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Zacharia F, Silvestri V, Mushi V, Ogweno G, Makene T, Mhamilawa LE. Burden and factors associated with ongoing transmission of soil-transmitted helminths infections among the adult population: A community-based cross-sectional survey in Muleba district, Tanzania. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288936. [PMID: 37494358 PMCID: PMC10370771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Tanzania, school-based Mass Drug Administration (MDA) campaigns have been the main strategy for the prevention and control of Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) infection. Adults are not part of the program and could remain as the reservoir of infection, favoring continuity in transmission. Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WaSH) issues and slow progress in community awareness promotion campaigns contribute to the persistence of STH as public health issue among target populations notwithstanding the achievements of the control interventions. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the current prevalence and the risk factors associated with ongoing transmission of STH infection among adults in Muleba District, Tanzania. METHODOLOGY A household-based quantitative cross-sectional study was carried out among 552 adults in Muleba district. Through a quantitative interviewer-administered questionnaire, information was registered related to socio-demographic characteristics, level of knowledge on the disease, and WaSH factors. The prevalence of STH and estimation of its intensity were assessed by analyzing stool samples through formol-ether concentration and the Kato-Katz technique. Descriptive statistics was used to summarise data; logistic regression to determine the association between STH infection and socio-demographic and WaSH factors. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 552 adults were included in the study; 50.7% (280/552) were female. The median age was of 30 years, ranging from 18 to 73 years. A prevalence of 9.1% (50/552) for STH infection was reported; the prevalence of Hookworm Spp., Ascaris lumbricoides, and Trichuris trichiura was 7.43%, 0.91%, and 0.72%, respectively. The factors significantly associated with STH infection were farming (aOR = 3.34, 95% CI: 1.45-7.70), the habit of not wearing shoes in general (aOR = 5.11, 95% CI: 1.55-16.87), and during garden activities (aOR = 4.89, 95% CI: 1.47-16.28). CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS We observed an aggregated prevalence of STH infections (Ancylostoma duodenale, Trichuris trichiura, and Ascaris lumbricoides) of 9.1% among the adult population, indicating a decreasing prevalence but ongoing transmission. Integrated management is needed to address practices contributing to ongoing transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Zacharia
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Valeria Silvestri
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Vivian Mushi
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - George Ogweno
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Twilumba Makene
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Lwidiko E Mhamilawa
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Berruti I, Nahim-Granados S, Abeledo-Lameiro MJ, Oller I, Polo-López MI. Recent advances in solar photochemical processes for water and wastewater disinfection. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Arnold Landry FK, Gideon Aghaindum A, Dennis AI, Thérèse Nadège OA, Pierre TN. Evaluation of the efficiency of some disinfectants on the viability of Hymenolepis nana eggs isolated from wastewater and faecal sludge in Yaounde (Cameroon): importance of some abiotic variables. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:2499-2518. [PMID: 34810327 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hymenolepis nana is responsible for many parasitic infections in tropical areas, with its persistence in aquatic environments as major contributory factor. A study aimed at demonstrating the effectiveness of some disinfectants on the viability of Hymenolepis nana eggs was conducted in microcosm. Sampling consisted of taking wastewater and sewage sludge samples in sterilized containers and then transporting to the laboratory of Hydrobiology and Environmental Sciences for the determination of Hymenolepis nana eggs using standard protocols. The experimental set-up consisted of five replicates, four tests and a control. The test samples were successively treated with four disinfectants (calcium chlorite, hydrogen peroxide, gypsum and sodium hypochlorite). The physico-chemical parameters were measured before and after disinfection. The samples were then observed under an optical microscope after concentration of the sample through sedimentation and McMaster technique. The viability of the eggs was determined using incubation and staining techniques. The analysis revealed that the selected disinfectants significantly reduced the physico-chemical parameters (with an average yield ranging from 79.24 ± 19.43% to 99.24 ± 1.47%). These physico-chemical parameters can significantly influence the treatment of Hymenolepis nana eggs either by absorbing the disinfectant or by constituting a protective barrier for the eggs, and the physico-chemical nature of the disinfectant strongly influences the formation of disinfection by-products. Calcium chlorite showed a greater effectiveness in reducing egg viability with efficiency rates of 93.12 ± 9.12% followed by hydrogen peroxide (89.57 ± 14.55%), sodium hypochlorite (82.51 ± 14.39%) and gypsum (80.85 ± 12.88%). The results obtained with gypsum are almost similar to those obtained with other disinfectants (calcium chlorite, hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite) and clearly show that this disinfectant can be used in water treatment because, unlike other chemical disinfectants, it has no known toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amoah Isaac Dennis
