Treatment of cutaneous warts: an evidence-based review

Clinical Resolution of Plantar Warts Using the Needling Technique

BACKGROUND

Plantar warts, caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), are a common skin condition characterized by painful lesions on the soles of the feet. These lesions can significantly impact skin appearance, quality of life, and, in severe cases, mobility. Traditional treatment methods, such as chemical cauterization or pharmaceutical therapies, are often painful and require multiple visits to achieve complete wart removal and skin regeneration. This study aims to assess the clinical effectiveness of the needling technique as an alternative treatment. This method involves repeatedly puncturing the lesion under local anesthesia or posterior tibial nerve block to trigger an immune response and promote wart clearance.

METHODS

A total of 26 patients underwent the needling procedure, which included puncturing the wart under local anesthesia, followed by wound dressing and topical application of iodopovidone to facilitate scab formation. Follow-up visits were scheduled until full wart resolution was observed. Analgesics were provided for moderate pain management when necessary.

RESULTS

After 30 days, a success rate of 57.7% was achieved. Patients reported mild pain, which subsided within a few days, and expressed high levels of satisfaction with the treatment outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

The needling technique emerges as an effective alternative to chemical treatments, offering a notable wart clearance rate. Its use under local anesthesia enhances patient comfort and reduces treatment-associated anxiety compared to conventional therapies.

Intralesional Quadrivalent Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Versus Candida Antigen in the Treatment of Multiple Recalcitrant Non-Genital Warts

INTRODUCTION

Warts are the most prevalent clinical manifestation of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infections, which vary in morphological pattern depending on the site of the body affected.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intralesional quadrivalent HPV vaccine versus candida antigen in treatment of multiple recalcitrant non-genital warts.

METHODS

A randomized-control clinical trial included 60 cases with multiple recalcitrant warts who were randomly distributed into three groups; Group I included 20 patients who received intralesional candida antigen at a dose of 0.3 mL of 1/1000 solution, Group II included 20 patients who received intralesional quadrivalent HPV vaccine at a dose of 0.3ml and Group III included 20 patients who received intralesional injection 0.3 ml of normal saline 0.9% as a control group). Each agent was injected at the base of the largest wart every three weeks until it was completely cleared, or for a total of four sessions.

RESULTS

the highest response rate was detected in the quadrivalent HPV vaccine group (75% complete response) followed by the candida vaccine group (40% complete response and 15% partial response). Also, regarding the distant response rate, the highest response rate was detected in the quadrivalent HPV vaccine group (72.7% complete response and 27.3% partial response) followed by the candida vaccine group (33.3% complete response and 50% partial response).

CONCLUSIONS

Intralesional immunotherapy appears to be effective and safe in treating multiple recalcitrant non-genital warts, with intralesional quadrivalent HPV vaccine outperforming intralesional candida antigen.

Autoinoculation Therapy for the Treatment of Widespread Cutaneous Warts

BACKGROUND

Cutaneous warts are common lesions that are often unresponsive to various therapeutic modalities.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the role of autoinoculation therapy in the treatment of widespread cutaneous warts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This interventional study included patients with widespread skin warts who did not respond to conventional treatments. Two methods were used to perform the autoinoculation therapy. The first procedure was performed by obtaining a small piece of the wart and inoculating it into a subcutaneous pocket. The second method was developed by the investigator and was performed by inserting a needle into the center of the wart toward the nearby subcutaneous tissue, with multiple forward and backward movements in several directions around the lesion.

RESULTS

The prospective study included 23 patients. The illness duration ranged from 3 months to 5 years. Autoinoculation interventions revealed full recovery of all warts in 20 cases (87%) within 20 to 90 days (mean: 40.7 days).

CONCLUSION

Autoinoculation procedures demonstrated effectiveness, less cost, lesser pain, less invasiveness, without leaving skin scars in comparison with other conventional therapies.

Clinical implementation of a multiplex PCR detection method for HPV causing plantar warts and genotype distribution in different geographical areas of Spain

Human papillomavirus is the ethological agent of various tumors, including plantar warts as one of the most frequent clinical presentations. Diagnosis of these warts continues to be mainly clinical, and a significant incidence of misdiagnosis leads to inadequate treatment. The aim of this study is to implement and validate a multiplex PCR detection method in the clinical setting to detect HPV in samples and to study genotype distribution in Spain to improve future molecular diagnostics. Viral DNA was extracted from 128 samples of clinically suspected plantar warts from various locations in Spain. A multiplex PCR was run alongside internal controls, and amplicons were processed for sequencing and HPV genotyping. The method was validated by assessing both inter- and intra-run repeatability. The PCR detection method returned 81.2 % (n = 104) positive results in the samples tested. Inter- and intra-run repeatability tests showed excellent intra-run agreement (κ = 1.00, p < 0.001) and good inter-run agreement (κ = 0.737, p < 0.001). The most frequent HPV type was HPV1, followed by HPV27, showing a statistical difference between the distribution of HPV genotypes in different areas of Spain. Clinical implementation of a DNA PCR detection method for plantar warts can avoid 18.8 % of unnecessary treatments in doubtful cases, and the method is reliable and validated for the purpose. HPV types show an asymmetric geographical distribution that should be considered for diagnosis and treatment.

A Comparative Study of Intralesional Acyclovir vs Immunotherapy for Treatment of Viral Warts

BACKGROUND

Viral warts are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), are difficult to treat with conventional modalities, and are cosmetically disfiguring; hence, immunomodulators are being used. The viral origin of warts suggests the antiviral drug acyclovir as a potential therapeutic option. The current study compares the effect of intralesional acyclovir (nucleoside analogue) and intralesional purified protein derivative (PPD) (immunotherapy) in treating various viral warts.

METHODOLOGY

Prospective observational comparative study was conducted to determine the efficacy of acyclovir, and PPD administered via the intralesional route in patients with viral warts. The study population was categorized into two groups. One group received intralesional acyclovir, and the other received intralesional PPD. Patients were followed-up with for three months. Outcomes considered in our study were recovery (complete, partial, and no recovery) and side effects like pain, burning sensation, and desquamation. Statistical analysis was carried out by coguide software.

RESULTS

In our study total of 40 participants, 20 in each group were included. 25 and 15 were of age <30, and ≥ 30, respectively, while 20 were males, and 20 females. Our study reported 60%, and 30% of complete recovery with intralesional acyclovir treatment and intralesional PPD treatment, respectively, in the twelfth week. However, p-value > 0.05 represented no significance between groups. 90% in the acyclovir-treated group presented with pain, and 100% presented with burning sensation, while in the case of PPD-treated group, 60% presented no side effects and the rest 40% showed pain.

CONCLUSIONS

Intralesional acyclovir is more effective in treating viral warts than PPD. The focus is to be laid on anticipated side effects.

Dermoscopic Findings in Clinically Diagnosed Cases of Plantar Warts, Corns, and Calluses: A Cross-Sectional Study

INTRODUCTION

 With the naked eye, it can frequently be challenging to tell a plantar wart from a corn or callus. A non-invasive diagnostic method called dermoscopy allows for the inspection of morphological features that are not apparent to the unaided eye. This study aimed to examine the dermoscopic findings in pared and unpared cases of palmoplantar warts, corns, and calluses.

METHODS

Seventy patients who had palmoplantar warts, corns, and calluses were included in this study. A predesigned structured format was used to document the dermoscopic findings.

RESULT

The majority of patients (51.4%) had warts followed by callus (28.6%) and corn (20%). On dermoscopic examination, all unpared and pared cases of warts had homogenous black/red dots. Translucent central core was present in 92.85% unpared and 100% pared lesions of corns. Homogenous opacity was present in 75% unpared and 100% pared cases of callus. There was no association between unpared and pared lesions (p>0.05).

CONCLUSION

The accuracy of identifying various clinical types of cutaneous warts, calluses, and corns can be improved by dermoscopy without paring.

Photodynamic Therapy Used to Treat an HIV Patient with an Efflorescence of Viral Warts after HAART Therapy

Healing from viral warts lesions can be hard to achieve in immunocompromised subjects like HIV-positive patients. The therapeutic target in immunocompetent subjects can be reached using different methods, including topical ointments, cryotherapy, laser therapy, imiquimod, and photodynamic therapy (PDT). We present a case of a male HIV-positive patient who came to the Dermatology department with multifocal wart lesions on his face, auricular, and retro-auricular areas after treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In our case, surprisingly, only one session of PDT proved to induce complete regression of lesions which, despite their thickness, had a much more robust response to treatment than we could have possibly expected. After a brief review of the literature, it is possible to state that PDT revealed itself to be a valid option in immunocompromised patients who have a major risk of relapse.

Efficacy of Cryotherapy Combined With Intralesional Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) Versus Intralesional PPD Monotherapy in the Treatment of Multiple Common Warts

INTRODUCTION

Intralesional antigen immunotherapy represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of different types of warts, particularly if multiple and/or recalcitrant.

AIM

to investigate the efficacy and safety of combined cryotherapy with intralesional purified protein derivative (PPD) immunotherapy in the treatment of multiple common warts.

METHODS

Fifty patients were randomly divided into two groups (25 patients each): Group A: receiving intralesional PPD immunotherapy for the largest wart, while group B: receiving cryotherapy for all warts plus intralesional PPD for the largest wart. Treatments were performed every 2 weeks for a maximum of four sessions. Photographs were taken at baseline and at each visit and clinical response was evaluated by the reduction in number and size of warts. Adverse effects were recorded.

RESULTS

There was a significant reduction in size and number of warts in both groups (P < .001), with no significant difference between the two groups. Complete clearance of the lesions was observed in 48% of patients in group A and 44% in group B (P = .39). Higher rates of near complete/complete response were achieved after fewer sessions (2, 3 sessions) in group B (P = .002). Blistering was common after cryotherapy. Higher rate of hypopigmentation was noticed after combined treatment than after PPD monotherapy (56%, 8% respectively; P < .001), which resolved gradually.

CONCLUSION

Both intralesional PPD alone and combined cryotherapy with PPD are safe and effective in clearing of common warts. Cryotherapy may be a successful adjunct to intralesional PPD immunotherapy that helps in reducing the number of treatment sessions.The study protocol was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with ID: NCT04288817.

Intralesional cidofovir for the management of refractory cutaneous verrucae: a review of applications and opportunities

Viral warts - manifestations of cutaneous infection by human papilloma virus - can be a significant physical and emotional burden for patients when common treatments fail, particularly for individuals who are immunocompromised or with multiple lesions. Cidofovir, an antiviral agent typically used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus infection, has emerged as an alternative treatment option for viral warts when administered topically or intralesionally. In this review, we highlight the scientific rationale, published evidence, and practical clinical uses of intralesional cidofovir for the management of cutaneous warts as well as ongoing questions requiring further research and exploration of this emerging therapy for refractory verrucae.

Intralesional bleomycin for treatment of a recalcitrant wart in an immunocompromised patient: A safe, effective, and underutilized therapy

Injectable bleomycin is infrequently used for recalcitrant warts despite its efficacy, acceptable safety profile, and high patient satisfaction compared with other treatment modalities. We present an immunocompromised patient with a large recalcitrant wart successfully treated with intralesional bleomycin to provide greater clinical exposure, training, and practice with intralesional bleomycin.

Pulsed dye laser versus Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of recalcitrant plantar warts: an intraindividual comparative study

Plantar warts are common cutaneous lesions caused by the human papillomavirus. Treatment of recalcitrant plantar warts stays a continuous challenge, and they are more refractory to treatment than common warts. To compare the efficacy of Long-Pulsed neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser versus pulsed dye laser (PDL) on the therapy of multiple recalcitrant plantar warts. Thirty patients with recalcitrant plantar warts were included in the current study. Half the number of warts were treated by PDL in each patient, while the other half were treated by Nd:YAG. Laser sessions were applied every 2 weeks for a maximum of six sessions. Patients were followed up both clinically and using dermoscopy. There was a complete clearance of warts in 20 patients (66.7%) with Nd:YAG laser and 19 patients (63.3%) with PDL with no statistically significant difference between both types of lasers. Pain during laser sessions was higher with Nd:YAG laser PDL and it was statistically significant (p = .0001). Both Nd:YAG laser and PDL showed efficacy and safety for the treatment of recalcitrant plantar warts. The use of dermoscopy adds great value in evaluating treatment response and in decreasing the incidence of recurrence.

A Dermoscopic Study of Cutaneous Warts and Its Utility in Monitoring Real-Time Wart Destruction by Radiofrequency Ablation

Context:

Cutaneous warts can affect up to 7–12% of the general population. Usually diagnosed clinically, there may be diagnostic dilemmas in atypical presentations or immunocompromised patients. Radiofrequency ablation is a common method of treatment of warts, but recurrences occur due to incomplete removal. Dermoscopy has been used in the diagnosis of various infectious dermatoses including warts.

Aims:

The study aimed to assess dermoscopic features of various types of viral warts and its efficacy in monitoring the treatment response following radiofrequency ablation.

Settings and Design:

Prospective non-comparative descriptive study in a tertiary care centre.

