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Sturini M, Speltini A, Maraschi F, Vinci G, Profumo A, Pretali L, Albini A, Malavasi L. g-C 3N 4-promoted degradation of ofloxacin antibiotic in natural waters under simulated sunlight. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4153-4161. [PMID: 27943136 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report on the photodegradation of ofloxacin under simulated solar light and in actual environmental matrices in the presence of a g-C3N4 suspension. The catalyst, prepared from the polymerization of dicyandiamide (650 °C, reaction yield 60%), was characterized by means of powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and BET surface area measurements. The experiments were carried out in a lab-scale batch reactor at concentrations in the range of micrograms/milligrams per liter. The course of the reaction was monitored by high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV-vis and fluorescence detectors. The g-C3N4-promoted photodegradation occurred at a rate 10 times faster than the direct photolysis and obeyed a first-order kinetics; in addition, the photodegradation kinetics of sonicated g-C3N4 resulted to be of the same order of that caused by P25 TiO2. Finally, the photochemical paths and the photoproducts have been identified and compared to those obtained by using P25 TiO2. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that g-C3N4 is a very attractive photocatalyst compared to P25 TiO2 in view of its ease of preparation, low cost, excellent oxidizing properties, large fraction of solar radiation absorbed, and intrinsically layered structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Sturini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Maraschi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Vinci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Pretali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelo Albini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Malavasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Villa S, Caratto V, Locardi F, Alberti S, Sturini M, Speltini A, Maraschi F, Canepa F, Ferretti M. Enhancement of TiO₂ NPs Activity by Fe₃O₄ Nano-Seeds for Removal of Organic Pollutants in Water. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9090771. [PMID: 28773892 PMCID: PMC5457040 DOI: 10.3390/ma9090771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs), synthesized in the presence of a very small amount of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles, is here presented and discussed. From X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses, the crystallinity of TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) seems to be affected by Fe₃O₄, acting as nano-seeds to improve the tetragonal TiO₂ anatase structure with respect to the amorphous one. Photocatalytic activity data, i.e., the degradation of methylene blue and the Ofloxacin fluoroquinolone emerging pollutant, give evidence that the increased crystalline structure of the NPs, even if correlated to a reduced surface to mass ratio (with respect to commercial TiO₂ NPs), enhances the performance of this type of catalyst. The achievement of a relatively well-defined crystal structure at low temperatures (Tmax = 150 °C), preventing the sintering of the TiO₂ NPs and, thus, preserving the high density of active sites, seems to be the keystone to understand the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Villa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa 16146, Italy.
| | - Valentina Caratto
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa 16146, Italy.
| | - Federico Locardi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa 16146, Italy.
| | - Stefano Alberti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa 16146, Italy.
| | - Michela Sturini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | | | - Fabio Canepa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa 16146, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Ferretti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa 16146, Italy.
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Dévier MH, Mazellier P, Aït-Aïssa S, Budzinski H. New challenges in environmental analytical chemistry: Identification of toxic compounds in complex mixtures. CR CHIM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Farré ML, Pérez S, Kantiani L, Barceló D. Fate and toxicity of emerging pollutants, their metabolites and transformation products in the aquatic environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kosjek T, Heath E, Petrović M, Barceló D. Mass spectrometry for identifying pharmaceutical biotransformation products in the environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Petrovic M, Petrovic M, Barceló D. LC-MS for identifying photodegradation products of pharmaceuticals in the environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Arnold WA, McNeill K. Chapter 3.2 Transformation of pharmaceuticals in the environment: Photolysis and other abiotic processes. ANALYSIS, FATE AND REMOVAL OF PHARMACEUTICALS IN THE WATER CYCLE 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(07)50011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Sukul P, Spiteller M. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics in the environment. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2007; 191:131-62. [PMID: 17708074 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-69163-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are used in large amounts for human and animal medical care. They are excreted as parent compound, as conjugates, or as oxidation, hydroxylation, dealkylation, or decarboxylation products of the parent compound. A considerable amount of FQs and their metabolites may reach the soil as constituents of urine, feces, or manure. The residues of FQs in foods of animal origin may pose hazards to consumers through emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. FQs bind strongly to topsoil, reducing the threat of surface water and groundwater contamination. The strong binding of FQs to soil and sediments delays their biodegradation and explains the recalcitrance of FQs. Wastewater treatment is an efficient elimination step (79%-87% removal) for FQs before they enter rivers. FQs are susceptible to photodegradation in aqueous medium, involving oxidation, dealkylation, and cleavage of the piperazine ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premasis Sukul
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, University of Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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Zhang H, Huang CH. Oxidative transformation of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents and structurally related amines by manganese oxide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:4474-83. [PMID: 16047783 DOI: 10.1021/es048166d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Various members of the popular fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents (FQs) have been frequently detected in municipal wastewater and surface water bodies in recent years. This study was conducted to gain a better understanding of the fate of FQs in the sediment-water environment. Seven FQs were examined for adsorptive and oxidative interactions with delta-MnO2 under environmental conditions and exhibited reactivity in the order of ciprofloxacin approximately enrofloxacin approximately norfloxacin approximately ofloxacin > lomefloxacin > pipemidic acid >> flumequine. Four amines that are structurally related to the aniline and piperazine functional groups of FQs showed reactivity to oxidation by delta-MnO2 in the order of 1-phenylpiperazine > aniline > N-phenylmorpholine > 4-phenylpiperidine. Comparison among the above compounds clearly indicates thatthe piperazine moiety of FQs is the predominant adsorptive and oxidative site to MnO2. Product analyses showed that oxidation by MnO2 results in dealkylation and hydroxylation at the piperazine moiety of FQs, with the quinolone ring essentially intact. The reaction kinetics, reactivity comparison, and product characterization point to a surface reaction mechanism that likely begins with formation of a surface complex between FQ and the surface-bound MnIV, followed by oxidation at the aromatic N1 atom of FQ's piperazine moietyto generate an anilinyl radical intermediate. The radical intermediates subsequently undergo N-dealkylation, C-hydroxylation, and possibly coupling to yield a range of products. Even though the quinolone ring appears to be stable with respect to MnO2, it affects the overall reactivity and potentially product distribution of FQs via substituent effects. Results of this study strongly suggest that manganese oxides commonly present in soils will likely play an important role in the abiotic degradation of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichun Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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Abstract
The control of pharmaceutical impurities is currently a critical issue to the pharmaceutical industry. The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) has formulated a workable guideline regarding the control of impurities. In this review, a description of different types and origins of impurities in relation to ICH guidelines and, degradation routes, including specific examples, are presented. The article further discusses measures regarding the control of impurities in pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiben Roy
- Department of Bioscience, Salem International University, Salem, WV 26426, USA.
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