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, South Africa
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Robles I, Becerra E, Barrios JA, Maya C, Jiménez B, Rodríguez-Valadez FJ, Rivera F, García-Espinoza JD, Godínez LA. Inactivation of helminth eggs in an electro-Fenton reactor: Towards full electrochemical disinfection of human waste using activated carbon. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126260. [PMID: 32105860 PMCID: PMC7221348 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The disinfection of helminth eggs and Escherichia coli contaminated aqueous solutions, was studied using an electro-Fenton reactor equipped with a polarized activated carbon (AC) packed bed and two chambers loaded with cation exchange resins. Experiments using different arrangements and operation conditions, revealed that effective elimination of Escherichia coli takes place in all electrochemical disinfection tests. For the more resistant helminth eggs however, adsorption, electro-oxidation and electro-Fenton experiments showed retention within the reactor and pathogen inactivation values of 0, 16, and 25%, respectively. Using helminth eggs concentration data in different sections of the reactor, optical microscopy analysis and an exploratory computer simulation, differences in the disinfection performance were explained and new recirculation and flow direction and polarization switching operation schemes were defined. The corresponding experiments revealed that the effective coupling between adsorption and electro-Fenton phenomena, all along the AC packed bed compartment, results in 100% inactivation of helminth eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Robles
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica S.C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro, Sanfandila, 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Emmanuel Becerra
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica S.C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro, Sanfandila, 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - J A Barrios
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CDMX, Mexico
| | - C Maya
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CDMX, Mexico
| | - B Jiménez
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Rodríguez-Valadez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica S.C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro, Sanfandila, 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Fernando Rivera
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica S.C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro, Sanfandila, 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Josué D García-Espinoza
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica S.C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro, Sanfandila, 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Luis A Godínez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica S.C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro, Sanfandila, 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, Mexico.
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Limitations and Prospects for Wastewater Treatment by UV and Visible-Light-Active Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: A Critical Review. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2019; 378:7. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dryzer MH, Niven C, Wolter SD, Arena CB, Ngaboyamahina E, Parker CB, Stoner BR. Electropermeabilization of nematode eggs for parasite deactivation. JOURNAL OF WATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE FOR DEVELOPMENT : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL WATER ASSOCIATION 2019; 9:49-55. [PMID: 33384870 PMCID: PMC7734379 DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2019.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The eggs of parasitic helminth worms are incredibly resilient - possessing the ability to survive changing environmental factors and exposure to chemical treatments - which has restricted the efficacy of wastewater sanitation. This research reports on the effectiveness of electroporation to permeabilize ova of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a helminth surrogate, for parasite deactivation. This technique utilizes electric pulses to increase cell membrane permeability in its conventional application, but herein is used to open pores in nonparasitic nematode eggshells - the first report of such an application to the best knowledge of the authors. A parametric evaluation of electric field strength and total electroporation duration of eggs and worms in phosphate-buffered saline was performed using a 1 Hz pulse train of 0.01% duty cycle. The extent of pore formation was determined using a fluorescent label, propidium iodide, targeting C. elegans embryonic DNA. The results of this research demonstrate that electroporation increases eggshell permeability. This treatment, coupled with existing methods of electrochemical disinfection, could improve upon current attempts at the deactivation of helminth eggs. We discuss electroporation treatment conditions and likely modification of the lipid-rich permeability barrier within the eggshell strata.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Dryzer
- (corresponding author) Department of Physics, Elon University, Elon, NC 27244, USA
| | - C Niven
- (corresponding author) Department of Physics, Elon University, Elon, NC 27244, USA
| | - S D Wolter
- (corresponding author) Department of Physics, Elon University, Elon, NC 27244, USA
| | - C B Arena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - E Ngaboyamahina
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA and Center for WaSH-AID, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - C B Parker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA and Center for WaSH-AID, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - B R Stoner