Subjects and Methods:

A prospective study was conducted comprising 60 patients with clinically diagnosed, previously untreated warts, including common warts, plane warts, palmar and plantar warts. Dermoscopic features of a representative lesion were evaluated in terms of definition, background color, vascularity, surrounding halo, dermatoglyphics, and presence of hemorrhage or crust. It was done at baseline and immediately after radiofrequency ablation of the wart to observe for complete removal of wart.

Results:

Most common dermoscopic features observed were presence of papillae surrounding haloes (61.67%), vascularity (dots>globules>linear vessels>loops; 58.33%), interrupted skin lines (51.67%), and brown colored background (48.3%). Nine cases (15%) demonstrated incomplete removal of the wart that was not visible with the naked eye and picked up only on dermoscopy. On follow up, at 6 months there were four recurrences (6.67%).

Conclusion:

Dermoscopy shows consistent features in the examination of warts. This can be a quick clinical aid in distinguishing it from close differentials. It is also valuable in reviewing the lesion real time after any ablative procedure to check if it has been removed in its entirety.

Efficacy of viable BCG vaccine paste in the treatment of common warts: a double-blind randomized control trial

BACKGROUND

Treatment of common warts may be painful or leaves scars, mainly using traditional destructive methods. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the viable Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in paste formula as an immunotherapeutic modality for common warts treatment.

METHODS

This double-blind and randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at the Ahvaz Imam Hospital Dermatology Department from November 2014 to 2015. Overall 80 patients with common warts in two groups (case and control) received BCG vaccine paste once weekly for eight consecutive weeks. Follow-up was done every two weeks during treatment and six months after the treatment to evaluate recurrence in patients with complete resolution.

RESULTS

In group A, eight patients (20%) had a complete response, 15 patients (37.5%) partial response, four patients (10%) low response, and 13 patients (32.5%) no response (p < .001). All patients in group B had no response to treatment (p < .001). After six months of follow-up, no recurrence was seen. Duration of disease less than 12 months (p = .001) and the number of lesions less than three (p = .01) were determining factors of response to treatment.

CONCLUSION

Topical BCG vaccine paste was an effective treatment for common warts, without recurrence and significant complications.

Safety and Efficacy of Nano-Pulse Stimulation Treatment of Non-Genital, Cutaneous Warts (Verrucae)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

This study describes the effects of nano-pulse stimulation (NPS) technology on the common verruca with the objectives of demonstrating efficacy and safety. NPS technology applies nanosecond pulses of non-thermal electrical energy to induce highly localized regulated cell death in the cellular structures of the targeted zone with negligible effects on surrounding non-cellular structures. Previous clinical studies applying NPS to common, benign skin lesions have demonstrated safety and efficacy in clearing seborrheic keratoses and sebaceous hyperplasia.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty-two subjects were enrolled at a total of five sites. One hundred and ninety-five study verrucae up to 10 mm wide were treated with NPS delivered by a console-based handheld applicator (CellFX® System; Pulse Biosciences) and follow-ups occurred every 30 days with the option to retreat at 30, 60, and 90 days. There were 62 untreated controls and 46% of the treated verrucae were recalcitrant.

RESULTS

Overall, 75.3% (70/93) of the common verrucae, 72.7% (8/11) of the flat verrucae, and 43.8% (14/32) of the plantar verrucae treated with NPS were completely clear by 60 days following the last treatment and did not recur within the 120-day observation period. The majority (54%) of verrucae cleared with a single NPS procedure. The most common treatment site reactions were erythema (50.5%) and eschar formation (23.4%) on Day 30 and on Day 120 mild erythema was present in 14% of the cases and hyperpigmentation in 18.5%. No serious adverse events were reported. A particle counter was used during 11 NPS procedures on verrucae and no significant plume generation was detected during these procedures.

CONCLUSIONS

NPS is a safe and effective procedure for removing non-genital, cutaneous verrucae. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2021 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Management of Difficult-to-Treat Warts: Traditional and New Approaches

Warts are regularly treated by dermatologists, and while many respond readily to first-line treatments, others may represent a therapeutic challenge. Large, deep, numerous, and extensive warts; treatment-resistant lesions with higher risk for side effects, such as hypopigmentation; or patients unable to tolerate or comply with our treatment regimen, may need alternative treatment options. In this work we review the characteristics of select modalities that should be considered for difficult-to-treat warts. We discuss efficacy and tolerability data as well as practical features that can guide us to select the best treatment for every scenario. Novel approaches, still in an investigational phase, are also discussed to illustrate potential future directions of wart treatment.

Update on human papillomavirus - Part II: complementary diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis

In this nonsystematic review, the complementary diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of human papillomavirus are discussed. The histopathology is addressed regarding its indications, main findings and limitations, as a complementary diagnostic method largely used by dermatologists. Electron microscopy is briefly reviewed, along with its contribution to the accumulated knowledge on HPV, as well as the relevance of research in using this technology for future advances in diagnosis and treatment. Molecular information about the virus is continuously increasing, and the practical applications of HPV serology, molecular identification and genotyping are discussed. Vaccines are a valuable tool in primary HPV infection prevention and are now available in many countries; their composition, indications, and adverse effects are revisited. Local and systemic treatment options are reviewed and off-label prescriptions are discussed. Finally, health education focusing on HPV infection as a sexually transmitted infection of worldwide relevance and the many barriers to improve primary and secondary prevention are addressed.

Efficacy of retinoids alone or in combination with other remedies in the management of warts: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

The use of combined systemic retinoids and intralesional immunotherapy in the management of warts is still debatable without straightforward evidence. Through network meta-analysis, the current study evaluated the efficacy and safety of systemic retinoids alone or combined with other remedies in the treatment of warts. We searched six literature databases for clinical trials that compared systemic retinoids to local treatments or placebo in wart management. Outcomes were calculated as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence-interval. We used the R software to perform conventional and network meta-analyses (with a frequentist approach). Network meta-analysis of eight trials showed that oral acitretin plus intralesional Candida Ag (OR = 367.71), INF-α plus oral isotretinoin (OR = 223.77), oral acitretin (OR = 117), Candida Ag (OR = 91.93), oral isotretinoin (OR = 62.26) and topical isotretinoin (OR = 17.69) had higher complete recovery rates than placebo. Regarding the P-score, oral acitretin plus intralesional Candida Ag had the highest efficacy in achieving complete response (P-score = 0.88), followed by INF-α plus oral isotretinoin (P-score = 0.79), then oral acitretin (P-score = 0.60). Variable baseline characteristics and lack of data on some outcomes. The current study shows the efficacy for systemic retinoids in the treatment of warts, especially reluctant or recurrent types. Moreover, combinations of systemic retinoids with intralesional immunotherapy yield higher rates of complete clearance with lower recurrence.

Does involucrin have a role in verruca vulgaris? A clinical and immunohistochemical study

Introduction:

Aim of the Work:

Subjects and Methods:

Results:

Conclusions:

Successful Treatment of Multiple Common Warts With Intralesional Ozone

BACKGROUND

Although there are multiple treatments for warts, wart management remains a challenge. Ozone therapy is an emerging treatment for infectious and noninfectious dermatological diseases.

OBJECTIVE

To assess intralesional ozone gas safety and efficacy in multiple warts management.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seventy-four adult patients with multiple common warts were included in this study. They were randomly assigned into 2 groups: first group comprised 44 patients treated with intralesional ozone gas, and the second group comprised 30 patients who received intralesional saline injection. In both groups, warts in all patients were directly injected weekly until complete clearance occurred or for a maximum of 10 treatment sessions. The subjects were followed for 6 months to record any recurrences.

RESULTS

In the ozone group, 25 patients (56.8%) had a complete response with an excellent cosmetic outcome, 15 patients (34.1%) showed a partial response, and 4 patients (9.1%) had no response. More subjects responded to ozone than to saline (p < .001). Ozone therapy was associated with mild side effects, including pain at time of injection, numbness, and fatigue.

CONCLUSION

Intralesional ozone is effective and safe for the treatment of multiple warts.

Topical and systemic retinoids for the treatment of cutaneous viral warts: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cutaneous viral warts (CVW), caused by human papillomavirus, often have a self-limited course. However, some patients experience a recalcitrant disease despite treatment. Retinoids are considered the mainstay of therapy in many dermatologic diseases. Data on their use for viral warts are limited. To systematically review the published evidence on the efficacy and safety of retinoids for the treatment of CVW. A systematic review and meta-analysis of topical or systemic retinoid treatment for CVW was performed in accordance with the PRISMA statement. The primary outcome was clinical response; secondary outcomes were recurrence rate and adverse events. Fourteen publications including 399 patients treated exclusively with retinoids (65% topical, 35% systemic) were evaluated. The complete response rate was 64% (95% CI, 46-78%; I² =80%) for topical treatment and 61% (95% CI, 44-76%; I² =69%) for systemic treatment. The most common side effects were irritant contact dermatitis and cheilitis, respectively. Relapse rates were 6% and 17%, respectively. The reviewed studies were considerably heterogenous and most lacked a control group. Both topical and systemic retinoids are effective and safe as monotherapy for CVW. Further studies are required to determine their exact role in this setting.

[Consensus on HPV of the Portuguese Society of Andrology, Sexual Medicine and Reproduction: Treatment]

The treatment of condyloma is generally a challenge in clinical practice. Although the spontaneous resolution rate is high, a significant proportion of patients seek treatment, not because of symptomatology, but mainly for aesthetic issues and concerns related to the transmission or worsening of existing lesions. The available treatments should be applied only for clinically evident macroscopic lesions. Ideally, available therapies should have rapid action onset and clearance, resolve symptoms, reduce recurrence rate and viral load, be effective in treating small lesions, and be well tolerated. However, none of the currently available treatments is clearly more effective than the others and there is no ideal treatment for all patients or for all condyloma. Therefore, the therapeutic decision should be based on the clinician's experience, available resources, lesion morphology, size, number and location, primary or recurrent lesions, disease severity, patient preference and expectations, patient's immune competence, convenience, tolerance, cost of treatment and results of previous therapies. The available treatments are divided into three groups: applied by the patient himself (imiquimod 3.75 or 5%, podophyllotoxin .5%, synecatekines 10% or 15%), applied by the health care provider (bi- and tricloacetic acids 80%-90%, intralesional interferon alpha, cryotherapy, surgical removal, electrofulguration, laser ablation) and experimental or alternative therapies (topical cidofovir, intralesional bleomycin, photodynamic therapy). Treatment methodologies can be further divided into their action - ablative or destructive treatment (cryotherapy, electrofulguration, laser ablation, surgical excision), cytotoxic or proapoptotic treatments (podophyllotoxin .5%, 5-fluoruracil, bleomycin) and immunomodulatory treatments (imiquimod 3.75% or 5%, synecatekines 10% or 15%, intralesional interferon alpha). The overall success rate of the various treatments available ranges from 23% to 94%. Only treatments that include cryotherapy or surgical excision are suitable in condyloma with any anatomical location and that have the highest success rate in monotherapy. Recurrences are common regardless of the treatment received. In contrast, immunomodulatory therapies despite having lower initial clearance rates appear to have higher probabilities of cure in the medium term, with low recurrence rates. Some treatments may be combined with each other and the effectiveness of combined therapies appears to be superior to monotherapy (proactive sequential treatment). The consensuses for the treatment of HPV also consider special situations: immunocompromised patients, meatus and intraurethral lesions and treatment of the partner.

Genome-Wide Tiling Array Analysis of HPV-Induced Warts Reveals Aberrant Methylation of Protein-Coding and Non-Coding Regions

The human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a group of double-stranded DNA viruses that exhibit an exclusive tropism for squamous epithelia. HPV can either be low- or high-risk depending on its ability to cause benign lesions or cancer, respectively. Unsurprisingly, the majority of epigenetic research has focused on the high-risk HPV types, neglecting the low-risk types in the process. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to better understand the epigenetics of wart formation by investigating the differences in methylation between HPV-induced cutaneous warts and normal skin. A number of clear and very significant differences in methylation patterns were found between cutaneous warts and normal skin. Around 55% of the top-ranking 100 differentially methylated genes in warts were protein coding, including the EXOC4, KCNU, RTN1, LGI1, IRF2, and NRG1 genes. Additionally, non-coding RNA genes, such as the AZIN1-AS1, LINC02008, and MGC27382 genes, constituted 11% of the top-ranking 100 differentially methylated genes. Warts exhibited a unique pattern of methylation that is a possible explanation for their transient nature. Since the genetics of cutaneous wart formation are not completely known, the findings of the present study could contribute to a better understanding of how HPV infection modulates host methylation to give rise to warts in the skin.

The efficacy of diphencyprone immunotherapy for the treatment of cutaneous warts: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Cutaneous warts, a common skin condition, may resolve spontaneously or become recalcitrant. Diphencyprone has been shown by many studies to have efficacy in treating warts, with varied results.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to perform a meta-analysis of the cure rate following the use of diphencyprone immunotherapy as a cutaneous wart treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The databases of Medline, PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched for prospective and retrospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials reporting a cure rate for diphencyprone immunotherapy between 1984 and 2018. The Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (Biostat Inc) was used to perform a meta-analysis of the diphencyprone pool efficacy.

