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Merlo F, Anticò E, Merli R, Cabrera-Codony A, Fontàs C, Speltini A, Profumo A. Biochar-based polymeric film as sustainable and efficient sorptive phase for preconcentration of steroid hormones in environmental waters and wastewaters. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1308:342658. [PMID: 38740458 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The environmental impact of sample preparation should be minimized through simplification of the procedures and the use of natural, renewable and/or reusable materials. In such scenario, thin-film microextraction fulfils the former criteria, as it enables few steps and miniaturization, thus small amount of extraction phase. At the same time, the use of sorbents such as biochars obtained from biomass waste is even more promoted due to their availability at low cost and increased life-cycle in a circular economy vision. However, it is not always easy to combine these criteria in sample preparation. RESULTS A thin film microextraction was developed for the determination of steroids in aqueous samples, entailing a membrane made of cellulose triacetate and a wood-derived biochar (Nuchar®) as carbon precursor. Different characterization techniques showed the successful preparation, whereas the sorption kinetics experiments demonstrated that biochar is responsible for the extraction with the polymer acting as a smart support. After a study about membranes' composition in terms of biochar amounts (4 %, 10 %, 16 % wt) and type of synthesis set up, the ceramic 3D-mold was selected, achieving reproducible and ready-to-use membranes with composition fixed as 10 %. Different elution conditions, viz. type and time of agitation, type, composition and volume of eluent, were evaluated. The final microextraction followed by HPLC-MS/MS quantification was successfully validated in river and wastewater treatment plant effluent samples in terms of accuracy (R% 64-123 %, RSD<19 % in river; R% 61-118 %, RSD <18 % in effluent, n = 4), sensitivity (MQLs 0.2-8.5 ng L-1) and robustness. SIGNIFICANCE This novel biochar-based polymeric film proved to be a valid and sustainable sorbent, in terms of extraction capability, ease of preparation and greenness. By comparison with literature and the greenness evaluation with the most recent metric tools, this method expands the potential applicability of the thin-film microextraction and opens up innovative scenarios for sustainable procedures entailing the use of biochars entrapped in bio-polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Merlo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Enriqueta Anticò
- Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Rachele Merli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alba Cabrera-Codony
- LEQUIA Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Clàudia Fontàs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Speltini A, Alberti G, Rovida R, Milanese C, De Soricellis G, Rinaldi F, Massolini G, Gallo A, Calleri E. Synthesis, Characterization and Application of a MIP-polyHIPE for Selective Extraction of Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists Residues in Natural Waters. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:4878. [PMID: 36981793 PMCID: PMC10049482 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymers via high internal phase emulsion (polyHIPEs) were molecularly imprinted with Irbesartan, an antihypertensive drug belonging to the class of angiotensin II receptor antagonists (sartan drugs), chosen for the proof-of-concept extraction of hazardous emerging contaminants from water. Different analyte-functional monomer molar ratios (1:100, 1:30 and 1:15) were investigated, and the MIP polyHIPEs have been characterized, parallel to the not imprinted polymer (NIP), by batch sorption experiments. The material with the highest template-functional monomer ratio was the best for Irbesartan removal, showing a sorption capacity fivefold higher than the NIP. Regarding the adsorption kinetics, the analyte-sorbent equilibrium was reached after about 3 h, and the film diffusion model best fitted the kinetic profile. Selectivity was further demonstrated by testing Losartan, another sartan drug, observing a fourfold lower sorption capacity, but still higher than that of NIP. The polymers were also synthesized in cartridges for solid-phase extraction (SPE), which was helpful for evaluating the breakthrough curves and performing pre-concentrations. These have been done in tap and river water samples (100-250 mL, 15-500 µg L-1 Irbesartan), obtaining quantitative sorption/desorption on the MIP-polyHIPE (RSD < 14%, n = 3). The NIP provided a recovery of just around 30%, evidence of partial uptake of the target from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giancarla Alberti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rovida
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia De Soricellis
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Rinaldi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Massolini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelo Gallo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Calleri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Speltini A, Merlo F, Maraschi F, Bianchini P, Mandri A, Profumo A. Multiclass ultrasound-assisted extraction, clean-up and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantification of steroid hormone residues in compost. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1694:463900. [PMID: 36870254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method for multiclass determination of steroid hormones in compost has been developed to fill the lack of methods for steroid residuals monitoring in this waste-derived product, increasingly produced and recycled in the circular-economy approach. The procedure simply entails an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) on 300 mg compost by 3 × 2.5 mL methanol × 5 min sonication steps followed by a quick clean-up by solid-phase extraction (SPE) on the silica-based Supelclean™ LC-NH2 that avoids use of organic solvents. The clean extract is analysed by HPLC-MS/MS achieving firm identification and quantitation of the 16 steroids, i.e., glucocorticoids, progestins, androgens, oestrogens. The analytical figures of merits were assessed, viz. selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, matrix effect, trueness, precision, carry-over and robustness, in line with updated guidelines. Recovery was investigated in the concentration range 15-800 ng g-1, and at the quality control levels (15, 50, 200 and 400 ng g-1) was in the range 60-120%, with inter-day precision RSDs < 20% (n = 3). The experimental quantification limit was 15 ng g-1 for all the hormones. The method was applied to analysis of different compost samples proving to be functional to environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Francesca Merlo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Federica Maraschi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Petra Bianchini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Alessia Mandri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