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA and Center for WaSH-AID, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Giannakis S, Le TTM, Entenza JM, Pulgarin C. Solar photo-Fenton disinfection of 11 antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and elimination of representative AR genes. Evidence that antibiotic resistance does not imply resistance to oxidative treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 143:334-345. [PMID: 29986243 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance represents a major threat to human health. In this work we investigated the elimination of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) by solar light and solar photo-Fenton processes. As such, we have designed an experimental plan in which several bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) possessing different drug-susceptible and -resistant patterns and structures (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) were subjected to solar light and the photo-Fenton oxidative treatment in water. We showed that both solar light and solar photo-Fenton processes were effective in the elimination of ARB in water and that the time necessary for solar light disinfection and solar photo-Fenton disinfection were similar for antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant strains (mostly 180-240 and 90-120 min, respectively). Moreover, the bacterial structure did not significantly affect the effectiveness of the treatment. Similar regrowth pattern was observed (compared to the susceptible strain) and no development of bacteria with higher drug-resistance values was found in waters after any treatment. Finally, both processes were effective to reduce AR genes (ARGs), although solar photo-Fenton was more rapid than solar light. In conclusion, the solar photo-Fenton process ensured effective disinfection of ARB and elimination of ARGs in water (or wastewater) and is a potential mean to ensure limitation of ARB and ARG spread in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Giannakis
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Truong-Thien Melvin Le
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jose Manuel Entenza
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Biophore Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cesar Pulgarin
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Matanock A, Lu X, Derado G, Cuéllar VM, Juliao P, Alvarez M, López B, Muñoz F, Thornton A, Patel JC, Lopez G, Reyes L, Arvelo W, Blackstock AJ, Lindblade KA, Roy SL. Association of water quality with soil-transmitted helminthiasis and diarrhea in Nueva Santa Rosa, Guatemala, 2010. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2018; 16:724-736. [PMID: 30285954 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Improved water quality reduces diarrhea, but the impact of improved water quality on Ascaris and Trichuris, soil-transmitted helminths (STH) conveyed by the fecal-oral route, is less well described. To assess water quality associations with diarrhea and STH, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in households of south-eastern Guatemala. Diarrhea was self-reported in the past week and month. STH was diagnosed by stool testing using a fecal parasite concentrator method. We explored associations between Escherichia coli-positive source water (water quality) and disease outcomes using survey logistic regression models. Overall, 732 persons lived in 167 households where water was tested. Of these, 79.4% (581/732) had E. coli-positive water, 7.9% (58/732) had diarrhea within the week, 14.1% (103/732) had diarrhea within the month, and 6.6% (36/545) tested positive for Ascaris or Trichuris, including 1% (6/536) who also reported diarrhea. Univariable analysis found a statistically significant association between water quality and STH (odds ratio [OR] = 5.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-24.5) but no association between water quality and diarrhea. Waterborne transmission and effects of water treatment on STH prevalence should be investigated further. If a causal relationship is found, practices such as household water treatment including filtration might be useful adjuncts to sanitation, hygiene, and deworming in STH control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almea Matanock
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd, MS A-38, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA E-mail:
| | - Xin Lu
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS A-38, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Gordana Derado
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS A-38, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Victoria M Cuéllar
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS A-38, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Patricia Juliao
- Division of Global Health Protection, CDC Regional Office for Central America, Guatemala, Center for Global Health, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS D-68, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Maricruz Alvarez
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, 18 Avenida 11-95, Ciudad de Guatemala, 01015, Guatemala
| | - Beatriz López
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, 18 Avenida 11-95, Ciudad de Guatemala, 01015, Guatemala
| | - Fredy Muñoz
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, 18 Avenida 11-95, Ciudad de Guatemala, 01015, Guatemala
| | - Andrew Thornton
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS A-38, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jaymin C Patel
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS A-38, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Gerard Lopez
- Division of Global Health Protection, CDC Regional Office for Central America, Guatemala, