Biphasic Insulin Aspart in Type??2??Diabetes Mellitus

Switching from Biphasic Human Insulin to Premix Insulin Analogs: A Review of the Evidence Regarding Quality of Life and Adherence to Medication in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is a growing public health concern. Effective use of therapies for this chronic disease is necessary to improve long-term prognosis, but treatment adherence can be difficult to promote in clinical practice, and insulin, in particular, can impact both positively and negatively on patients' quality of life (QoL). Currently, guidelines advocate for QoL as a treatment goal in its own right, with treatment decisions based on patient concerns regarding injection frequency and adverse events, as well as glycemic control. Successful insulin management ideally requires a regimen to replicate normal endogenous insulin release, and this was a key driver in the development of insulin analogs. These analogs have also been associated with lower hypoglycemia risk, lower levels of postprandial glucose excursions, better adherence, improved QoL, and higher patient satisfaction with treatment. Premixed insulin is prescribed for many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), as it combines both prandial and basal treatment, reducing the number of injections. Evidence suggests that premixed insulin analogs have advantages over conventional premixed human insulin for T2D treatment, but the objective of this review was to assess the evidence that switching from a biphasic human insulin to a biphasic insulin analog regimen improves patient QoL.

FUNDING

Novo Nordisk.

Safety and efficacy of biphasic insulin aspart 30 in type 2 diabetes patients switched from either biphasic or basal human insulin: results from the Gulf cohort of the A1 chieve study

AIM

The 24-week, international, non-interventional A1 chieve study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of insulin analogues in type 2 diabetes (T2D) in different countries. This sub-analysis reports results for T2D patients who switched from either biphasic human insulin (BHI) or human neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin to biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp 30) in the Gulf cohort.

METHODS

Gulf patients with T2D who switched to BIAsp 30 from either BHI or NPH insulin were included. Safety and efficacy measurements were made by the physicians as part of routine clinical care.

RESULTS

A total of 1486 patients switched from BHI to BIAsp 30 (BIP group) and 232 patients switched from NPH insulin to BIAsp 30 (NEU group). Baseline glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA₁c ) was poor in patients in the BIP and NEU groups (mean value ± SD: 9.4 ± 1.8% and 9.7 ± 1.5%, respectively). Significant reductions in the proportion of patients reporting hypoglycaemia (overall, major, minor and nocturnal) were noted in the BIP group after 24 weeks of BIAsp 30 therapy (p < 0.001). No major hypoglycaemic events were reported at Week 24 in the NEU group. In both groups, the mean HbA1c , fasting plasma glucose and postprandial plasma glucose improved significantly after 24 weeks of BIAsp 30 therapy (p < 0.001). The mean body weight, lipid parameters and systolic blood pressure also improved significantly in both groups (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

BIAsp 30 therapy enhanced glycaemic control over 24 weeks and was well-tolerated in T2D patients poorly controlled on prestudy BHI or NPH insulin.

Safety and effectiveness of biphasic insulin aspart 30 in type 2 diabetes: results from the ASEAN cohort of the A₁chieve study

AIM

To determine the safety and effectiveness of biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp 30) in the ASEAN cohort of the A₁chieve study.

METHODS

Type 2 diabetes patients from Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore prescribed BIAsp 30 therapy were included. The primary outcome was evaluation of serious adverse drug reactions including major hypoglycaemia over 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes were changes in hypoglycaemic events, serious adverse events (SAEs) and effectiveness parameters.

RESULTS

This sub-analysis included 2798 patients (insulin-naive, 1903; insulin-experienced, 895) with mean age ± SD, 55.3 ± 10.8 years, BMI, 24.9 ± 4.6 kg/m(2) and diabetes duration, 7.5 ± 5.9 years. Baseline HbA1c in the entire cohort was poor (9.9%, 85 mmol/mol). A total of 15 SAEs were reported in 7 insulin-experienced patients (1 moderate event was related to BIAsp 30). Overall hypoglycaemia at Week 24 was 0.88 events/patient-year compared to 1.71 events/patient-year reported at baseline (change in proportion of patients affected, p < 0.0001). No major hypoglycaemia was reported at Week 24. BIAsp 30 significantly improved glucose control (HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose and postprandial plasma glucose, p < 0.001) at Week 24. The proportion of patients achieving HbA1c <7.0% at Week 24 was 35.3% compared to 3.5% at baseline. The lipid profile and systolic blood pressure also improved significantly (p < 0.001). Quality of life was positively impacted (mean change in visual analogue scores from EQ-5D = 10.6 ± 13.8 points, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

BIAsp 30 was well-tolerated and improved glucose control while decreasing the risk of hypoglycaemia.