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4
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Romani L, Speltini A, Chiara R, Morana M, Coccia C, Tedesco C, Armenise V, Colella S, Milella A, Listorti A, Profumo A, Ambrosio F, Mosconi E, Pau R, Pitzalis F, Simbula A, Ricciarelli D, Saba M, Medina-Llamas M, De Angelis F, Malavasi L. Air- and water-stable and photocatalytically active germanium-based 2D perovskites by organic spacer engineering. Cell Rep Phys Sci 2023; 4:101214. [PMID: 37292086 PMCID: PMC10246422 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.101214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the role of metal halide perovskites for heterogeneous catalysis. Here, we report a Ge-based 2D perovskite material that shows intrinsic water stability realized through organic cation engineering. Incorporating 4-phenylbenzilammonium (PhBz) we demonstrate, by means of extended experimental and computational results, that PhBz2GeBr4 and PhBz2GeI4 can achieve relevant air and water stability. The creation of composites embedding graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) allows a proof of concept for light-induced hydrogen evolution in an aqueous environment by 2D Ge-based perovskites thanks to the effective charge transfer at the heterojunction between the two semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Romani
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Tecnologie di Generazione e Materiali, Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico - RSE S.p.A., Via Rubattino 54, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rossella Chiara
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Morana
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Coccia
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Costanza Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Vincenza Armenise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Colella
- National Research Council, Institute of Nanotechnology (CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Milella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Listorti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Ambrosio
- Dipartimento di Scienze, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateno Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli,” University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pau
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 09747 Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Federico Pitzalis
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Angelica Simbula
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Damiano Ricciarelli
- Unidad Académica Preparatoria, Plantel II, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98068, México
| | - Michele Saba
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Medina-Llamas
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Unidad Académica Preparatoria, Plantel II, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98068, México
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, College of Sciences & Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Dhahran 34754, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lorenzo Malavasi
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Medina-Llamas M, Speltini A, Profumo A, Panzarea F, Milella A, Fracassi F, Listorti A, Malavasi L. Preparation of Heterojunctions Based on Cs 3Bi 2Br 9 Nanocrystals and g-C 3N 4 Nanosheets for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:263. [PMID: 36678018 PMCID: PMC9866070 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterojunctions based on metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are promising systems for the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this work, we coupled Cs3Bi2Br9 nanocrystals (NCs), obtained by wet ball milling synthesis, with g-C3N4 nanosheets (NSs), produced by thermal oxidation of bulk g-C3N4, in air. These methods are reproducible, inexpensive and easy to scale up. Heterojunctions with different loadings of Cs3Bi2Br9 NCs were fully characterised and tested for the HER. A relevant improvement of H2 production with respect to pristine carbon nitride was achieved at low NCs levels reaching values up to about 4600 µmol g-1 h-1. This work aims to provide insights into the synthesis of inexpensive and high-performing heterojunctions using MHP for photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Medina-Llamas
- Unidad Académica Preparatoria, Plantel II, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98068, Mexico
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Panzarea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Milella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Fracassi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- National Research Council, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Nanotechnology (CNR-NANOTEC), 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Listorti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Malavasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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6
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Speltini A, Tripodo G, Rinaldi F, Massolini G, Profumo A, Calleri E. Carbon nanotubes-modified poly-high internal phase emulsions for pharmaceuticals pre-concentration and determination. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114391. [PMID: 34624819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper deals with the preparation of new composites between polymerized/crosslinked high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), specifically designed for pharmaceutical analytical applications. While the composition of the polyHIPEs was maintained constant, the amount of CNTs was varied from 0.5% to 1% w/v. As proof-of-concept, the materials were tested for solid-phase extraction. Three drugs with different physical-chemical properties, namely 17β-estradiol (E2), Naproxen (NPX), and Oxprenolol (OXP) were selected as probes to investigate the adsorption/elution conditions on/from the CNT/polyHIPE composites for future analytical applications. The sorption and desorption behavior of the three analytes was studied at different pH values. The experimental results are coherent with chemistry of the support and the physical-chemical characteristics of the considered analytes. The incorporation of CNTs into the polyHIPEs network strongly influences the sorption properties of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tripodo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Francesca Rinaldi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Gabriella Massolini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Enrica Calleri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy.
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7
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Romani L, Speltini A, Ambrosio F, Mosconi E, Profumo A, Marelli M, Margadonna S, Milella A, Fracassi F, Listorti A, De Angelis F, Malavasi L. Water-Stable DMASnBr 3 Lead-Free Perovskite for Effective Solar-Driven Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:3611-3618. [PMID: 33047446 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Water-stable metal halide perovskites could foster tremendous progresses in several research fields where their superior optical properties can make differences. In this work we report clear evidence of water stability in a lead-free metal halide perovskite, namely DMASnBr3 , obtained by means of diffraction, optical and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Such unprecedented water-stability has been applied to promote photocatalysis in aqueous medium, in particular by devising a novel composite material by coupling DMASnBr3 to g-C3 N4 , taking advantage from the combination of their optimal photophysical properties. The prepared composites provide an impressive hydrogen evolution rate >1700 μmol g-1 h-1 generated by the synergistic activity of the two composite costituents. DFT calculations provide insight into this enhancement deriving it from the favorable alignment of interfacial energy levels of DMASnBr3 and g-C3 N4 . The demonstration of an efficient photocatalytic activity for a composite based on lead-free metal halide perovskite in water paves the way to a new class of light-driven catalysts working in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Romani
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Speltini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Ambrosio
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.,CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marcello Marelli
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Margadonna
- Materials Research Centre and SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Antonella Milella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Fracassi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Listorti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Malavasi
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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8
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Romani L, Speltini A, Ambrosio F, Mosconi E, Profumo A, Marelli M, Margadonna S, Milella A, Fracassi F, Listorti A, De Angelis F, Malavasi L. Water‐Stable DMASnBr
3
Lead‐Free Perovskite for Effective Solar‐Driven Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Romani
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM University of Pavia Via Taramelli 16 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Andrea Speltini
- Department of Drug Sciences University of Pavia Via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Francesco Ambrosio
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
- CompuNet Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM University of Pavia Via Taramelli 16 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Marcello Marelli
- National Research Council CNR-SCITEC Via G. Fantoli 16/15 20138 Milan Italy
| | - Serena Margadonna
- Materials Research Centre and SPECIFIC College of Engineering Swansea University Swansea SA1 8EN UK
| | - Antonella Milella
- Department of Chemistry University of Bari Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Francesco Fracassi
- Department of Chemistry University of Bari Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Andrea Listorti
- Department of Chemistry University of Bari Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Lorenzo Malavasi
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM University of Pavia Via Taramelli 16 27100 Pavia Italy
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La Cognata S, Mobili R, Merlo F, Speltini A, Boiocchi M, Recca T, Maher LJ, Amendola V. Sensing and Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Dicarboxylates Using Dicopper Cryptates. ACS Omega 2020; 5:26573-26582. [PMID: 33110985 PMCID: PMC7581268 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the investigation of dicopper(II) bistren cryptate, containing naphthyl spacers between the tren subunits, as a receptor for polycarboxylates in neutral aqueous solution. An indicator displacement assay for dicarboxylates was also developed by mixing the azacryptate with the fluorescent indicator 5-carboxyfluorescein in a 50:1 molar ratio. Fluorimetric studies showed a significant restoration of fluorophore emission upon addition of fumarate anions followed by succinate and isophthalate. The introduction of hexyl chains on the naphthalene groups created a novel hydrophobic cage; the corresponding dicopper complex was investigated as an extractant for dicarboxylates from neutral water into dichloromethane. The liquid-liquid extraction of succinate-as a model anion-was successfully achieved by exploiting the high affinity of this anionic guest for the azacryptate cavity. Extraction was monitored through the changes in the UV-visible spectrum of the dicopper complex in dichloromethane and by measuring the residual concentration of succinate in the aqueous phase by HPLC-UV. The successful extraction was also confirmed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Considering the relevance of polycarboxylates in biochemistry and in the environmental field, e.g., as waste products of industrial processes, our results open new perspectives for research in all contexts where recognition, sensing, or extraction of polycarboxylates is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia La Cognata
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi
di Pavia, v.le T. Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Riccardo Mobili
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi
di Pavia, v.le T. Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Francesca Merlo
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi
di Pavia, v.le T. Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Andrea Speltini
- Department
of Drug Sciences, Università degli
Studi di Pavia,via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Massimo Boiocchi
- Centro
Grandi Strumenti, Università degli Studi di Pavia, via A. Bassi 21, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Teresa Recca
- Centro
Grandi Strumenti, Università degli Studi di Pavia, via A. Bassi 21, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Louis J. Maher
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Valeria Amendola
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi
di Pavia, v.le T. Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
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10
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Speltini A, Merlo F, Maraschi F, Villani L, Profumo A. HA-C@silica sorbent for simultaneous extraction and clean-up of steroids in human plasma followed by HPLC-MS/MS multiclass determination. Talanta 2020; 221:121496. [PMID: 33076100 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aim and novelty of this work are the development of a simple and straightforward analytical procedure for multiclass determination of steroid hormones in human plasma. The method entails a single pre-treatment step based on solid-phase extraction using a recently proposed sorbent phase (HA-C@silica). This is easily prepared with good reproducibility via pyrolysis of humic acids onto silica, and not yet tested in biological fluids. It proved to be advantageous as it showed poor affinity for the protein matrix constituents while quantitatively extracting and pre-concentrating the target analytes. Indeed, as demonstrated in bovine serum albumin solution, up to ca. 90% protein is not retained by the sorbent, similarly to the behaviour of restricted access carbon nanotubes, tested for comparison. The high albumin exclusion allowed a satisfactory clean-up avoiding protein precipitation and centrifugation before extraction. The extraction procedure, optimized by a chemometric approach (23 experimental design) in BSA solution, provided quantitative recovery (76-119%, n = 3) for all steroids working with 1:8-diluted plasma (2 mL) and 100 mg HA-C@silica. Before analytes elution by 1 mL methanol-acetonitrile (1:1, v/v), selective washings (2% v/v formic acid and 30% v/v methanol) were applied to remove the small fraction of retained proteins, thus obtaining very clean SPE extracts to be analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. This allowed identification/quantification (MRM mode) at few ng mL-1 by a single chromatographic run. The procedure was verified in blank-certified foetal bovine serum (spikes 10-100 ng mL-1), obtaining good recovery and suitable inter-day precision (RSDs < 15%, n = 3). The analytical method, applied to real plasma samples analysis, is appealing in terms of sample throughput, extraction efficiency and clean-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Speltini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Merlo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Maraschi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luana Villani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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11
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Marrubini G, Dugheri S, Cappelli G, Arcangeli G, Mucci N, Appelblad P, Melzi C, Speltini A. Experimental designs for solid-phase microextraction method development in bioanalysis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1119:77-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Dugheri S, Marrubini G, Speltini A, Mucci N, Cappelli G, Bartolucci G, Arcangeli G. Fully Automated Determination of Trimellitic Anhydride in Saturated Polyester Resins Using Programmed Temperature Vaporization-Large Volume Injection-Gas Chromatography Previous Aqueous Derivatization with Triethyloxonium Tetrafluoroborate. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Merli D, Speltini A, Dondi D, Longhi D, Milanese C, Profumo A. Intermolecular interactions of substituted benzenes on multi-walled carbon nanotubes grafted on HPLC silica microspheres and interaction study through artificial neural networks. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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14
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Speltini A, Profumo A, Merli D, Grossi N, Milanese C, Dondi D. Tuning retention and selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography by using functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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15
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Maraschi F, Speltini A, Tavani T, Gulotta MG, Dondi D, Milanese C, Prato M, Profumo A, Sturini M. Silica-supported pyrolyzed lignin for solid-phase extraction of rare earth elements from fresh and sea waters followed by ICP-MS detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7635-7643. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Speltini A, Merlo F, Maraschi F, Sturini M, Contini M, Calisi N, Profumo A. Thermally condensed humic acids onto silica as SPE for effective enrichment of glucocorticoids from environmental waters followed by HPLC-HESI-MS/MS. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1540:38-46. [PMID: 29429744 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pristine humic acids (HAs) were thermally condensed onto silica microparticles by a one-pot, inexpensive and green preparation route obtaining a mixed-mode sorbent (HA-C@silica) with good sorption affinity for glucocorticoids (GCs). The carbon-based material, characterized by various techniques, was indeed applied as the sorbent for fixed-bed solid-phase extraction of eight GCs from river water and wastewater treatment plant effluent, spiked at different concentration levels in the range 1-400 ng L-1. After sample extraction, the target analytes were simultaneously and quantitatively eluted in a single fraction of methanol, achieving enrichment factor 4000 and 1000 in river water and wastewater effluent, respectively. Full recovery for all compounds, was gained in the real matrices studied (80-125% in river water, 79-126% in wastewater effluent), with inter-day precision showing relative standard deviations (RSD) below 15% and 18% (n = 3), for river and wastewater effluent, correspondingly. The high enrichment factors coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry quantification (MRM mode) provided method quantification limits of 0.009-0.48 ng L-1 in river water and 0.06-3 ng L-1 in wastewater effluent and, at the same time, secure identification of the selected drugs. As also evidenced by comparison with literature, HA-C@silica proved to be a valid alternative to the current commercial sorbents, in terms of extraction capability, enrichment factor, ease of preparation and cost. The batch-to-batch reproducibility was assessed by recovery tests on three independently prepared HA-C@silica powders (RSD lower than 7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Merlo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Maraschi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Michela Sturini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Contini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicola Calisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; INSTM Research Unit of Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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17
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Speltini A, Pisanu A, Profumo A, Milanese C, Sangaletti L, Drera G, Patrini M, Pentimalli M, Malavasi L. Rationalization of hydrogen production by bulk g-C3N4: an in-depth correlation between physico-chemical parameters and solar light photocatalysis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:39421-39431. [PMID: 35558029 PMCID: PMC9090727 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08880b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is the systematic study of the photocatalytic activity of bulk graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) in relation with the physical–chemical, structural and optical properties of the semiconductor. Fourteen g-C3N4 samples have been prepared by thermal condensation starting from three different precursor (melamine, dicyandiamide and urea) and exploring various temperatures (in the range 500–700 °C). The materials obtained have been deeply characterized by high resolution scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption measurements (BET method), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Each semiconductor, coupled with Pt co-catalyst, was tested for hydrogen gas production from aqueous triethanolamine as model sacrificial agent, under simulated solar light. The hydrogen evolution profiles turned out to be strictly dependent on precursor type and synthesis temperature, with the highest evolution rate observed for the samples series produced from urea (up to ca. 4400 μmol g−1 h−1). The results, corroborated by the excellent inter-day precision of irradiation tests (RSD < 5%, n = 3) together with the good batch-to-batch reproducibility (RSD < 11%, n = 3), were critically discussed. Apart from the appealing production values obtained using the as-prepared materials, it was importantly pointed out that, besides crystallinity and visible light absorption, the photocatalytic behavior is definitely correlated to the surface area, which is dependent on the synthesis conditions, that is polymerization temperature and nature of g-C3N4 precursor. Overall, this systematic investigation demonstrated that, contrary to the polymerization degree (sp2/sp3 carbon ratio), surface area is the real determinant parameter for g-C3N4 hydrogen evolution activity. Extensive physico-chemical investigation on bulk g-C3N4 allowed a reliable correlation between hydrogen production and materials properties to be established.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | - Ambra Pisanu
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | - Luigi Sangaletti
- I-LAMP
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
- 25121 Brescia
- Italy
| | - Giovanni Drera
- I-LAMP
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
- 25121 Brescia
- Italy
| | | | - Marzia Pentimalli
- ENEA – Italian National Agency for Energy
- New Technologies and Sustainable Economic Development
- Casaccia Research Centre
- 00123 Roma
- Italy
| | - Lorenzo Malavasi
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
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18
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Pisanu A, Speltini A, Vigani B, Ferrari F, Mannini M, Calisi N, Cortigiani B, Caneschi A, Quadrelli P, Profumo A, Malavasi L. Enhanced hydrogen photogeneration by bulk g-C3N4 through a simple and efficient oxidation route. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:6772-6778. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00276b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The hydrogen production rate under visible light of bulk g-C3N4 has been improved 8-fold by a simple oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Pisanu
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM RU Pavia
- Pavia
- Italy
| | | | - Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | - Franca Ferrari
- Department of Drug Sciences
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | - Matteo Mannini
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff” and INSTM RU
- University of Florence
- 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - Nicola Calisi
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff” and INSTM RU
- University of Florence
- 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - Brunetto Cortigiani
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff” and INSTM RU
- University of Florence
- 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - Andrea Caneschi
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff” and INSTM RU
- University of Florence
- 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
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Speltini A, Scalabrini A, Maraschi F, Sturini M, Profumo A. Newest applications of molecularly imprinted polymers for extraction of contaminants from environmental and food matrices: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 974:1-26. [PMID: 28535878 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the recent applications of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) to sample preparation. The review is thought to cover analytical procedures for extraction of contaminants (mainly illegal/noxious organic compounds) from food and environmental matrices, with a particular focus on the various pre-concentration/cleanup techniques, that is offline and online solid-phase extraction (SPE), dispersive SPE (d-SPE), magnetic SPE (MSPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), applied before instrumental quantification. The selectivity and extraction efficiency of MIP-based sorbent phases are critically discussed, also in relation to the physical-chemical properties resulting from the synthetic procedures. A variety of molecularly imprinted sorbents is presented, including hybrid composites embedding carbon nanomaterials and ionic liquids. The analytical performance of MIP materials in sample preparation is commented as function of the complexity of the matrix, and it is compared to that exhibited by (commercial) aspecific and/or immunosorbent phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Scalabrini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Maraschi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Michela Sturini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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20
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Speltini A, Maraschi F, Govoni R, Milanese C, Profumo A, Malavasi L, Sturini M. Facile and fast preparation of low-cost silica-supported graphitic carbon nitride for solid-phase extraction of fluoroquinolone drugs from environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1489:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sturini M, Speltini A, Maraschi F, Vinci G, Profumo A, Pretali L, Albini A, Malavasi L. g-C 3N 4-promoted degradation of ofloxacin antibiotic in natural waters under simulated sunlight. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:4153-4161. [PMID: 27943136 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report on the photodegradation of ofloxacin under simulated solar light and in actual environmental matrices in the presence of a g-C3N4 suspension. The catalyst, prepared from the polymerization of dicyandiamide (650 °C, reaction yield 60%), was characterized by means of powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and BET surface area measurements. The experiments were carried out in a lab-scale batch reactor at concentrations in the range of micrograms/milligrams per liter. The course of the reaction was monitored by high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV-vis and fluorescence detectors. The g-C3N4-promoted photodegradation occurred at a rate 10 times faster than the direct photolysis and obeyed a first-order kinetics; in addition, the photodegradation kinetics of sonicated g-C3N4 resulted to be of the same order of that caused by P25 TiO2. Finally, the photochemical paths and the photoproducts have been identified and compared to those obtained by using P25 TiO2. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that g-C3N4 is a very attractive photocatalyst compared to P25 TiO2 in view of its ease of preparation, low cost, excellent oxidizing properties, large fraction of solar radiation absorbed, and intrinsically layered structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Sturini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Maraschi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Vinci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Pretali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelo Albini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Malavasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Villa S, Caratto V, Locardi F, Alberti S, Sturini M, Speltini A, Maraschi F, Canepa F, Ferretti M. Enhancement of TiO₂ NPs Activity by Fe₃O₄ Nano-Seeds for Removal of Organic Pollutants in Water. Materials (Basel) 2016; 9:ma9090771. [PMID: 28773892 PMCID: PMC5457040 DOI: 10.3390/ma9090771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs), synthesized in the presence of a very small amount of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles, is here presented and discussed. From X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses, the crystallinity of TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) seems to be affected by Fe₃O₄, acting as nano-seeds to improve the tetragonal TiO₂ anatase structure with respect to the amorphous one. Photocatalytic activity data, i.e., the degradation of methylene blue and the Ofloxacin fluoroquinolone emerging pollutant, give evidence that the increased crystalline structure of the NPs, even if correlated to a reduced surface to mass ratio (with respect to commercial TiO₂ NPs), enhances the performance of this type of catalyst. The achievement of a relatively well-defined crystal structure at low temperatures (Tmax = 150 °C), preventing the sintering of the TiO₂ NPs and, thus, preserving the high density of active sites, seems to be the keystone to understand the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Villa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa 16146, Italy.
| | - Valentina Caratto
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa 16146, Italy.
| | - Federico Locardi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa 16146, Italy.
| | - Stefano Alberti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa 16146, Italy.
| | - Michela Sturini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | | | - Fabio Canepa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa 16146, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Ferretti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa 16146, Italy.
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Sturini M, Speltini A, Maraschi F, Profumo A, Tarantino S, Gualtieri AF, Zema M. Removal of fluoroquinolone contaminants from environmental waters on sepiolite and its photo-induced regeneration. Chemosphere 2016; 150:686-693. [PMID: 26796589 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sepiolite is studied as sorbent for removal of Fluoroquinolone (FQ) contaminants from water. Marbofloxacin (MAR) and Enrofloxacin (ENR) were chosen as model FQs since they are the two most commonly employed veterinary FQs in livestock farming in northern Italy. Adsorption experiments on two sepiolites (SP-1 and SSE16) were carried out in tap water at pH 7.5 to better mimic real conditions. The sorption experimental data were fitted by Freundlich, Langmuir and S-Logistic1 models. The latter better described MAR and ENR adsorptions. Adsorption capacities of SP-1 and SSE16, respectively, were 132 mg g(-1) and 121 mg g(-1) for MAR, and 112 mg g(-1) and 93 mg g(-1) for ENR. X-ray powder diffraction, performed on clay samples enriched with each FQ and on the pristine clays, showed no substantial differences between the two sepiolites and evidenced no significant structural changes after FQs uptake, as also verified by infrared spectroscopy. This indicates that adsorption occurs only on the external surface of the mineral and not in the intracrystalline microporosity, likely due to the interaction between the FQ carboxylic group and the sepiolite surface. For the first time solid-state photodegradation of the adsorbed FQs was investigated for regenerating the sorbent. Results showed that the adsorbed drugs are effectively photodegraded by solar light, thus allowing sepiolite to be reused. The efficiency of this material for remediation of contaminated water was proved on ditch water, collected downstream a swine farm, containing some tens of ng L(-1) of MAR and ENR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Sturini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Maraschi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Serena Tarantino
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro F Gualtieri
- Department of Chemical and Earth Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Michele Zema
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Sturini M, Speltini A, Maraschi F, Pretali L, Ferri EN, Profumo A. Sunlight-induced degradation of fluoroquinolones in wastewater effluent: Photoproducts identification and toxicity. Chemosphere 2015; 134:313-318. [PMID: 25966937 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation of Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Enrofloxacin (ENR), Danofloxacin (DAN), Marbofloxacin (MAR) and Levofloxacin (LEV), five widely used fluoroquinolones (FQs), was studied in urban WWTP secondary effluent, under solar light. The degradation profiles and the kinetic constants were determined at the micrograms per litre levels (20-50 μg L(-1)). The photo-generated products were identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The toxicity of the photoproducts was assessed by Vibrio fischeri light emission inhibition assay performed on irradiated and not-irradiated FQs solutions, at environmentally significant concentrations. Attention was focused on the evaluation of the photoproducts contribution to the overall biotoxic effect of these emerging pollutants. Data from chronic exposure experiments (24-48 h) were primarily considered. Results confirmed the major usefulness of chronic toxicity data with respect to the acute assay ones and proved the not negligible biotoxicity of the FQs photodegradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Sturini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Maraschi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Pretali
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein Albert, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Elida Nora Ferri
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, via S. Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Sturini M, Speltini A, Maraschi F, Rivagli E, Pretali L, Malavasi L, Profumo A, Fasani E, Albini A. Sunlight photodegradation of marbofloxacin and enrofloxacin adsorbed on clay minerals. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Speltini A, Sturini M, Maraschi F, Consoli L, Zeffiro A, Profumo A. Graphene-derivatized silica as an efficient solid-phase extraction sorbent for pre-concentration of fluoroquinolones from water followed by liquid-chromatography fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1379:9-15. [PMID: 25560455 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a novel analytical method based on graphene for the determination of five widely used fluoroquinolones (FQs) in aqueous matrices. The procedure entails solid-phase extraction (SPE) on graphene-derivatized silica (200mg), followed by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Monolayer graphene oxide (GO) flakes were covalently bonded onto aminopropyl silica microparticles, and then treated with aqueous hydrazine to obtain the reduced GO (RGO). The final material (RGO-silica) was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and BET analysis, and for the first time evaluated as mixed-mode sorbent for the SPE of FQs from natural waters. Accuracy was studied on tap/raw river water in the concentration range 5-10,000ngL(-1), obtaining mean absolute recoveries from 72 to 118%. The inter-day precision was good, showing relative standard deviations (RSDs) in the range 5-15%. Sample volumes up to 1L provided enrichment factors up to 1000, achieving accurate quantification of concentrations as low as 5ngL(-1). The analytes were simultaneously and quantitatively eluted from the RGO-silica cartridge in a single fraction by using acetonitrile combined with aqueous tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide. The batch-to-batch reproducibility was verified on three independently prepared RGO-silica samples. RGO-silica was advantageous in terms of adsorption capacity and reusability with respect to commercial sorbents; the cartridge proved to be reusable for at least 10 consecutive extractions, with no significant loss of efficiency (recovery >70%). The analytical procedure was applied to the determination of FQs in actual environmental waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Michela Sturini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Maraschi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luana Consoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Zeffiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Sturini M, Speltini A, Maraschi F, Pretali L, Profumo A, Fasani E, Albini A. Environmental photochemistry of fluoroquinolones in soil and in aqueous soil suspensions under solar light. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2014; 21:13215-13221. [PMID: 24026207 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation fate of widely used fluoroquinolone (FQ) drugs has been studied both at the water-soil interface and in soil at actual concentrations (500 ng g(-1)) under natural solar light. Both human and veterinary drugs have been examined, namely ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin, marbofloxacin and moxifloxacin. After spiking and irradiation, samples were submitted to microwave-assisted extraction and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD). FQs degradation was faster in aqueous soil suspension than in neat soil (but lower than in "clean" water). A number of byproducts were identified by HPLC electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry after a post-extraction cleanup based on a molecularly imprinted polymer phase, for a more accurate detection. The distribution in the suspension was intermediate between those observed in soils and in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Sturini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy,
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Speltini A, Sturini M, Dondi D, Annovazzi E, Maraschi F, Caratto V, Profumo A, Buttafava A. Sunlight-promoted photocatalytic hydrogen gas evolution from water-suspended cellulose: a systematic study. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:1410-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic H2 evolution from water in the presence of cellulose as the sacrificial agent is studied. The photoreaction proceeds under sunlight also using waste cellulosic biomass, i.e. rice husk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Michela Sturini
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Dondi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Valentina Caratto
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry
- University of Genoa
- 16146 Genova, Italy
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Sturini M, Rivagli E, Maraschi F, Speltini A, Profumo A, Albini A. Photocatalytic reduction of vanadium(V) in TiO₂ suspension: chemometric optimization and application to wastewaters. J Hazard Mater 2013; 254-255:179-184. [PMID: 23611800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic reduction of V(V) to V(IV) over TiO₂ in aqueous solution is presented. Experiments were undertaken on air-equilibrated water spiked with V(V) (0.6-20 mgL(-1)), under UV-A or solar light. A chemometric study was performed to optimize the reduction yield, by considering the most important variables recognized to affect the photocatalytic process. Among pH, irradiation time and catalyst concentration, the two latter proved to be determinant. The good yields achieved (up to 98%), along with the possibility of working in aerated solution, make this procedure simple, rapid and efficient. Although a deep insight on the photochemical mechanisms was beyond our scope, the role of electron donors was investigated, proving the efficiency of 2-propanol, citric acid and formic acid in the acceleration and improvement of V(V) conversion. After irradiation, total vanadium and aqueous V(V) and V(IV) after solid-phase separation on Chelex-100 resin, were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The procedure was applied to contaminated wastewaters, combining remediation and possible vanadium recovery as V(IV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Sturini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Elisa Rivagli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Maraschi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelo Albini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Speltini A, Merli D, Profumo A. Analytical application of carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and nanodiamonds in nanomaterials-based chromatographic stationary phases: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 783:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Speltini A, Merli D, Dondi D, Milanese C, Galinetto P, Bozzetti C, Profumo A. Radiation-induced grafting of carbon nanotubes on HPLC silica microspheres: theoretical and practical aspects. Analyst 2013; 138:3778-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00163f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sturini M, Speltini A, Maraschi F, Pretali L, Profumo A, Fasani E, Albini A, Migliavacca R, Nucleo E. Photodegradation of fluoroquinolones in surface water and antimicrobial activity of the photoproducts. Water Res 2012; 46:5575-5582. [PMID: 22901305 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The widespread presence of fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) in natural ecosystems is a health hazard for humans and other living organisms. The role of sunlight in degrading FQs present in environmental waters has been studied. In particular, the photodegradation of four largely employed FQs, viz. Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Danofloxacin (DAN), Levofloxacin (LEV) and Moxifloxacin (MOX) has been studied in not tampered river water. Degradation rates have been investigated at ppb levels (20-50 μg L(-1)) under solar light, and the results have been commented critically. The products distribution has been studied by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis and structures have been attributed on the basis of their mass fragmentation spectra. Importantly from the environmental point of view, the (potentially toxic) FQ nucleus remained intact over the early stages of the degradation. Indeed, the photoproducts were proved to possess residual antibacterial activity, as shown from in vitro antibacterial activity tests against different well characterized human and environmental bacterial strains, carried out on the above FQs, as well as for Enrofloxacin (ENR) and Marbofloxacin (MAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Sturini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Federica Maraschi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Pretali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Elisa Fasani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelo Albini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberta Migliavacca
