compounds, which would support the application of biowaivers to Class III compounds. This study was designed to generate such data by assessing the permeability of four BCS Class III compounds and one Class I compound in the presence and absence of five commonly used excipients. Results The permeability of each of the compounds was assessed, at three to five concentrations, with each excipient in two different models: Caco-2 cell monolayers, and in situ rat intestinal perfusion. No substantial increases in the permeability of any of the compounds were observed in the presence of any of the tested excipients in either of the models, with the exception of disruption of Caco-2 cell monolayer integrity by sodium lauryl sulfate at 0.1 mg/ml and higher. Conclusion The results suggest that the absorption of these four BCS Class III compounds would not be greatly affected by the tested excipients. This may have implications in supporting biowaivers for BCS Class III compounds in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Parr
- GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | | | - Chris Bode
- Absorption Systems LP, Exton, Pennsylvania, 19341-2556, USA.
| | - William Brown
- US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Mehran Yazdanian
- Teva Branded Pharmaceuticals R&D Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania, 19380, USA
| | - Mario A Gonzalez
- P'Kinetics International, Inc., Pembroke Pines, Florida, 33027, USA
| | - Kazuko Sagawa
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Kevin Miller
- GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Food and Drug Administration, Office of Generic Drugs, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20841, USA
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Ono A, Sugano K. Application of the BCS biowaiver approach to assessing bioequivalence of orally disintegrating tablets with immediate release formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 64:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Chen C, Ma MG, Fullenwider CL, Chen WG, Sadeque AJM. Biopharmaceutics Permeability Classification of Lorcaserin, a Selective 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2C Agonist: Method Suitability and Permeability Class Membership. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:4739-45. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400468c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 6154 Nancy Ridge
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael G. Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 6154 Nancy Ridge
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Cody L. Fullenwider
- Department of Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 6154 Nancy Ridge
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Weichao G. Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 6154 Nancy Ridge
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Abu J. M. Sadeque
- Department of Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 6154 Nancy Ridge
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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18
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Honório TDS, Pinto EC, Rocha HVA, Esteves VSD, dos Santos TC, Castro HCR, Rodrigues CR, de Sousa VP, Cabral LM. In vitro-in vivo correlation of efavirenz tablets using GastroPlus®. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:1244-54. [PMID: 23943401 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-0016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to use GastroPlus™ software for the prediction of pharmacokinetic profiles and in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) as tools to optimize the development of new generic medications. GastroPlus™ was used to simulate the gastrointestinal compartment and was based on the advanced compartmental absorption and transit model. Powder dissolution and efavirenz tablet dissolution studies were carried out to generate data from which correlation was established. The simulated plasma profile, based on the physicochemical properties of efavirenz, was almost identical to that observed in vivo for biobatches A and B. A level A IVIVC was established for the dissolution method obtained for the generic candidate using the Wagner-Nelson (r (2) = 0.85) and for Loo-Riegelman models (r(2) = 0.92). The percentage of fraction absorbed indicated that 0.5% sodium lauryl sulfate may be considered a biorelevant dissolution medium for efavirenz tablets. The simulation of gastrointestinal bioavailability and IVIVC obtained from immediate-release tablet formulations suggests that GastroPlus™ is a valuable in silico method for IVIVC and for studies directed at developing formulations of class II drugs.
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Crison JR, Timmins P, Keung A, Upreti VV, Boulton DW, Scheer BJ. Biowaiver Approach for Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class 3 Compound Metformin Hydrochloride Using In Silico Modeling. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1773-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Thelen K, Coboeken K, Willmann S, Dressman JB, Lippert J. Evolution of a detailed physiological model to simulate the gastrointestinal transit and absorption process in humans, part II: extension to describe performance of solid dosage forms. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:1267-80. [PMID: 22125236 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The physiological absorption model presented in part I of this work is now extended to account for dosage-form-dependent gastrointestinal (GI) transit as well as disintegration and dissolution processes of various immediate-release and modified-release dosage forms. Empirical functions of the Weibull type were fitted to experimental in vitro dissolution profiles of solid dosage forms for eight test compounds (aciclovir, caffeine, cimetidine, diclofenac, furosemide, paracetamol, phenobarbital, and theophylline). The Weibull functions were then implemented into the model to predict mean plasma concentration-time profiles of the various dosage forms. On the basis of these dissolution functions, pharmacokinetics (PK) of six model drugs was predicted well. In the case of diclofenac, deviations between predicted and observed plasma concentrations were attributable to the large variability in gastric emptying time of the enteric-coated tablets. Likewise, oral PK of furosemide was found to be predominantly governed by the gastric emptying patterns. It is concluded that the revised model for GI transit and absorption was successfully integrated with dissolution functions of the Weibull type, enabling prediction of in vivo PK profiles from in vitro dissolution data. It facilitates a comparative analysis of the parameters contributing to oral drug absorption and is thus a powerful tool for formulation design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Thelen
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Jiang W, Kim S, Zhang X, Lionberger RA, Davit BM, Conner DP, Yu LX. The role of predictive biopharmaceutical modeling and simulation in drug development and regulatory evaluation. Int J Pharm 2011; 418:151-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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22
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Álvarez C, Núñez I, Torrado JJ, Gordon J, Potthast H, García-Arieta A. Investigation on the Possibility of Biowaivers for Ibuprofen. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:2343-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Zhang X, Lionberger RA, Davit BM, Yu LX. Utility of physiologically based absorption modeling in implementing Quality by Design in drug development. AAPS JOURNAL 2011; 13:59-71. [PMID: 21207216 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-010-9250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To implement Quality by Design (QbD) in drug development, scientists need tools that link drug products properties to in vivo performance. Physiologically based absorption models are potentially useful tools; yet, their utility of QbD implementation has not been discussed or explored much in the literature. We simulated pharmacokinetics (PK) of carbamazepine (CBZ) after administration of four oral formulations, immediate-release (IR) suspension, IR tablet, extended-release (XR) tablet and capsule, under fasted and fed conditions and presented a general diagram of a modeling and simulation strategy integrated with pharmaceutical development. We obtained PK parameters and absorption scale factors (ASFs) by deconvolution of the PK data for IR suspension under fasted condition. The model was validated for other PK profiles of IR formulations and used to predict PK for XR formulations. We explored three key areas where a modeling and simulation approach impacts QbD. First, the model was used to help identify optimal in vitro dissolution conditions for XR formulations. Second, identification of critical formulations variables was illustrated by a parameter sensitivity analysis of mean particle radius for the IR tablet that showed a PK shift with decreased particle radius, C (max) was increased and T (max) was decreased. Finally, virtual trial simulations allowed incorporation of inter-subject variability in the model. Virtual bioequivalence studies performed for two test formulations suggested that an in vitro dissolution test may be a more sensitive discriminative method than in vivo PK studies. In summary, a well-validated predictive model is a potentially useful tool for QbD implementation in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Zhang
- Office of Generic Drugs, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Yang SG. Biowaiver extension potential and IVIVC for BCS Class II drugs by formulation design: Case study for cyclosporine self-microemulsifying formulation. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1835-42. [PMID: 21116787 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to suggest the biowaiver potential of biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) Class II drugs in self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) which are known to increase the solubility, dissolution and oral absorption of water-insoluble drugs. Cyclosporine was selected as a representative BCS Class II drug. New generic candidate of cyclosporine SMEDDS (test) was applied for the study with brand SMEDDS (reference I) and cyclosporine self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS, reference II). Solubility and dissolution of cyclosporine from SMEDDS were critically enhanced, which were the similar behaviors with BCS class I drug. The test showed the identical dissolution rate and the equivalent bioavailability (0.34, 0.42 and 0.68 of p values for AUC₀(→)₂₄(h), C(max) and T(max), respectively) with the reference I. Based on the results, level A in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) was established from these two SMEDDS formulations. This study serves as a good example for speculating the biowaiver extension potential of BCS Class II drugs specifically in solubilizing formulation such as SMEDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Geun Yang
- Utah-Inha DDS and Advanced Therapeutics, Incheon, Korea.
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25
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Cook JA, Davit BM, Polli JE. Impact of Biopharmaceutics Classification System-based biowaivers. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1539-44. [PMID: 20735084 DOI: 10.1021/mp1001747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) is employed to waive in vivo bioequivalence testing (i.e. provide "biowaivers") for new and generic drugs that are BCS class I. Granting biowaivers under systems such as the BCS eliminates unnecessary drug exposures to healthy subjects and provides economic relief, while maintaining the high public health standard for therapeutic equivalence. International scientific consensus suggests class III drugs are also eligible for biowaivers. The objective of this study was to estimate the economic impact of class I BCS-based biowaivers, along with the economic impact of a potential expansion to BCS class III. Methods consider the distribution of drugs across the four BCS classes, numbers of in vivo bioequivalence studies performed from a five year period, and effects of highly variable drugs (HVDs). Results indicate that 26% of all drugs are class I non-HVDs, 7% are class I HVDs, 27% are class III non-HVDs, and 3% are class III HVDs. An estimated 66 to 76 million dollars can be saved each year in clinical study costs if all class I compounds were granted biowaivers. Between 21 and 24 million dollars of this savings is from HVDs. If BCS class III compounds were also granted waivers, an additional direct savings of 62 to 71 million dollars would be realized, with 9 to 10 million dollars coming from HVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Cook
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Specialty Care Business Unit, Pfizer Inc., New London, CT, USA
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26
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Tsume Y, Amidon GL. The Biowaiver Extension for BCS Class III Drugs: The Effect of Dissolution Rate on the Bioequivalence of BCS Class III Immediate-Release Drugs Predicted by Computer Simulation. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1235-43. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100053q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tsume
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065
| | - Gordon L. Amidon
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065
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27
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Willmann S, Edginton AN, Kleine-Besten M, Jantratid E, Thelen K, Dressman JB. Whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic population modelling of oral drug administration: inter-individual variability of cimetidine absorption. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.07.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Inter-individual variability of gastrointestinal physiology and transit properties can greatly influence the pharmacokinetics of an orally administered drug in vivo. To predict the expected range of pharmacokinetic plasma concentrations after oral drug administration, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic population model for gastrointestinal transit and absorption was developed and evaluated.
Methods
Mean values and variability measures of model parameters affecting the rate and extent of cimetidine absorption, such as gastric emptying, intestinal transit times and effective surface area of the small intestine, were obtained from the literature. Various scenarios incorporating different extents of inter-individual physiological variability were simulated and the simulation results were compared with experimental human study data obtained after oral cimetidine administration of four different tablets with varying release kinetics.
Key findings
The inter-individual variability in effective surface area was the largest contributor to absorption variability. Based on in-vitro dissolution profiles, the mean plasma cimetidine concentration–time profiles as well as the inter-individual variability could be well described for three cimetidine formulations. In the case of the formulation with the slowest dissolution kinetic, model predictions on the basis of the in-vitro dissolution profile underestimated the plasma exposure.
Conclusions
The model facilitates predictions of the inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability after oral drug administration for immediate and extended-release formulations of cimetidine, given reasonable in-vitro dissolution kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcus Kleine-Besten
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ekarat Jantratid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kirstin Thelen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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28
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29
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Dahan A, Miller JM, Amidon GL. Prediction of solubility and permeability class membership: provisional BCS classification of the world's top oral drugs. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:740-6. [PMID: 19876745 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) categorizes drugs into one of four biopharmaceutical classes according to their water solubility and membrane permeability characteristics and broadly allows the prediction of the rate-limiting step in the intestinal absorption process following oral administration. Since its introduction in 1995, the BCS has generated remarkable impact on the global pharmaceutical sciences arena, in drug discovery, development, and regulation, and extensive validation/discussion/extension of the BCS is continuously published in the literature. The BCS has been effectively implanted by drug regulatory agencies around the world in setting bioavailability/bioequivalence standards for immediate-release (IR) oral drug product approval. In this review, we describe the BCS scientific framework and impact on regulatory practice of oral drug products and review the provisional BCS classification of the top drugs on the global market. The Biopharmaceutical Drug Disposition Classification System and its association with the BCS are discussed as well. One notable finding of the provisional BCS classification is that the clinical performance of the majority of approved IR oral drug products essential for human health can be assured with an in vitro dissolution test, rather than empirical in vivo human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Dahan
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
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30
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Tantishaiyakul V, Songkro S, Suknuntha K, Permkum P, Pipatwarakul P. Crystal structure transformations and dissolution studies of cimetidine-piroxicam coprecipitates and physical mixtures. AAPS PharmSciTech 2009; 10:789-95. [PMID: 19521782 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-009-9263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that coprecipitation of cimetidine (C) and piroxicam (P) at a mole ratio of 1:1 results in the transformation of the crystalline forms of both drugs to an amorphous state. In this study, coprecipitates and physical mixtures of cimetidine and piroxicam were further investigated at C/P mole ratios of 1:10, 1:5, 1:4, 1:2, 10:1, 20:1, 30:1, 40:1, and 52.5:1, the latter being the composition of a clinically used dosage. The physicochemical properties of these samples were examined using X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, dissolution of piroxicam in the samples at C/P mole ratios of 10:1, 20:1, 30:1, 40:1, and 52.5:1 was investigated at pH 1.2 and pH 4. In coprecipitates with C/P mole ratios of 10:1, 20:1, 30:1, and 40:1, crystalline forms of both drugs were transformed to amorphous states. A mixture of an amorphous state and cimetidine crystalline form A was observed for the coprecipitate with a C/P mole ratio of 52.5:1. For the coprecipitates with C/P mole ratios of 1:2, 1:4, 1:5, and 1:10, cimetidine form A was transformed to form C, whereas piroxicam form II was modified to form I. It is interesting that small molecules, instead of polymers or solvents, can cause such crystal structure transformations. The dissolution of piroxicam at pH 4 is lower than that at pH 1.2. Additionally, the coprecipitates and physical mixtures with C/P mole ratios of 10:1, 20:1, 30:1, 40:1, and 52.5:1 demonstrate substantially higher dissolution of piroxicam compared to that of drug alone.
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31
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Kovačevi I, Parojči J, Tubi-Grozdanis M, Langguth P. An investigation into the importance of "very rapid dissolution" criteria for drug bioequivalence demonstration using gastrointestinal simulation technology. AAPS J 2009; 11:381-4. [PMID: 19455428 PMCID: PMC2691474 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) is based on the mechanistic assumptions that the rate and extent of oral drug absorption are governed by drug solubility, intestinal permeability, and dissolution rate from the dosage form administered. One of the goals of BCS is to identify classes of drugs for which bioequivalence may be established based solely on the in vitro dissolution data, i.e., which would be eligible for biowaiver. On the basis of BCS, currently, the biowaiver concept is adopted and recommended for immediate release of drug products containing highly soluble and highly permeable compounds (BCS class 1 drugs). Dissolution testing properties are proposed to be more stringent: very rapid dissolution is demanded when generic drug application is submitted with the exemption of in vivo bioequivalence study. In the present paper, Gastrointestinal Simulation Technology has been applied in order to evaluate the potential for different in vitro drug dissolution kinetics to influence dosage forms in vivo behavior and the relevance of "very rapid dissolution" criteria to be met (i.e., more than 85% of dose dissolved in 15 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kovačevi
- />Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of Serbia, Vojvode Stepe 458, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Parojči
- />Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Tubi-Grozdanis
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Langguth
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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32
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Gray V, Kelly G, Xia M, Butler C, Thomas S, Mayock S. The science of USP 1 and 2 dissolution: present challenges and future relevance. Pharm Res 2009; 26:1289-302. [PMID: 19165579 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9822-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Since its inception, the dissolution test has come under increasing levels of scrutiny regarding its relevance, especially to the correlation of results to levels of drug in blood. The technique is discussed, limited to solid oral dosage forms, beginning with the scientific origins of the dissolution test, followed by a discussion of the roles of dissolution in product development, consistent batch manufacture (QC release), and stability testing. The ultimate role of dissolution testing, "to have the results correlated to in vivo results or in vivo in vitro correlation," is reviewed. The recent debate on mechanical calibration versus performance testing using USP calibrator tablets is presented, followed by a discussion of variability and hydrodynamics of USP Apparatus 1 and Apparatus 2. Finally, the future of dissolution testing is discussed in terms of new initiatives in the industry such as quality by design (QbD), process analytical technology (PAT), and design of experiments (DOE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Gray
- V. A. Gray Consulting, Inc., 9 Yorkridge Trail, Hockessin, DE 19707, USA.
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33
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Kovačević I, Parojčić J, Homšek I, Tubić-Grozdanis M, Langguth P. Justification of Biowaiver for Carbamazepine, a Low Soluble High Permeable Compound, in Solid Dosage Forms Based on IVIVC and Gastrointestinal Simulation. Mol Pharm 2008; 6:40-7. [DOI: 10.1021/mp800128y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kovačević
- Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of Serbia, Vojvode Stepe 458, Belgrade, Serbia, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia, Galenika, R&D Institute, Batajnicki drum bb, Belgrade, Serbia, and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jelena Parojčić
- Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of Serbia, Vojvode Stepe 458, Belgrade, Serbia, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia, Galenika, R&D Institute, Batajnicki drum bb, Belgrade, Serbia, and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Irena Homšek
- Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of Serbia, Vojvode Stepe 458, Belgrade, Serbia, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia, Galenika, R&D Institute, Batajnicki drum bb, Belgrade, Serbia, and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marija Tubić-Grozdanis
- Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of Serbia, Vojvode Stepe 458, Belgrade, Serbia, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia, Galenika, R&D Institute, Batajnicki drum bb, Belgrade, Serbia, and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Langguth
- Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of Serbia, Vojvode Stepe 458, Belgrade, Serbia, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia, Galenika, R&D Institute, Batajnicki drum bb, Belgrade, Serbia, and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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Thiel-Demby VE, Humphreys JE, St. John Williams LA, Ellens HM, Shah N, Ayrton AD, Polli JW. Biopharmaceutics Classification System: Validation and Learnings of an in Vitro Permeability Assay. Mol Pharm 2008; 6:11-8. [DOI: 10.1021/mp800122b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E. Thiel-Demby
- Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania and, Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, U.K
| | - Joan E. Humphreys
- Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania and, Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, U.K
| | - Lisa A. St. John Williams
- Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania and, Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, U.K
| | - Harma M. Ellens
- Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania and, Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, U.K
| | - Nipa Shah
- Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania and, Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, U.K
| | - Andrew D. Ayrton
- Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania and, Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, U.K
| | - Joseph W. Polli
- Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania and, Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, U.K
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35
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Dressman JB, Thelen K, Jantratid E. Towards Quantitative Prediction of Oral Drug Absorption. Clin Pharmacokinet 2008; 47:655-67. [DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200847100-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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36
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Jantratid E, Prakongpan S, Foley JP, Dressman JB. Convenient and rapid determination of cimetidine in human plasma using perchloric acid-mediated plasma protein precipitation and high-performance liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:949-57. [PMID: 17474142 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the analysis of cimetidine in human plasma with HPLC using a simplified sample preparation by protein precipitation with perchloric acid. Plasma cimetidine concentration was determined by plotting peak height ratio of cimetidine to ranitidine (internal standard, IS) against cimetidine concentrations in plasma. The cimetidine and ranitidine peaks were completely separated and no interference from plasma was observed. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of the method was established at 0.1 microg/mL with a precision of 4.3% and a relative error of 1.9%. The average analytical recovery was >90% over the range of cimetidine concentrations (0.1-15.0 microg/mL). The linearity of calibration curve was excellent (r(2) > 0.999). The within- and between-day precision and accuracy, expressed as the coefficients of variation and relative error, were found to be less than 5%. Compared with previously reported methods, the analytical technique for cimetidine determination in human plasma presented here demonstrates comparable accuracy and precision, an acceptable analysis time, shorter and simpler sample preparation, and a reduced need for complicated equipment. The method presented here is simple and rapid, and the precision and sensitivity are appropriate for the determination of cimetidine in plasma in pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekarat Jantratid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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