RESULTS

A total of 153 studies were obtained by searching the databases. After screening for eligibility, 14 studies were included (6 prospective studies, 4 retrospective studies, 3 randomized controlled trials, and 1 case report), representing a total of 851 patients. The random-effects pooled efficacy for diphencyprone was 75.5% (95% CI, 64.6%-83.9%; I² = 87%).

CONCLUSIONS

Diphencyprone immunotherapy has a high efficacy to cure warts. This method may be used as an adjunctive modality for the treatment of warts in cases of conventional treatment failure.

Successful treatment of plantar warts using topical Zijinding, a traditional Chinese medicine preparation: A case series

Introduction

Plantar warts are associated with high transmissibility and morbidity. Among the available therapeutic options, none is uniformly effective or virucidal. Salicylic acid is the first‐line therapy but approximately one‐third of lesions could not resolve and become recalcitrant despite repeated treatment. Cryotherapy is widely accessible with low cost but may be complicated by pain, blister formation, hemorrhage, infection, excessive granulation tissue formation, and hyper‐/hypo‐pigmentation. Hence, alternative treatment modalities are essential.

Methods

Three patients with debilitating plantar warts refractory or intolerant to cryotherapy were treated with a course of Zijinding (a traditional Chinese medicine preparation) paste prepared with white vinegar.

Results

All three patients showed excellent clinical response with Zijinding application with evolution of lesions to scabs and subsequently healthy skin within 1.5 to 5 months of treatment. Treatment was well tolerated and had no significant side effects with excellent compliance recorded for all three patients. There was no relapse for at least 10 months after stopping the treatment.

Conclusion

Topical Zijinding could be a promising alternative modality for the treatment of plantar warts. Further clinical trials on the comparison of Zijinding and other treatment modalities of plantar warts are warranted. Further studies are required to investigate the mechanism of action of Zijinding and to isolate the active ingredient.

Efficacy of the combination of superficial shaving with photodynamic therapy for recalcitrant periungual warts

BACKGROUND

Periungual warts are a viral infectious disease that occurs in a particular location. It is difficult to eliminate completely, and recurrence is common. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an option that has been widely recommended to treat viral warts. However, there are always a few patients with poor efficacy after PDT treatment. We have considered that the reason is the limitation of PDT penetrating deep into tissue. Thus, we combined superficial shaving with PDT to treat recalcitrant periungual warts.

METHODS

Twenty-three patients had a total of 61 periungual wart lesions. All patients had recalcitrant periungual warts that had failed to respond to various treatments that had poor curative effects. After local injection of anesthesia, the lesions were shaved in situ, and PDT was performed immediately. A total of three sessions of PDT were applied for each patient after only one superficial shaving. The overall clinical response rate, recurrence rates, cosmetic outcomes, adverse events, patient satisfaction and quality of life were assessed. The potential risk factors have also been recorded.

RESULTS

We achieved a 96% success rate (defined as more than 50% on clearance) in our 23 patients using combination superficial shaving with PDT after treatment for 3 months. At the 12-month follow-up, 21 patients (91%) had excellent cosmetic outcomes. All patients had satisfactory therapeutic effects and significant improvement in the quality of life. Pain during the illumination process was the main adverse event, but all patients were able to tolerate it. We also found that frequent or continuous hand activity, such as playing Mah-jong, may be a potential risk factor for periungual warts.

CONCLUSION

Our results offer promise for combining superficial shaving with PDT as an effective and safe therapy for patients with periungual warts, especially for those periungual warts that are recurrent, have multiple lesions, and thickness corneum stratum of lesions. For nails that are not suitable for routine surgery, combined superficial shaving with PDT is recommended.

A combination of 2940-nm laser and photodynamic therapy for treatment of recalcitrant facial flat warts

BACKGROUND

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is one of the treatment options for generalized facial flat warts, which results in elimination of virus and inhibition of proliferation of warts due to photochemical and phototoxic reactions. In this research, we attempted to evaluate the efficacy and safety profiles of a combination of 2940-nm laser and PDT for the treatment of generalized recalcitrant facial flat warts.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of the patients with recalcitrant facial warts was performed. Patients in the combined group (n = 40) were treated with a 2940-nm single spot abrasion followed by a PDT; while the PDT group (n = 40) received a PDT treatment only. The efficacy was assessed by the lesion numbers and lesion clearance rate. The effective rate was calculated with the cured and excellent response rates.

RESULTS

The combined group showed significant improvements in the total effective rate (77.5%vs. 57.5%, p = 0.0416) and average clearance rate (81.68±2.83% vs. 68.13 ± 3.97%, p = 0.0068) as compared with the PDT-only group. The degree of lesion clearance was positively correlated with the treatment times in both groups. After three months of follow-up, no relapse occurred in patients from either group. Furthermore, an accumulation of photosensitizer in the lesional areas was observed in the combined treatment group.

CONCLUSIONS

A combination of 2940-nm laser and PDT was safe and showed significantly more effect than PDT alone in treatment for recalcitrant facial flat warts, partially due to the improved uptake of photosensitizer after 2940-nm laser induced skin abrasion.

Impact of multiple extragenital warts on quality of life in immune-competent Egyptian adults: a comparative cross-sectional study

Background

Extragenital warts (E-GWs) are common benign skin lesions caused by human papilloma virus. Surprisingly, there is no clear data about the impact of multiple E-GWs on quality of life in immune-competent adult patients in comparison to GWs, which have been frequently reported to exhibit a strong negative impact on life quality.

Patients and methods

This cross-sectional study investigated the impact of multiple E-GWs on quality of life in immune-competent adults as they are more commonly encountered in daily practice than their genital counterpart in the Egyptian population. Hundred patients with multiple E-GWs (aged 18-67 years, 46 females, 54 males) and 100 patients with multiple GWs (aged 18-55 years, 56 females, 44 males) were included. Cause for immune suppression in the patients was not known. A hard copy of the validated Arabic (Egypt) version of Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire was used with permission.

Results

The DLQI total scores range was 5-14 with a mean of 11.2 ± 2.5 in GWs and 1-24 with a mean of 13.0 ± 5.8 in E-GWs, which are statistically significant (P=0.009). To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the impact of E-GWs on life quality of immune-competent adults.

Conclusion

E-GWs can have a very strong negative impact on patients' daily life. We highly encourage all treating physicians to use the "bio-psycho-social" model when facing patients with E-GWs in an attempt to secure the best life quality for our patients.

Efficacy and Safety of Three Cryotherapy Devices for Wart Treatment: A Randomized, Controlled, Investigator-Blinded, Comparative Study

INTRODUCTION

Cutaneous warts are common skin lesions, caused by human papillomavirus. For years, liquid nitrogen is the cryogen of choice for wart treatment. Alternatively, several cryogenic devices for home treatment are commercially available. The present trial assessed efficacy and safety of a novel nitrous oxide-based cryogenic device for home use (EndWarts Freeze® in Europe, Compound W® Nitro-Freeze in the USA).

METHODS

This investigator-blinded, controlled, randomized study compared the nitrous oxide device (test product) with a dimethylether propane-based product (Wartner®; comparator 1). Subjects with common or plantar warts (50/50 ratio) were randomized into two groups (n = 58, test product; n = 40, comparator 1). Sequentially, an extra treatment arm (n = 40) was added to compare with a dimethylether-based product with metal nib (Wortie®; comparator 2). Main objective implied comparison of the percentage cured subjects after one to maximum three treatments. Efficacy and safety was evaluated by a blinded investigator.

RESULTS

After a maximum of three applications, a significantly (p = 0.001) higher cure rate of 70.7% (Intention-to-Treat analysis) was observed with test product versus 46.2% (comparator 1) and 47.5% (comparator 2). Almost three times more subjects were cured after 1 test product application (29.3%), versus comparator 1 (10.4%) and comparator 2 (12.5%). Reported side effects were transient and typical of cryotherapy. All treatments were well-tolerated.

CONCLUSION

The superior cure rates for the test product versus two comparators can be explained by its design. Combination of nitrous oxide (cooling agent), the specific activation method (holding the liquid coolant in the cap), and skin-conforming polyurethane foam, results in higher cooling efficiency (- 80 °C) and more effective wart freezing. This trial demonstrated that the nitrous oxide device is a safe, user-friendly and effective wart treatment for home use, comparing favourably to dimethylether (propane) devices with higher freezing temperature, regardless of the applicator type.

FUNDING

Oystershell Laboratories.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinicaltrials.gov identifier, NCT03129373.

Therapeutic management of cutaneous and genital warts

During their lifetime, at least 10 % of the population will be infected by human papillomaviruses (HPV), clinically characterized by the formation of cutaneous or genital warts. Although warts are ubiquitous, there are no defined treatments. Especially in the first six months, warts frequently resolve without therapeutic intervention. This complicates the interpretation of study data, given that many studies do not differentiate between newly infected patients and those with infections that have persisted for a long time. Similarly, most studies do not take location, size, and thickness of lesions into account, either. The objective of the present review article is to analyze the study data currently available, taking into consideration both subtypes and locations - factors exceedingly crucial in clinical practice. In particular, the distinction between new-onset and chronic recalcitrant warts is reflected in a therapeutic algorithm. In the case of genital warts, the algorithm is more clearly determined by the extent of the area affected rather than the longevity of lesions. In immunocompetent individuals, any therapeutic intervention must be aimed at achieving complete resolution.

Comparison of clinical efficacy and safety of thermotherapy versus cryotherapy in treatment of skin warts: A randomized controlled trial

The effect of thermotherapy in the treatment of skin warts in comparison to cryotherapy, as the standard conventional method, has remained uncertain. This study aimed to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of thermotherapy and cryotherapy in removing skin warts. This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 52 patients aged 18 years and over with ≤ 10 skin warts. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups to receive cryotherapy (every 2 to 3 weeks up to six sessions if required) or thermotherapy (one session). The patients in both groups were followed every 2 to 3 weeks for the first three months, and then three months after the last treatment session. The clearance rate was 79.2% in the thermotherapy group and 58.3% in the cryotherapy group with no significant difference (p = 0.212). The rate of scarring in the thermotherapy group was 20% (p = .018). A higher clearance rate was achieved in the thermotherapy group. However, this result was not statistically significant. There were some minimal post-treatment complications. Patients needed only one session of thermotherapy. Due to the risk of scarring, we suggest thermotherapy only as a suitable treatment method for palmoplantar warts.

Treatment of Multiple-Resistant and/or Recurrent Cutaneous Warts With Squaric Acid Dibutylester: A Randomized, Double-blind, Vehicle-controlled Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND

Contact immunotherapy with squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE) for cutaneous warts has been reported to be effective, although no controlled studies are available so far.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of SADBE on cutaneous warts by a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, clinical trial.

METHODS

Thirty-six patients were randomly assigned to SADBE (18 cases) or vehicle (18 cases) group. At 8 weeks, subjects were clinically evaluated for number/size reduction rate and for Investigator Global Assessment. Those who showed improvement extended therapy up to 40 weeks, whereas those who showed unresponsiveness were either switched to SADBE application for up to 48 weeks (if in the vehicle group) or withdrawn from the study (if under SADBE).

RESULTS

At 8 weeks, a significant reduction in wart number (P = 0.020) and size (P = 0.010) in the SADBE group, with clearing rates of 41.2% versus 12.5% in the SADBE and vehicle groups, respectively, was observed. Nine remaining SADBE responders who underwent treatment extension up to 40 weeks achieved clearing versus 2 patients of the vehicle group who remained unresponsive. Clearing was obtained in 81.8% of patients who underwent previous ineffective vehicle treatment and had been switched to SADBE.

CONCLUSIONS

Squaric acid dibutylester is an effective therapeutic option and is significantly more effective than vehicle.

Efficacy of Punch Reduction Prior to Cryotherapy in Patients with Viral Warts: A Case-Control Study in a Single Tertiary Center

Background

Cutaneous warts are a common complaint to visit dermatologic clinic and its course is variable, ranging from spontaneous resolution to a chronic condition refractory to treatment.

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of punch biopsy for cutaneous warts.

Methods

Thirty-nine patients who received punch biopsy for warts were reviewed through charts and photos. Among them, 15 were matched with cryotherapy-only controls in terms of size and location of the wart. We compared the number and cost of treatments between the two groups.

Results

Eleven of the total 39 patients were treated with cryotherapy in addition to punch biopsy and the average number of treatments was 4.1±3.3 (mean±standard deviation). In a case-control study, the ratio value of cost was 2.9±3.6 in the experimental group and was 5.9±4.1 in controls (p<0.05).

Conclusion

Punch biopsies can decrease the number and cost of treatment by reducing the size of warts and inducing local inflammation to accelerate resolution. Therefore, punch reduction should be considered as a viable measure to treat warts.

A Novel Topical 2% Povidone-Iodine Solution for the Treatment of Common Warts: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled Trial

INTRODUCTION

Verruca vulgaris, also known as common warts, are benign skin growths caused by infection of the skin by human papillomavirus. Warts are common in both childhood and adulthood and are spread by direct contact or autoinoculation. Treatment options vary from locally destructive methods to immuno-modulatory therapy. Common warts are often resistant to treatment. Though many remedies exist, there is no consensus therapy backed by randomized-controlled clinical trials that are FDA approved for the treatment of verruca vulgaris. We describe here the results of a small, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled Phase II clinical trial with a novel topical agent for the treatment of common warts.

METHODS

Twenty-one patients aged 8 years and older were enrolled in this single-center, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled Phase II clinical trial to assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability of twice-daily application of a novel 2% topical povidone-iodine solution in a dimethyl sulfoxide vehicle for 12 weeks duration. Patients were block randomized into two groups consisting of 14 patients in the active arm and 7 patients in the vehicle only arm. All patients were evaluated at baseline, week 4, 8 and 12 and the results compared for overall Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) improvement.

RESULTS

There were a total of 21 patients included in the study. Sustained improvement in the GAIS scale was observed at the final week 12 exam visit in 77% of subjects in the treatment arm and 33% of patients in the control arm. There were no serious safety or tolerability issues reported.

CONCLUSION

Twice-daily topical povidone-iodine solution in the novel vehicle employed for this study is an effective, safe and easy-to-use treatment for common warts. Further study of this agent in expanded Phase II and Phase III clinical trials is warranted.

FUNDING

ALC Therapeutics LLC.

Advancements in Pharmacotherapy for Noncancerous Manifestations of HPV

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease. Via infection of the basal epithelial cells, HPV causes numerous malignancies and noncancerous cutaneous manifestations. Noncancerous cutaneous manifestations of HPV, including common, plantar, plane, and anogenital warts, are among the most common reasons for an office visit. Although there are various therapies available, they are notoriously difficult to treat. HPV treatments can be grouped into destructive (cantharidin, salicylic acid), virucidal (cidofovir, interferon-α), antimitotic (bleomycin, podophyllotoxin, 5-fluorouracil), immunotherapy (Candida antigen, contact allergen immunotherapy, imiquimod) or miscellaneous (trichloroacetic acid, polyphenon E). The mechanism of action, recent efficacy data, safety profile and recommended regimen for each of these treatment modalities is discussed.

Imiquimod for anogenital warts in non-immunocompromised adults

BACKGROUND

30% of people with anogenital warts (AGW) have spontaneous regression of lesions but there is no way to determine whether a specific lesion will remain. There are a wide range of options available for treating people with AGW and selection is based on clinician's experience, patient preferences and adverse effects. The imiquimod could offer the advantages of patient-applied therapies without incurring the limitations of provider-administered treatments.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effectiveness and safety of imiquimod for the treatment of AGW in non-immunocompromised adults.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the Cochrane Sexually Transmitted Infections Group Specialized Register (15 April 2014), CENTRAL (1991 to 15 April 2014), MEDLINE (1946 to 15 April 2014), EMBASE (1947 to 15 April 2014), LILACS (1982 to 15 April 2014), World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry (ICTRP) (15 April 2014), ClinicalTrials.gov (15 April 2014), Web of Science (2001 to 15 April 2014) and OpenGrey (15 April 2014). We also handsearched conference proceedings, contacted trial authors and reviewed the reference lists of retrieved studies.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the use of imiquimod with placebo, any other patient-applied or any other provider-administered treatment (excluding interferon and 5-fluorouracil which are assessed in other Cochrane Reviews) for the treatment of AGW in non-immunocompromised adults.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Three review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We resolved any disagreements through consensus. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.

MAIN RESULTS

Ten RCTs (1734 participants) met our inclusion criteria of which six were funded by industry. We judged the risk of bias of the included trials as high. Six trials (1294 participants) compared the use of imiquimod versus placebo. There was very low quality evidence that imiquimod was superior to placebo in achieving complete and partial regression (RR 4.03, 95% CI 2.03 to 7.99; RR 2.56, 95% CI 2.05 to 3.20, respectively). When compared with placebo, the effects of imiquimod on recurrence (RR 2.76, 95% CI 0.70 to 10.91), appearance of new warts (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.00) and frequency of systemic adverse reactions (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.32) were imprecise. We downgraded the quality of evidence to low or very low. There was low quality evidence that imiquimod led to more local adverse reactions (RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.53) and pain (RR 11.84, 95% CI 3.36 to 41.63).Two trials (105 participants) compared the use of imiquimod versus any other patient-applied treatment (podophyllotoxin and podophyllin). The estimated effects of imiquimod on complete regression (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.48), partial regression (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.47), recurrence (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.21 to 1.11) or the presence of local adverse reactions (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.54) were imprecise (very low quality evidence). There was low quality evidence that systemic adverse reactions were less frequent with imiquimod (RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.98).Finally, two trials (335 participants) compared imiquimod with any other provider-administered treatment (ablative methods and cryotherapy). There was very low quality of evidence that imiquimod did not have a lower frequency of complete regression (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.28). There was very low quality evidence that imiquimod led to a lower rate of recurrence during six-month follow-up (RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.56) but this did not translate in to a lower recurrence from six to 12 months (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.25; very low quality evidence). There was very low quality evidence that imiquimod was associated with less pain (RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.54) and fewer local reactions (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.74).

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

The benefits and harms of imiquimod compared with placebo should be regarded with caution due to the risk of bias, imprecision and inconsistency for many of the outcomes we assessed in this Cochrane Review. The evidence for many of the outcomes that show imiquimod and patient-applied treatment (podophyllotoxin or podophyllin) confer similar benefits but fewer systematic reactions with the Imiquimod, is of low or very low quality. The quality of evidence for the outcomes assessing imiquimod and other provider-administered treatment were of very low quality.

Imiquimod in the treatment of cutaneous warts: an evidence-based review

INTRODUCTION

Cutaneous warts are highly prevalent lesions caused by the infection of keratinocytes by different types of human papillomaviruses. Although cutaneous warts are capable of resolving spontaneously, these infections can persist for long periods of time by evading the host immune system, and, as a result, many patients choose to seek treatment. Imiquimod is an immune response modifier that is approved as a topical cream for the treatment of anogenital warts by the US Food and Drug Administration. However, the efficacy of imiquimod in the treatment of cutaneous warts has not been well established.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this article is to systematically review the published literature regarding the efficacy of imiquimod in the treatment of cutaneous warts, and to evaluate the quality and outcomes of these studies.

METHODS

A literature search was performed through clinical queries PubMed (National Library of Medicine) database and the Cochrane database. All completed studies written in English and published through May 2014 were considered. Studies evaluating the use of imiquimod for anogenital warts were excluded. There were no other restrictions based on patient age, sex, ethnicity, or skin type. The studies were evaluated and assessed based on study design, patient population, treatment regimen, clinical outcome, and adverse events.

