Helicobacter pylori infection in skin diseases: a critical appraisal

Helicobacter pylori infection and its impact on psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction

Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition characterized by immune-mediated inflammation. Recent research suggests a possible interaction between Helicobacter pylori infection and the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. However, over the past 5 years, no significant new evidence has clarified the relationship between H. pylori and skin diseases. This study aimed to determine the relationship between H. pylori infection and psoriasis through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

We searched for articles published in databases including PubMed, Embase, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Web of Science up to January 1, 2024. Statistical analyses were conducted using Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 12.0 software.

Results

Our search yielded 271 papers. After rigorous screening by multiple reviewers, 15 studies involving 2,427 individuals were included. The odds ratio for H. pylori infection was significantly higher in the psoriasis group than in the control group (odds ratio = 1.94, 95% confidence interval: 1.40-2.68, p < 0.0001). Subgroup analysis revealed no significant differences in H. pylori infection rates between Asia and Europe. The type of study also did not significantly affect infection rates. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detected H. pylori infection at a significantly higher rate than the breath test. Furthermore, the prevalence of H. pylori infection differed significantly between patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis and those with mild psoriasis.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest a relationship between psoriasis and H. pylori infection, with variations observed based on geography, testing methods, and disease severity. These findings hold significant potential for guiding clinical practice.

Systematic review registration

http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/, identifier CRD42022359427.

Helicobacter pylori infection in psoriatic patients and its relation to psoriasis severity: Cross Sectional Study

BACKGROUND

Psoriasis is a prevalent inflammatory skin condition that can be recognized by silvery-white scales on plaques and erythematous papules, despite the fact that psoriasis appears to have multiple causes. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been investigated recently as a potential infectious etiological component.

AIMS

The objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of H. pylori infection in psoriatic patients compared to that of healthy controls and determine whether the degree of psoriasis and H. pylori infection were related.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The dermatology, venerology, and andrology department at South Valley University Outpatient Clinic carried out this cross-sectional study. Psoriatic patients of both sexes and ages were included. In addition to the control group, H. Pylori antigen was measured from psoriatic and control groups by using H. pylori stool antigen-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (HpSA-ELISA), a test for H. pylori stool antigen. More than 20 ng/mL of antigen proved positive, or less than 15 ng/mL proved negative.

RESULTS

There was a significant difference between psoriatic patients and control regarding H. pylori infection (p = 0.046): (30.66%) positive in controls, (45.33%) positive in psoriatic patients. Both groups were matched for age (p = 0.908), that is, the mean age of psoriatic patients was 37.44 ± 15.79 years, and the control group was 37.15 ± 15.15 years. Twenty-five psoriatic patients in each group: mild, moderate, and severe psoriasis according to the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score. No significant correlation between H. pylori infection and PASI, age, or duration of illness in psoriatic patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with psoriasis had greater rates of H. pylori infection but didn't affect the severity of psoriasis.

Association between the Treatment of Rosacea and Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori Infection

Background

Rosacea is a multifactorial skin inflammatory disorder with an unknown cure. Genetics and environmental factors such as microorganisms are involved in the rosacea etiology, for example, Helicobacter pylori have been suggested in rosacea progression. The present study investigated the relationship between H. pylori eradication and rosacea patient's improvement.

Materials and Methods

H. pylori infection was investigated in 60 rosacea patients and 65 sex- and age-matched healthy control through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and HpSag tests. After infection confirmation, randomly half of the rosacea patients were treated for H. pylori eradication (test), and others received standard treatment (control). HpSag and ELISA tests were repeated after infection eradication and disease flow was surveyed for 60 days. The groups were compared using the ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance) test at the significant level of P < 0.05.

Results

At the baseline, the mean of immunoglobulin G (IgG) (59.27 ± 41.4 RU/mL) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) (11.55 ± 6.1 RU/mL) in rosacea patients was higher than the level of IgG (41.38 ± 54.33 RU/mL) and IgM (8.11 ± 8.91 RU/mL) in healthy control (P < 0.04) and (P < 0.01), respectively. Also, the values for H. pylori infection were positive in all patients and 10 healthy controls. The mean titer of IgM and IgG in the test and control patients groups were different at baseline and after treatment. Furthermore, in the test patients group, the mean of IgG was reduced in active rosacea after treatment, and 63.9% of active patients showed rosacea remission after H. pylori eradication.

Conclusion

Data suggest the exacerbating role of H. pylori in rosacea, and its eradication along with other therapeutic methods causes rosacea improvement.

Role of the skin microbiota and intestinal microbiome in rosacea

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory cutaneous disorder of uncertain etiology that mainly affects the centrofacial region, including cheeks, nose, chin, forehead, and eyes. The pathogenesis of rosacea remains unclear because it involves several complex factors. Additionally, the potential treatment methods need to be explored. We reviewed the common bacterial species in the skin microbiota and gut microbiota of rosacea patients such as Demodex folliculorum, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus oleronius, Cutibacterium acnes, and Helicobacter pylori and identified their role in the pathogenesis. Besides, we summarized the influence factors such as temperature and age on rosacea patients. We also systematically reviewed the commonly used clinical treatment methods, including antibiotics, probiotics. as well as their treatment mechanism and application precautions.

Urticaria in a Pediatric Population: A Portuguese Single-Center Cohort Report

Background

Urticaria typically involves the skin and mucosa and is characterized by the development of wheals, angioedema, or both. According to the temporal evolution of the lesions, urticaria is classified as acute (AU) or chronic (CU), depending on whether the episodes last for fewer or more than six weeks, respectively. This study aimed to characterize a group of children and adolescents with urticaria and describe its subtypes, associated comorbidities, treatment, and evolution.

Methodology

This retrospective, observational study included patients aged <18 years who were diagnosed with urticaria in a tertiary teaching hospital in Portugal, and followed up in a Pediatric Allergy Unit, between January 2019 and December 2021.