Evaluation of the weight-increasing effects of biphasic analog and regular NPH insulin mixtures in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND

Weight gain is a significant problem in diabetic patients in terms of worsening glycemic control, increasing diabetic and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and contributing to social and psychological problems. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of a biphasic analog and regular NPH insulin mixtures on weight gain in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) over 1 year.

METHODS

Group I consisted of 71 patients (29 men and 42 women) being treated with analog mixtures (insulin lispro 75/25 mix and biphasic insulin aspart 70/30 mix) twice daily; Group II consisted of 69 patients (23 men and 46 women) being treated with a regular insulin mixture (70/30) twice daily. Starting weight, body mass index, HbA1c, and hypoglycemic episodes were evaluated after 6 and 12 months.

RESULTS

Weight gain in Group I at 6 and 12 months was 1.41 ± 2.70 and 2.08 ± 3.74 kg, respectively. In Group II, weight gain at 6 and 12 months was 1.5 ± 3.0 and 2.29 ± 3.85 kg, respectively. Intragroup comparisons indicated that, for both groups, weight gain at 6 and 12 months differed significantly from the starting weight. However, no significant differences in weight gain were found between the two groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The weight-increasing effects of an analog mixture of insulin and the NPH regular mixture of insulin appear to be similar. This should be taken into account when determining the type of insulin to use in treating T2DM patients.

Improvement in glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors and anthropometric data in type 2 diabetic patients after the switch from biphasic human insulin to biphasic premix analog insulin aspart

A nagyszámú 2-es típusú diabeteses beteg bevonásával végzett, hosszú távú vizsgálatok eredményei egyértelműen bizonyították, hogy a tartósan jó anyagcserehelyzettel megelőzhetők a késői (micro- és macrovascularis) szövődmények. Jelen felmérésben a szerzők beavatkozással nem járó, úgynevezett obszervációs vizsgálat során Magyarország 50 cukorbeteg-szakellátó helyén 2007–2008-ban humán premix készítményről analóg premix inzulinra [bifázisos aszpart inzulin (BIAsp) – NovoMix® 30] átállított betegek adatait elemzik retrospektív módon. Az analízisbe bevont 2898 beteg átlagéletkora 66,20 ± 10,10 év, a diagnózistól eltelt idő az esetek 43%-ában több mint 10 év volt. A NovoMix® 30-kezelés hatodik hónapjának végén a HbA 1c jelentős, statisztikailag szignifikáns javulását észlelték: a kiinduláskor mért 9,10 ± 1,44%-os szint 7,62 ± 1,00%-ra csökkent ( p < 0,001). A lipidprofil is előnyösen változott (bár a célértéket az esetek többségében nem sikerült elérni). A szisztolés és diasztolés vérnyomás átlaga alacsonyabb lett, a testsúly 84,2 ± 14,9 kg-ról 82,6 ± 13,9 kg-ra ( p < 0,01) csökkent. Mindez a kiinduláshoz képest alacsonyabb napi inzulinadag (49,0 ± 17,4 IE versus 48,4 ± 17,6 IE, p < 0,001) és a hypoglykaemiás epizódok előfordulásának szignifikáns csökkenése mellett alakult ki. Az eredmények igazolták, hogy NovoMix® 30-kezeléssel a szénhidrát-anyagcsere jelentősen javul, ami részben az alacsonyabb HbA 1c -szintben és a célértéket elérők szignifikánsan magasabb számában, másrészt a ritkábban előforduló hypoglykaemiás reakciókban nyilvánult meg. Az egyéb cardiovascularis tényezők szignifikáns javulása szintén fontos eredmény, de ennek magyarázata egyelőre hiányzik, és kontrollált, prospektív tanulmányok elvégzését igényli.

Use of short-acting insulin aspart in managing older people with diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus affects 5.9% of the world adult population, with older people and some ethnic groups disproportionately affected. Treatment of older people with diabetes differs in many ways from that in younger adults since the majority have type 2 disease and are at particular risk of macrovascular rather than disabling microvascular disease. Insulin therapy, the most effective of diabetes medications, can reduce any level of elevated HBA1c if used in adequate doses. However, some clinicians are often reluctant to initiate insulin therapy in older people with diabetes mainly out of their concerns about adverse reactions to insulin, particularly hypoglycemia. There is evidence suggesting that insulin aspart appears to act similarly to regular human insulin in older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin aspart can be used in the treatment of older people with diabetes, but this should be individualized. There is evidence that it improves postprandial glucose control, improves long-term metabolic control, reduces risk of major nocturnal hypoglycemia and increases patient satisfaction compared with soluble insulin.