RESULTS

A total of 393 records were identified in the initial search; 23 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and included in the review. Of these studies, six publications reported on immunocompromised individuals only. The highest quality study identified was a grade B, level 3 case-control cohort study in which patients with multiple warts had certain warts treated with imiquimod and others left untreated to serve as a control. The remaining studies identified were level 4 non-controlled case series (grade C) and level 5 case reports (grade D). In immunocompetent patients enrolled in non-controlled studies, the combined rate of patients achieving complete response to therapy was 44%, ranging from 27 to 89%. However, there was variation in the dose frequency and application among these studies. In immunosuppressed patients, two studies and four case reports were identified. Clinical improvement was seen in 33-50% of patients, with no patients experiencing complete clinical clearance.

CONCLUSION

There have been several studies demonstrating the successful use of imiquimod to treat recalcitrant cutaneous warts, either alone or as combination therapy. However, these studies are limited in number, include small populations, and are non-controlled. Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy of imiquimod, dose frequency and application, and optimal combination with other therapeutic measures such as paring, salicylic acid, or other destructive procedures.

Cryosurgery as an Effective Alternative for Treatment of Oral Lesions in Children

Children can exhibit a wide variety of oral pathologies, such as oral lesions, bone lesions, tumors, cysts and cutaneous lesions. Different techniques have been described for the treatment of these lesions, but all of them are invasive. This paper presents a series of cases that demonstrate the clinical efficacy of cryosurgery as an alternative to invasive surgical treatments of the most common oral lesions in children. This technique has been well tolerated by patients due to the absence of anesthesia, rapid healing and minimal bleeding. Cryotherapy has many applications in oral medicine and is an extremely useful alternative in patients to whom surgery is contraindicated due to age or medical history. It is a simple procedure to perform, minimally invasive, low-cost and very effective in pediatric dentistry clinic.

Intralesional antigen immunotherapy for the treatment of warts: current concepts and future prospects

Many destructive and immunotherapeutic modalities have been used for the management of warts; however, an optimal treatment with high efficacy and absent or low recurrence has not been explored to date. Recently, the use of intralesional immunotherapy with different antigens has shown promising efficacy in the treatment of warts. We review the different aspects of this new modality, including candidates, types of warts treated, dosage, number and interval between treatment sessions, mode of action, efficacy, adverse effects, recurrence rate, advantages, disadvantages, current place and future prospects. A literature review revealed that healthy immune subjects are the best candidates, and a pre-sensitization test is usually done before the start of therapy. The dosage, the number and interval between sessions, and the success rates varied among the different studies. The mode of action is still uncertain, but is essentially mediated through stimulation of T helper-1 cell cytokine response. Adverse effects are mild and generally insignificant, and the recurrence rate is absent or low. Intralesional antigen immunotherapy seems to be a promising, effective and safe treatment modality for viral warts. Future well-designed and controlled studies would help to more clearly define its place in the challenging field of wart therapy.

Topical treatments for cutaneous warts

BACKGROUND

Viral warts are a common skin condition, which can range in severity from a minor nuisance that resolve spontaneously to a troublesome, chronic condition. Many different topical treatments are available.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the efficacy of local treatments for cutaneous non-genital warts in healthy, immunocompetent adults and children.

SEARCH METHODS

We updated our searches of the following databases to May 2011: the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (from 2005), EMBASE (from 2010), AMED (from 1985), LILACS (from 1982), and CINAHL (from 1981). We searched reference lists of articles and online trials registries for ongoing trials.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of topical treatments for cutaneous non-genital warts.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two authors independently selected trials and extracted data; a third author resolved any disagreements.

MAIN RESULTS

We included 85 trials involving a total of 8815 randomised participants (26 new studies were included in this update). There was a wide range of different treatments and a variety of trial designs. Many of the studies were judged to be at high risk of bias in one or more areas of trial design.Trials of salicylic acid (SA) versus placebo showed that the former significantly increased the chance of clearance of warts at all sites (RR (risk ratio) 1.56, 95% CI (confidence interval) 1.20 to 2.03). Subgroup analysis for different sites, hands (RR 2.67, 95% CI 1.43 to 5.01) and feet (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.55), suggested it might be more effective for hands than feet.A meta-analysis of cryotherapy versus placebo for warts at all sites favoured neither intervention nor control (RR 1.45, 95% CI 0.65 to 3.23). Subgroup analysis for different sites, hands (RR 2.63, 95% CI 0.43 to 15.94) and feet (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.26 to 3.07), again suggested better outcomes for hands than feet. One trial showed cryotherapy to be better than both placebo and SA, but only for hand warts.There was no significant difference in cure rates between cryotherapy at 2-, 3-, and 4-weekly intervals.Aggressive cryotherapy appeared more effective than gentle cryotherapy (RR 1.90, 95% CI 1.15 to 3.15), but with increased adverse effects.Meta-analysis did not demonstrate a significant difference in effectiveness between cryotherapy and SA at all sites (RR 1.23, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.71) or in subgroup analyses for hands and feet.Two trials with 328 participants showed that SA and cryotherapy combined appeared more effective than SA alone (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.43).The benefit of intralesional bleomycin remains uncertain as the evidence was inconsistent. The most informative trial with 31 participants showed no significant difference in cure rate between bleomycin and saline injections (RR 1.28, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.78).Dinitrochlorobenzene was more than twice as effective as placebo in 2 trials with 80 participants (RR 2.12, 95% CI 1.38 to 3.26).Two trials of clear duct tape with 193 participants demonstrated no advantage over placebo (RR 1.43, 95% CI 0.51 to 4.05).We could not combine data from trials of the following treatments: intralesional 5-fluorouracil, topical zinc, silver nitrate (which demonstrated possible beneficial effects), topical 5-fluorouracil, pulsed dye laser, photodynamic therapy, 80% phenol, 5% imiquimod cream, intralesional antigen, and topical alpha-lactalbumin-oleic acid (which showed no advantage over placebo).We did not identify any RCTs that evaluated surgery (curettage, excision), formaldehyde, podophyllotoxin, cantharidin, diphencyprone, or squaric acid dibutylester.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Data from two new trials comparing SA and cryotherapy have allowed a better appraisal of their effectiveness. The evidence remains more consistent for SA, but only shows a modest therapeutic effect. Overall, trials comparing cryotherapy with placebo showed no significant difference in effectiveness, but the same was also true for trials comparing cryotherapy with SA. Only one trial showed cryotherapy to be better than both SA and placebo, and this was only for hand warts. Adverse effects, such as pain, blistering, and scarring, were not consistently reported but are probably more common with cryotherapy.None of the other reviewed treatments appeared safer or more effective than SA and cryotherapy. Two trials of clear duct tape demonstrated no advantage over placebo. Dinitrochlorobenzene (and possibly other similar contact sensitisers) may be useful for the treatment of refractory warts.