Results

A total of 43 patients, aged nine months to 16 years were included. Of these, 22 (51%) were males. AU was identified in 12 (28%) cases, chronic spontaneous urticaria in 21 (63%), and physical urticaria (to cold) in four (9%). Autoantibodies were detected in four patients with spontaneous urticaria. In 6% of patients with CU, the episodes were associated with angioedema. Most CU episodes were successfully managed with the recommended or double the recommended dose (48%) of H1 antihistamines. Three patients requiring fourfold higher than the recommended dose of H1 antihistamines remained unresponsive and were started on omalizumab. Associated autoimmune thyroiditis was diagnosed in four patients.

Conclusions

In this cohort of patients, urticaria was equally distributed between the genders and the first-line therapy was second-generation antihistamines, consistent with current guidelines. Universal screening for autoimmune diseases in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria revealed four cases of thyroiditis, which supports the relevance of this approach when managing CU.

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection Among Rosacea and Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria Patients in a Tertiary Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND

The multifactorial nature of rosacea and chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) pathogenesis complicates the achievement of satisfactory treatment outcomes. 13C urea breath test (UBT) has been identified as an accurate, non-invasive, and quick procedure to detect the presence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) with high sensitivity and specificity.

OBJECTIVE

In this study, we aim to assess the correlation between H. pylori infection and rosacea and CSU patients.

METHODS

A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted on patients with rosacea and CSU in the dermatology clinic at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. History and physical examination were performed by a dermatologist. H. pylori 13C-UBT detection was performed in all subjects.

RESULTS

In total, 114 patients were included in this current study, with 41 rosacea and 73 urticaria patients. The vast majority of our subjects were females (96.5%). The mean (±SD) age was 42.3 (±12.7). More than half (58.8%) of the examined samples were positive for 13C-UBT; however, positive results were significantly higher in the rosacea patients (73.2%) compared to the urticaria group (50.7%), with a p-value of 0.019.

CONCLUSION

Our findings underline the significant association of H. pylori with rosacea and CSU regardless of the presence or absence of gastrointestinal symptoms. We thus recommend the inclusion of H. pylori testing in the routine workup of CSU and rosacea patients.

40 Years of Helicobacter pylori: A Revolution in Biomedical Thought

Background: Various microorganisms such as bacteria, virus, and fungi can infect humans and cause not just a simple infection but septic conditions, organ dysfunction, and precancerous conditions or cancer involving various organ systems. After the discovery of the microscope, it was easier to discover and study such microorganisms, as in the case of Helicobacter pylori, a pathogen that was seen in the distant era of the nineteenth century but without being recognized as such. It took 100 years to later discover the pathogenesis and the cancer that this bacterium can cause. Since it was discovered, until today, there has been a continuous search for the understanding of its pathogenetic mechanisms, and the therapeutic approach is continuously updated. Methods: We investigated how diagnosis and therapy were dealt with in the past and how researchers sought to understand, exactly, the pathogenetic biomolecular mechanisms of H. pylori, from the genesis of the infection to the current knowledge, with an analysis of carcinogenic mechanisms in the stomach. We have examined the scientific evolution of the knowledge of the disease over these 40 years in the gastroenterological and pharmacological fields. This was possible through a search in the databases of Medline, the WHO website, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website, PubMed, and Web of Science to analyze the earlier and the latest data regarding H. pylori. Results: With the scientific discoveries over time, thanks to an increasing number of progressions in scientific research in the analysis of the gastric mucosa, the role of Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer, carcinogenesis, and in some forms of gastric lymphoma was revealed. Furthermore, over the years, the biomolecular mechanism involvement in some diseases has also been noted (such as cardiovascular ones), which could affect patients positive for H. pylori. Conclusions: Thanks to scientific and technological advances, the role of the bacterium H. pylori in carcinogenesis has been discovered and demonstrated, and new prospective research is currently attempting to investigate the role of other factors in the stomach and other organs. Cancer from H. pylori infection had a high incidence rate compared to various types of cancer, but in recent years, it is improving thanks to the techniques developed in the detection of the bacterium and the evolution of therapies. Thus, although it has become an increasingly treatable disease, there is still continuous ongoing research in the field of treatment for resistance and pharma compliance. Furthermore, in this field, probiotic therapy is considered a valid adjuvant.

Rosacea and the Microbiome: A Systematic Review

Rosacea, a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by recurrent episodes of facial flushing, erythema, pustules, and telangiectasia, largely affects fair-skinned women over 30 years of age. Although a long-recognized entity, the exact pathophysiology of this disease is still debated. Current theories highlight the role of the cutaneous microbiome and its associated inflammatory effects in rosacea's pathogenesis. However, microbiological reverberations are not limited to the skin, as recent studies have described the potential cutaneous effects of alterations in the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome. Associations with additional GI pathologies, including small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), have been investigated, as well as Helicobacter pylori infection. In an attempt to better understand and characterize these relationships, as well as current treatment options, we conducted a systematic review of the literature in PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase from their inception to August 6, 2020. We have synthesized the literature findings within three sections of this manuscript: the cutaneous microbiome, the gut microbiome, and therapeutic strategies. Future studies should focus on specific mechanisms linking GI pathology with rosacea manifestations and the role of enteral drugs in mitigating cutaneous symptoms.

Urticaria and the gut

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To review recent evidence on the association of urticaria and the gut diseases, focusing on the roles of chronic inflammation with or without Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) infection.

RECENT FINDINGS

The connection between the gut and urticaria has been discussed for a long time. Some publications have shown that H. pylori can induce chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Recently, it was reported that upper gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders can cause CSU and trigger exacerbations independently of H. pylori.

SUMMARY

Gastritis and especially H. pylori-induced gastritis has been implicated as potential trigger of CSU. Chronic parasite infection and inflammation of the gut are relevant comorbidities and also potential inducing factors for the development of urticaria.

Helicobacter pylori infection in psoriatic patients during biological therapy

BACKGROUND

Psoriasis is a relapsing inflammatory disease exacerbated by many triggers. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative bacterium causing the liberation of many cytokines and having a role in systemic inflammation. We assessed over a period of 12 months the presence of H. pylori in psoriatic patients undergoing biologic therapy and how PASI improved after its eradication.

METHODS

We performed an interventional, prospective, cohort, exploratory and mono-centric study in patients affected by moderate-severe psoriasis during biological therapy to assess the correlation between psoriasis (moderate to severe forms), and H. pylori infection. We also checked if the bacterial eradication could improve the severity of psoriasis throughout the variation of PASI over a 12-month period.

RESULTS

The prevalence of H. pylori was 35%. The average of PASI improved in H. pylori positive patients after the eradication (confidence interval: 33-44; P=0.023). H. pylori positive patients were more likely to have psoriatic arthropathy (P=0.049). Gastrointestinal symptoms (such as epigastric pain, postprandial heaviness, pyrosis) were found in only 31.3% of H. pylori positive patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Since the H. pylori infection is often asymptomatic, it can be useful to perform the 13C-Urea breath test, and to eradicate it before to start the psoriasis therapy in order to decrease the level of inflammation.

The hypothesis that Helicobacter pylori predisposes to Alzheimer's disease is biologically plausible

There is epidemiological evidence that H. pylori might predispose to Alzheimer's disease. To understand the cellular processes potentially linking such unrelated events, we incubated the human gastric cells MNK-28 with the H. pylori peptide Hp(2-20). We then monitored the activated genes by global gene expression. The peptide modulated 77 genes, of which 65 are listed in the AlzBase database and include the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease: APP, APOE, PSEN1, and PSEN2. A large fraction of modulated genes (30 out of 77) belong to the inflammation pathway. Remarkably, the pathways dis-regulated in Alzheimer's and Leasch-Nyhan diseases result dis-regulated also in this study. The unsuspected links between such different diseases - though still awaiting formal validation - suggest new directions for the study of neurological diseases.

The hypothesis that Helicobacter pylori predisposes to Alzheimer’s disease is biologically plausible

There is epidemiological evidence that H. pylori might predispose to Alzheimer’s disease. To understand the cellular processes potentially linking such unrelated events, we incubated the human gastric cells MNK-28 with the H. pylori peptide Hp(2-20). We then monitored the activated genes by global gene expression. The peptide modulated 77 genes, of which 65 are listed in the AlzBase database and include the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease: APP, APOE, PSEN1, and PSEN2. A large fraction of modulated genes (30 out of 77) belong to the inflammation pathway. Remarkably, the pathways dis-regulated in Alzheimer’s and Leasch-Nyhan diseases result dis-regulated also in this study. The unsuspected links between such different diseases – though still awaiting formal validation – suggest new directions for the study of neurological diseases.

The hypothesis that Helicobacter pylori predisposes to Alzheimer’s disease is biologically plausible

There is epidemiological evidence that H. pylori might predispose to Alzheimer’s disease. To understand the cellular processes potentially linking such unrelated events, we incubated the human gastric cells MNK-28 with the H. pylori peptide Hp(2-20). We then monitored the activated genes by global gene expression. The peptide modulated 77 genes, of which 65 are listed in the AlzBase database and include the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease: APP, APOE, PSEN1, and PSEN2. A large fraction of modulated genes (30 out of 77) belong to the inflammation pathway. Remarkably, the pathways dis-regulated in Alzheimer’s and Leasch-Nyhan diseases result dis-regulated also in this study. The unsuspected links between such different diseases – though still awaiting formal validation – suggest new directions for the study of neurological diseases.

Association between Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Alopecia Areata: A Study in Iranian Population

BACKGROUND Alopecia areata is an immune mediated inflammatory hair loss, which occurs in all ethnic and age groups, and both sexes. However no significant etiology has been known for this disease. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) , is an organism colonized in gastric mucosa. This bacterium has been associated with certain extra-digestive dermatological conditions. The causal relationship between alopecia areata and H. pylori infection has been discussed in literature. Therefore, we conducted this study to evaluate the prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with alopecia areata and assess the risk of this infection in patients with this disease in order to determine its potential roles in the physiopathology of this disease. METHODS Between 2014 and 2015, we prospectively studied 81 patients with alopecia areata and 81 healthy volunteers with similar age and sex. Patients without any history of H. pylori infection were included in the study and underwent urease breath test. All results were analyzed using SPSS software (version 21.0) and p value<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS 81 patients and 81 controls with the mean age of 34.9±11.6 and 38.2±13.4 years were studied (p=0.097). 48 (59.3%) and 45 (55.6%) individuals were male, in cases and control groups respectively (p =0.634). The result of urea breath test (UBT) was positive in 43 (53.1%) patients in cases and 27 (33.3%) individuals in control group, which was significantly different (p =0.011). The risk of H. pylori infection in alopecia areata was 2.263 (95% CI: 1.199-4.273). CONCLUSION The results of our study showed significant difference between H. pylori infection in individuals with and without alopecia areata, which shows that H. pylori contamination may be effective in physiopathology of alopecia areata. Therefore these results should be tested in large multivariable cohorts and controlled trials to reach more accurate evidence in the future and to generalize this idea to larger population.