- Department of Morphological, Eidological and Clinical Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Brambilla 74, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Nucleo
- Department of Morphological, Eidological and Clinical Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Brambilla 74, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Speltini A, Sturini M, Maraschi F, Profumo A, Albini A. Microwave-assisted extraction and determination of enrofloxacin and danofloxacin photo-transformation products in soil. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1565-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Maraschi F, Sturini M, Speltini A, Orio F, Profumo A, Pierucci G. Silicon determination in human ventricular whole blood: A possible marker of drowning. Anal Biochem 2012; 426:142-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sturini M, Speltini A, Maraschi F, Profumo A, Pretali L, Fasani E, Albini A. Sunlight-induced degradation of soil-adsorbed veterinary antimicrobials Marbofloxacin and Enrofloxacin. Chemosphere 2012; 86:130-7. [PMID: 22051342 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Marbofloxacin (MAR) and Enrofloxacin (ENR), two largely employed veterinary Fluoroquinolones (FQs), were found to be present at the micrograms per kilogram level in agricultural soils of South Lombardy (Italy) several months after manuring. Distribution coefficients (K(d)) from sorption experiments indicated a strong binding to the soil. Soil samples fortified with environmentally significant FQs amounts (0.5 mg kg(-1)) were exposed to solar light that promoted extensive degradation (80%) of both drugs in 60-150 h. Thus, photochemistry could be considered a significant depollution path in the soil, although it was two orders of magnitudes slower than in aqueous solution and a fraction of the drug (ca. 20%) remained unaffected. For MAR the photoprocess was the same as in solution, and involved cleavage of the tetrahydrooxadiazine ring. On the contrary, with ENR only some of the photoproducts determined in water (those arising from a stepwise oxidation of the piperazine side chain) were observed. Substitution of the 6-fluoro by a hydroxyl group and reduction did not occur in the soil, supporting the previous contention that such processes required polar solvation of FQs. Consistently with this rationalization, the irradiation of thin layers of solid drugs led to essentially the same products distribution as in the soil. From the environmental point of view it is important to notice that photodegradation mainly affects the side-chains, while the fluoroquinolone ring, to which the biological effect is associated, is conserved up to the later stages of the degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Sturini
- Department of Chemistry, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Speltini A, Sturini M, Maraschi F, Profumo A, Albini A. Analytical methods for the determination of fluoroquinolones in solid environmental matrices. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Merli D, Speltini A, Ravelli D, Quartarone E, Costa L, Profumo A. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes as the gas chromatographic stationary phase: Role of their functionalization in the analysis of aliphatic alcohols and esters. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7275-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sturini M, Speltini A, Maraschi F, Rivagli E, Profumo A. Solvent-free microwave-assisted extraction of fluoroquinolones from soil and liquid chromatography-fluorescence determination. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7316-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a general overview on the analytical methods proposed in the last decade for trace fluoroquinolone (FQ) determination in environmental waters. A large number of studies have been developed on this topic in reason of the importance of their monitoring in the studies of environmental mobility and potential degradation pathways. Every step of the analysis has been carefully considered, with a particular attention to sample preparation, in relationship with the problems involved in the analysis of real matrices. The different strategies to minimise interference from organic matter and to achieve optimal sensitivity, especially important in those samples with lower FQ concentrations, were also highlighted. Results and progress in this field have been described and critically commented. Moreover, a worldwide overview on the presence of FQs in the environmental waters has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Speltini
- Department of General Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Sturini M, Speltini A, Maraschi F, Profumo A, Pretali L, Fasani E, Albini A. Photochemical degradation of marbofloxacin and enrofloxacin in natural waters. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:4564-4569. [PMID: 20481547 DOI: 10.1021/es100278n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical fate of Marbofloxacin (MAR) and Enrofloxacin (ENR), two Fluoroquinolones (FQs) largely used as veterinary bactericides known to be present in surface waters, was investigated in aqueous solution. The degradation of these pollutants (5-50 microg L(-1) starting concentration) was complete in about 1 h by exposure to solar light (summer) and obeyed a first-order kinetics. The structure of the primary photoproducts was determined. Those from ENR arose through three paths, namely, oxidative degradation of the piperazine side-chain, reductive defluorination, and fluorine solvolysis. More heavily degraded products that had been previously reported were rationalized as secondary photoproducts from the present ones. As for MAR, this underwent homolytic cleavage of the tetrahydrooxadiazine moiety to give two quinolinols. All of the primary products were themselves degraded in about 1 h. The photoreactions rates were scarcely affected by Ca(2+) (200 mg L(-1)), Mg(2+) (30 mg L(-1)), Cl(-) (30 mg L(-1)), and humic acid (1 mg L(-1)), but increased in the presence of phosphate (20 mg L(-1)). The fastest degradation of ENR occurred at pH about 8 where the zwitterionic form was present, while in the case of MAR the cationic form was the most reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Sturini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale, Universita di Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Sturini M, Speltini A, Pretali L, Fasani E, Profumo A. Solid-phase extraction and HPLC determination of fluoroquinolones in surface waters. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3020-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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