Helicobacter pylori-induced premature senescence of extragastric cells may contribute to chronic skin diseases

Helicobacter pylori, one of the most frequently observed bacterium in the human intestinal flora, has been widely studied since Marshall and Warren documented a link between the presence of H. pylori in the gastrointestinal tract and gastritis and gastric ulcers. Interestingly, H. pylori has also been found in several other epithelial tissues, including the eyes, ears, nose and skin that may have direct or indirect effects on host physiology and may contribute to extragastric diseases, e.g. chronic skin diseases. More recently, it has been shown that H. pylori cytotoxin CagA expression induces cellular senescence of human gastric nonpolarized epithelial cells that may lead to gastrointestinal disorders and systemic inflammation. Here, we hypothesize that also chronic skin diseases may be promoted by stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) of skin cells, namely fibroblasts and keratinocytes, stimulated with H. pylori cytotoxins. Future studies involving cell culture models and clinical specimens are needed to verify the involvement of H. pylori in SIPS-based chronic skin diseases.

Thyroid Autoimmunity and Lichen

Lichen planus (LP) and lichen sclerosus (LS) are cutaneous-mucous diseases with uncertain epidemiology. Current data, which are likely to be underestimated, suggest a prevalence in the general population of 0.1-4% for cutaneous LP, 1.27-2.0% for oral LP, and 0.1-3.3% for LS. While etiology of lichen is still unknown, clinical and histological evidence show an (auto)immune pathogenesis. Association of lichen with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) has been investigated in few studies. This association appears better defined in the case of LS, while is more controversial for LP. In both situations, the frequency of the association is higher in females. We review the available literature on the correlation between the different types of lichen and AITD, and the literature on the genetic risk factors which are shared by both conditions. Such data suggest that a common pathogenic mechanism could be the cause for co-occurrence of lichen and AITD, at least in some patients. Additionally, analyzing literature data and in continuity with our previous work on other autoimmune diseases, we suggest that molecular mimicry could trigger both diseases, and thus explain their co-occurrence.

Taiwanese Dermatological Association consensus for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE

This report describes the 2014 consensus of the Taiwanese Dermatological Association regarding the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria. This consensus is distributed to practices throughout Taiwan to provide recommendations for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for common subtypes of urticaria, in order to improve the quality of life of urticaria patients. The consensus, thus, serves as an important reference for dermatologists throughout Taiwan.

METHODS

All the consensus contents were voted on by the participating dermatologists, with approval by no less than 75% being required for inclusion. The consensus provides a comprehensive overview of urticaria, including recent advances in identifying its causes and the processes by which it develops.

RESULTS

All the consensus meeting attendees agreed to a definition of urticaria, which states that it is characterized by the sudden appearance of wheals (also known as hives), angioedema, or both. Most of the experts (16 out of 19, or 84.2%) agreed that chronic urticaria is defined as the sudden occurrence of wheals and/or angioedema for a period of ≥ 6 weeks. In addition, the consensus attendees also approved the Urticaria Activity Score system or the Urticaria Activity Score for 7 days system as the recommended method for assessing disease activity in spontaneous urticaria.

CONCLUSION

It was also determined that the treatment goal for patients with any form of urticaria should be complete cessation of suffering from all urticaria symptoms. The recommended treatment algorithms for chronic spontaneous urticaria and acute urticaria were finally proposed and approved by 100% (19/19) and 84.2% (16/19) of the consensus attendees, respectively.

Impact of Helicobacter pylori on the growth of hepatic orthotopic graft tumors in mice

Helicobacter pylori is a well-known causative organism of chronic gastric diseases and has been found in many hepatic carcinoma samples. To explore the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and carcinoma development in H. pylori-infected livers, we utilized BALB/cAnSlac mice to establish an H. pylori-infected model by oral inoculation and orthotopic grafts of hepatic tumors by H22 cells, respectively. We found that H. pylori colonies could not be cultured from all liver and tumor samples. However, its 16S rRNA was detectable in 85.3% of livers and 66.7% of tumors in the infected mice. Inflammatory cells were observed and thinly distributed in the lobule portions of the liver, and H. pylori mainly existed in the infected hepatic sinusoids and the necrotic areas of the infected tumors. No significant difference was found in liver to body weight ratio between the infected and uninfected. Moreover, the pathological tumor difference was unremarkable between the two. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) expression in the infected tumors was significantly higher and lower, respectively, than those of the uninfected tumors. However, no significant difference in Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) expression existed. The results indicate that H. pylori found in the livers which were infected by H. pylori oral inoculation could contribute to the infiltration of inflammatory cells in livers. Although H. pylori has no significant impact on the liver to body weight ratio or tumor Bcl-2 expression, it may upregulate PCNA expression and downregulate Bax expression, respectively. All our findings show that H. pylori may promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of tumor cells.

Relationship between Helicobacter pylori and idiopathic chronic urticaria: effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication

INTRODUCTION

Chronic urticaria (CU) is defined as the presence of urticaria on most days of the week for a period of 6 weeks or longer. Some studies have reported an association between CU and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection.

AIM

To determine the prevalence of H. pylori infection using the stool antigen test in patients with idiopathic CU and to investigate the infected patients with CU following eradication of H. pylori.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

One hundred patients with idiopathic CU and 100 healthy controls were referred to our clinic between May 2012 and June 2013 and were tested for H. pylori antigen. The patients infected with H. pylori received quadruple therapy for 2 weeks. To assess eradication efficacy, a repeated H. pylori stool antigen test was performed in each patient 6 weeks after the end of anti-H. pylori therapy. The effectiveness of eradication therapy on CU was assessed 3 months after treatment.

RESULTS

Thirty-six percent patients with idiopathic CU were infected with H. pylori while 23% of the controls were infected. Response to eradication therapy was evident in 33 (91.67%) patients in whom H. pylori was eradicated while 3 (8.33%) patients showed no response despite eradication of H. pylori. Clinical follow-up of 33 successfully treated patients 3 months later revealed complete remission of urticaria in 54.5%, partial remission in 18.2%, and no improvement in 27.3%.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of our study suggest that H. pylori infection should be included in diagnostic workup of patients with no response to habitual treatment for CU or symptomatic gastrointestinal patients. For the diagnosis of H. pylori infection, one should consider the costs and accessibility of the population to the HpSA(®) stool antigen test and Urea breath test (UBT).

Extraintestinal manifestations of Helicobacter pylori: A concise review

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been clearly linked to peptic ulcer disease and some gastrointestinal malignancies. Increasing evidence demonstrates possible associations to disease states in other organ systems, known as the extraintestinal manifestations of H. pylori. Different conditions associated with H. pylori infection include those from hematologic, cardiopulmonary, metabolic, neurologic, and dermatologic systems. The aim of this article is to provide a concise review of the evidence that supports or refutes the associations of H. pylori and its proposed extraintestinal manifestations. Based on data from the literature, PUD, mucosal associated lymphoid tumors lymphoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma has well-established links. Current evidence most supports extraintestinal manifestations with H. pylori in immune thrombocytopenic purpura, iron deficiency anemia, urticaria, Parkinson’s, migraines and rosacea; however, there is still plausible link with other diseases that requires further research.

The EAACI/GA(2) LEN/EDF/WAO Guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria: the 2013 revision and update

This guideline is the result of a systematic literature review using the 'Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation' (GRADE) methodology and a structured consensus conference held on 28 and 29 November 2012, in Berlin. It is a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the EU-funded network of excellence, the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA(2) LEN), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF), and the World Allergy Organization (WAO) with the participation of delegates of 21 national and international societies. Urticaria is a frequent, mast cell-driven disease, presenting with wheals, angioedema, or both. The life-time prevalence for acute urticaria is approximately 20%. Chronic spontaneous urticaria and other chronic forms of urticaria do not only cause a decrease in quality of life, but also affect performance at work and school and, as such, are members of the group of severe allergic diseases. This guideline covers the definition and classification of urticaria, taking into account the recent progress in identifying its causes, eliciting factors and pathomechanisms. In addition, it outlines evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS).

Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and psoriasis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease for which no specific reason has been found although various reasons have been suggested. Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium, which is essentially considered the cause of acute and chronic gastritis. Recently, several reports have suggested that H pylori could play a role in triggering psoriasis. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between H pylori seropositivity and psoriasis.

DESIGN AND SETTINGS

This was a case-control study performed on patients with psoriasis vulgaris and healthy individuals in Fatemiye Hospital (referral center for the treatment of skin diseases), Semnan, Iran, during April 2011 to April 2012.

METHODS

A case-control study including 61 patients with psoriasis vulgaris (case group) and 61 healthy individuals (control group) without any known gastrointestinal complications were enrolled. All cases were tested for H pylori infection with serology (immunoglobulin G [IgG] anti-H pylori) using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.

RESULTS

Ten (16.4%) of the psoriatic patients and 8 (13%) of the control groups had an H pylori seropositive test result; the average of IgG serum level was 17.3 IU/ML in psoriatic patients and 16.1 IU/ML in the control group. The difference of serum level between the 2 groups was not meaningful (P=.302).

CONCLUSION

Our finding indicated that there was neither a significant relationship between psoriasis and the serum level of IgG anti-H pylori, nor a significant relationship between psoriasis severity and the serum level of IgG anti-H pylori. Further studies should be designed to find out whether infection with H pylori is one of the reasons causing or aggravating psoriasis.

Nonallergic comorbidities of atopic eczema: an overview of systematic reviews

The aims of this overview are to synthesize the current evidence of published systematic reviews (SRs) on nonallergic comorbidities of atopic eczema (AE). EMBASE and MEDLINE were searched for SRs published from inception to November 2012. SRs were selected independently based on predefined inclusion criteria. Methodological quality of SRs included was assessed by two independent reviewers using the Revised Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (R-AMSTAR) checklist. Nine SRs met all inclusion criteria. Six reviews addressing the association between AE and cancer suggest a decreased risk of glioma, meningioma, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in patients with current or previous AE. One SR reported a consistent positive association of AE with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Diabetes mellitus type 1 and multiple sclerosis (MS) were not significantly related to AE in reviews based on cross-sectional and case-control studies. Patients with AE appear to be at decreased risk of brain tumors. The relationship of AE with Th1- and Th17-mediated (auto-)inflammatory conditions such as diabetes mellitus type 1 and MS should be clarified in prospective observational studies. Children with AE are at increased risk of ADHD. SRs on the risk of depression and Th17-mediated disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease of patients with AE are missing.

Increased allergic sensitization to mugwort in chronic urticaria

BACKGROUND

Mugwort pollen is known to cross-react with a variety of spices and vegetables that are typically part of elimination diets used in the treatment of chronic urticaria (CU).

OBJECTIVE

We sought to investigate the association between CU and allergic sensitization to mugwort pollen.

METHODS

We conducted 2 case-control studies comparing aeroallergen skin prick test results between patients with and without CU and with or without allergic rhinitis (total n = 202).

RESULTS

CU patients with coexisting allergic rhinitis were more than twice as likely to be sensitized to mugwort as subjects not suffering from CU (67 vs. 30%; p = 0.004). Ragweed, cat, rat and mite sensitization were also significantly associated with CU. Overall, patients with CU had more positive aeroallergen skin tests than patients without CU (p < 0.005).

CONCLUSION

Mugwort sensitization was associated with CU, possibly contributing to beneficial effect of elimination diets.

Identification of Helicobacter pylori in skin biopsy of prurigo pigmentosa

A 23-year-old Chinese man presented with a 3-year history of a pruritic eruption. On examination, pink urticarial papules associated with hyperpigmented reticulated patches were noted on his neck, back, and upper chest. Histopathology revealed vacuolar interface dermatitis and numerous gram-negative rods within a dilated hair follicle. The organisms were reactive with anti-Helicobacter pylori immunohistochemisty. The histologic findings and clinical presentation support the diagnosis of prurigo pigmentosa. Additional testing demonstrated a positive urease breath test and serum H. pylori IgG antibodies. The patient was referred to gastroenterology and treated with appropriate antibiotics. After treatment, esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed chronic gastritis without evidence of H. pylori infection and his skin showed reticulated hyperpigmented patches without evidence of active inflammatory papules. Although previous reports have associated prurigo pigmentosa to H. Pylori gastritis, this is the first report of H. pylori organisms identified in a skin biopsy of prurigo pigmentosa.

Future candidates for indications of Helicobacter pylori eradication: do the indications need to be revised?

Since the discovery of Helicobacter pylori in 1982, the development of several treatment guidelines has allowed a consensus on the indications for H. pylori eradication. Beyond these currently accepted indications, including various upper gastrointestinal disorders and extragastric diseases, a significant amount of new information regarding H. pylori eradication is emerging. Certain types of acute gastritis, such as nodular gastritis, hypertrophic gastritis, Ménétrier's disease, hemorrhagic gastritis, and granulomatous gastritis are reversible after H. pylori eradication. Further, for chronic gastritis, closed-type atrophic gastritis and complete-type intestinal metaplasia appear to be more reversible after H. pylori eradication than open-type atrophic gastritis and incomplete-type intestinal metaplasia. Eradication can also be considered in subjects younger than 40 years who have a family history of gastric cancer and in subjects with long-term medications that might lead to bleeding (antiplatelet agents) or atrophy (proton pump inhibitors). Emerging evidence indicates that H. pylori eradication could be an effective treatment for some extragastric diseases that are unresponsive to conventional therapy. In such conditions, routine screening for eradication of H. pylori has not previously been recommended; a "test-and-treat" approach is suggested in the aforementioned situations. Given that H. pylori eradication is effective when the gastritis is reversible, future indications should be expanded to include acute gastric lesions that show marked improvement upon H. pylori eradication rather than just focusing on chronic gastric lesions. Future indications for H. pylori eradication should focus more on reversible lesions before preneoplastic conditions develop.

A Summary of the New International EAACI/GA(2)LEN/EDF/WAO Guidelines in Urticaria

Urticaria is a heterogeneous group of disorders, especially acute urticaria and angiooedema can be a medical emergency. This paper summarizes the EAACI/GA(2)LEN/EDF/WAO guidelines, the most recent international guidelines from 2009. Patients with urticaria are often not diagnosed and treated appropriately and the guidelines state that clinicians should always aim to provide complete symptom relief. The mainstay of urticaria treatment is the use of modern nonsedating antihistamines, if required up to 4-fold of standard doses.

A Summary of the New International EAACI/GALEN/EDF/WAO Guidelines in Urticaria

Urticaria is a heterogeneous group of disorders, especially acute urticaria and angiooedema can be a medical emergency. This paper summarizes the EAACI/GALEN/EDF/WAO guidelines, the most recent international guidelines from 2009. Patients with urticaria are often not diagnosed and treated appropriately and the guidelines state that clinicians should always aim to provide complete symptom relief. The mainstay of urticaria treatment is the use of modern nonsedating antihistamines, if required up to 4-fold of standard doses.

Gastrointestinal involvement revealing Henoch Schonlein purpura in adults: Report of three cases and review of the literature

The diagnosis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is difficult, especially when abdominal symptoms precede cutaneous lesions.

We report three cases of adult HSP revealed by gastrointestinal (GI) involvement.

Cure of alopecia areata after eradication of Helicobacter pylori: a new association?

Alopecia areata is a disease of the hair follicles, with strong evidence supporting autoimmune etiology. Alopecia areata is frequently associated with immune-mediated diseases with skin manifestations such as psoriasis and lichen planus, or without skin manifestations such as autoimmune thyroiditis and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is present in around 50% of the world's population and has been associated with a variety of immune-mediated extra-digestive disorders including autoimmune thyroiditis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and psoriasis. A case of a 43-year old man with an 8-mo history of alopecia areata of the scalp and beard is presented. The patient was being treated by a dermatologist and had psychiatric support, without any improvement. He had a history of dyspepsia and the urea breath test confirmed H. pylori infection. The patient went into remission from alopecia areata after H. pylori eradication. If such an association is confirmed by epidemiological studies designed for this purpose, new therapeutic options could be available for these patients, especially in areas where infection with H. pylori is highly prevalent.

Investigation of upper gastrointestinal tract involvement and H. pylori presence in lichen planus: a case-controlled study with endoscopic and histopathological findings

BACKGROUND

Lichen planus (LP) is a common disease of unknown etiology. Rare mucosal involvements like esophageal LP have been reported increasingly. Infectious agents including H. pylori and other autoantigens have been investigated in etiology and association with certain gastrointestinal pathologies have been well documented.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to investigate the upper gastrointestinal tract involvement in LP and to evaluate the possible etiologic role of H. pylori.

PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS

49 LP patients and 35 volunteers (without LP) with gastrointestinal symptoms were included in the study as the control group. LP group was divided into subgroups regarding gastrointestinal symptoms. Upper videoendoscopy was performed in both groups and biopsies were taken from suspicious areas for LP, gastrointestinal diseases, H. pylori and examined histopathologically. SPSS 13 was used for the analysis. Groups/subgroups were compared via xi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, and t-test.

RESULTS

Gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded in 71% of LP group; none of LP patients presented typical esophageal LP. Gastrointestinal diseases were more frequent in LP group than controls, endoscopically. Chronic gastritis (91.8%) was the leading diagnosis in LP patients. Superficial gastritis was significantly higher (13.3%) in LP patients than controls (p = 0.04). LP was not diagnosed in any of the esophageal mucosa biopsies whereas lymphoid follicles were observed significantly higher in control group (p < 0.01) histopathologically. H. pylori positivity was found higher in LP group (81.6%) though statistically insignificant.

CONCLUSIONS

We believe upper endoscopy should be performed to investigate esophageal LP and gastrointestinal pathologies especially when LP patient is symptomatic. Although we didn't detect esophageal LP, our study had the limitation of taking biopsies from pathological sites only. Since histopathological examination of normal appearing esophagus may help in diagnosing occult LP, and prevent eventual complications, it may be further evaluated in larger study groups. A new technique, magnification chromoendoscopy, may be useful in detecting esophageal involvement. We believe the possible role of H. pylori in LP is yet to be determined also.

Effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication in chronic urticaria: evidence-based analysis using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Chronic urticaria is a common and often frustrating condition that physicians encounter in the outpatient setting. Its management continues to be a challenge, and an exogenous cause for chronic urticaria is only found rarely. Helicobacter pylori has been implicated as a factor for many disorders and proposed as an etiologic factor for chronic urticaria. We aim to provide a comprehensive review of the data on H. pylori eradication for treatment of chronic urticaria by utilizing the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to analyze and determine the quality of evidence for this proposed therapy.

RECENT FINDINGS

Although H. pylori eradication has been recommended as part of routine chronic urticaria management by multiple authors, the trials of H. pylori eradication in the treatment of chronic urticaria have yielded conflicting results and suffer from substantial methodological limitations.

SUMMARY

Our critical appraisal of the 10 trials showing the benefit of H. pylori eradication in patients with chronic urticaria leads to an overall very low grade for this intervention. Appraisal of nine studies in which H. pylori eradication showed no benefit in the course of chronic urticaria also leads to an overall very low grade. The evidence that H. pylori eradication leads to improvement of chronic urticaria outcomes is weak and conflicting; this leads to a weak recommendation for routine H. pylori eradication for patients with chronic urticaria. For this reason, a decision to proceed with this management should be considered carefully in the context of relative harms/burdens and benefits, as well as patient values and preferences.

Treatment strategies in urticaria

Urticaria is a common group of disorders encountered in dermatology and in a variety of other fields. In particular, acute urticaria and angiooedema are common medical emergencies, which are treated in the first instance in the Accident and Emergency Department, whereas chronic urticaria poses a challenge in the long-term treatment. This review presents the latest evidence about the treatment for urticaria and is based on the most recent international guidelines (GA(2)LEN, Global Allergy and Asthma Network, 2009). Patients with acute and chronic urticaria are often not treated appropriately and this review provides a guide for any clinician to treat the underlying cause as well as the symptoms of this disorder according to the latest evidence. Many new therapies are available to patients with urticaria refractory to common therapies and it is important to consider second- and third-line therapies.

Psoriasis vulgaris and digestive system disorders: is there a linkage?

Psoriasis is well-known immune-mediated skin disease often associated with co-morbidities, including dyslipidaemia and obesity. Few reports imply that the disease might be also related to pathology of mucosal surfaces, especially that of the digestive system. The authors present a case of psoriasis and concurrent digestive system abnormalities, and review the literature regarding the topic. A 40-year-old man suffered from an exacerbation of exudative psoriasis for about 6 months. Topical antipsoriatics proved ineffective and the disease gradually progressed to a severe disseminated form. Subsequent detailed examinations revealed persistent gastroduodenitis due to H. pylori infection, pancreatic dysfunction and fatty change of the liver, although the patient denied any gastrointestinal symptoms. As a result appropriate treatment of the diagnosed digestive system disorders was added to topical antipsoriatic therapy. Within 2 weeks of treatment clinical symptoms and laboratory signs showed a marked trend to normalisation. The presented medical history seems to suggest that there may be some kind of interplay between psoriasis and digestive system disorders.

Rosacea

Rosacea, a common disease in adults, has an extremely variable presentation. Severity is also highly variable and, to some degree, the location of mild end of the rosacea spectrum is in the eye of the beholder. Rosacea has been noted since at least the Middle Ages. The red-faced drunk and the swollen nose of the self-indulgent are images from Shakespeare and Chaucer that have been used in modern political cartoons as well. This association with alcohol and excess is unfortunate since most patients are neither alcoholic nor dissipated.

EAACI/GA(2)LEN/EDF/WAO guideline: definition, classification and diagnosis of urticaria

This guideline, together with its sister guideline on the management of urticaria [Zuberbier T, Asero R, Bindslev-Jensen C, Canonica GW, Church MK, Giménez-Arnau AM et al. EAACI/GA(2)LEN/EDF/WAO Guideline: Management of urticaria. Allergy, 2009; 64:1427-1443] is the result of a consensus reached during a panel discussion at the 3rd International Consensus Meeting on Urticaria, Urticaria 2008, a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the EU-funded network of excellence, the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA(2)LEN), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) and the World Allergy Organization (WAO). Urticaria is a frequent disease. The life-time prevalence for any subtype of urticaria is approximately 20%. Chronic spontaneous urticaria and other chronic forms of urticaria do not only cause a decrease in quality of life, but also affect performance at work and school and, as such, are members of the group of severe allergic diseases. This guideline covers the definition and classification of urticaria, taking into account the recent progress in identifying its causes, eliciting factors, and pathomechanisms. In addition, it outlines evidence-based diagnostic approaches for different subtypes of urticaria. The correct management of urticaria, which is of paramount importance for patients, is very complex and is consequently covered in a separate guideline developed during the same consensus meeting. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS).

EAACI/GA(2)LEN/EDF/WAO guideline: management of urticaria

This guideline, together with its sister guideline on the classification of urticaria (Zuberbier T, Asero R, Bindslev-Jensen C, Canonica GW, Church MK, Giménez-Arnau AM et al. EAACI/GA(2)LEN/EDF/WAO Guideline: definition, classification and diagnosis of urticaria. Allergy 2009;64: 1417-1426), is the result of a consensus reached during a panel discussion at the Third International Consensus Meeting on Urticaria, Urticaria 2008, a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the EU-funded network of excellence, the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA(2)LEN), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) and the World Allergy Organization (WAO). As members of the panel, the authors had prepared their suggestions regarding management of urticaria before the meeting. The draft of the guideline took into account all available evidence in the literature (including Medline and Embase searches and hand searches of abstracts at international allergy congresses in 2004-2008) and was based on the existing consensus reports of the first and the second symposia in 2000 and 2004. These suggestions were then discussed in detail among the panel members and with the over 200 international specialists of the meeting to achieve a consensus using a simple voting system where appropriate. Urticaria has a profound impact on the quality of life and effective treatment is, therefore, required. The recommended first line treatment is new generation, nonsedating H(1)-antihistamines. If standard dosing is not effective, increasing the dosage up to four-fold is recommended. For patients who do not respond to a four-fold increase in dosage of nonsedating H(1)-antihistamines, it is recommended that second-line therapies should be added to the antihistamine treatment. In the choice of second-line treatment, both their costs and risk/benefit profiles are most important to consider. Corticosteroids are not recommended for long-term treatment due to their unavoidable severe adverse effects. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS).

Association of collagenous colitis with prurigo nodularis

The etiology and pathogenesis of collagenous colitis (CC) is poorly understood and probably multifactorial; many potential pathophysiological mechanisms have been described, although none have been conclusively proved. Circumstantial evidence suggests that CC appears as an autoimmune response to a luminal or epithelial antigen of unknown origin. Infections and certain drugs (e.g. NSAID, lansoprazole) may act as triggers for an immune-mediated process. CC is characterized clinically by chronic watery, nonbloody diarrhea with normal endoscopic appearance and without radiological abnormalities, but specific microscopic changes in the colon. Histopathology is featured by the presence of a thickened subepithelial collagen band adjacent to the basal membrane. Up to 40% of patients with CC have associated diseases of autoimmune or inflammatory origin, such as thyroid disease, coeliac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, Sjögren's syndrome, CREST syndrome, scleroderma, pernicious anemia, and sarcoidosis. Prurigo nodularis is a chronic condition characterized by intensely pruritic, lichenified, or excoriated papules and nodules of unknown etiology. It is assumed to represent a cutaneous reaction pattern to repeated scrubbing or scratching caused by pruritus. We report a case of CC and prurigo nodularis. To our knowledge, this association has not been reported earlier.

Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with chronic urticaria: correlation with pathologic findings in gastric biopsies

BACKGROUND

Chronic urticaria is a persistent urticaria lasting longer than 6 weeks, affecting 20% of the general population. Various infectious agents have been reported as causes of urticaria, including Helicobacter pylori, which is a common worldwide bacterial infection. Its role in inducing allergic conditions, such as chronic urticaria, has been suggested in some reports and ignored in others.

AIMS

To assess the prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with chronic urticaria and to explore the possible etiopathogenetic link between them.

METHODS

Thirty-five patients suffering from chronic urticaria and 10 normal control individuals were subjected to upper endoscopic gastric biopsies to assess and semiquantify H. pylori infection and to address other pathologic abnormalities, using routine hematoxylin and eosin staining and Giemsa staining.

RESULTS

Forty percent of control subjects and 57% of patients were positive for H. pylori infection, but the difference did not reach statistically significant levels (P = 0.47). The severity of urticarial symptoms was greater in the H. pylori-positive than in the H. pylori-negative group (P = 0.019). Heavy bacterial colonization (P = 0.008) and intense gastric inflammation (P < 0.0001) were associated significantly with severe clinical manifestations. Eighty percent of the H. pylori-positive urticaria group experienced complete remission after receiving eradication therapy for H. pylori.

CONCLUSIONS

Helicobacter pylori may have a role in the exacerbation of urticarial symptoms, even though it is not involved directly in its etiology, and its eradication may lead to symptom improvement in a considerable number of infected urticaria patients. The severity of symptoms is dependent on the density of bacterial infection and the intensity of inflammatory infiltrate in the gastric biopsy.

A case report of double-filtration plasmapheresis for the resolution of refractory chronic urticaria

A 29-year-old Chinese female was diagnosed with chronic urticaria. Dexamethasone and gamma globulin initially resolved the illness; however, when dexamethasone was decreased and gamma globulin was withdrawn, urticaria emerged again and could not be controlled by any of the medications used. The diagnosis of refractory chronic urticaria was made and double-filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) was performed. The symptoms were relieved during the first DFPP procedure and the disease resolved shortly thereafter. DFPP theoretically removes medium to large molecular substances such as IgG and IgE from circulation, and therefore may prove to be an effective treatment for refractory chronic urticaria.

Autoimmune angioneurotic edema in a patient with Helicobacter pylori infection

Association of acquired autoimmune angioneurotic edema with other diseases is increasing. However, the precise mechanism by which antibodies to C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) are produced, is not elucidated. We describe a patient with IgA antibodies against C1-INH without other autoimmune markers. Our patient had gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection, proven by biopsy. This case suggests that H. pylori infection can act as triggering factor for acquired autoimmune angioneurotic edema.

Henoch-Schönlein purpura associated with Helicobacter pylori infection in a child

Henoch-Schönlein purpura is an acute leukocytoclastic vasculitis that primarily affects children. Henoch-Schönlein purpura is often associated with an infection, and a wide variety of infectious agents have been implicated in the pathogenesis. We report a child with Henoch-Schönlein purpura associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Treatment of the Helicobacter pylori infection was accompanied by prompt resolution of the Henoch-Schönlein purpura.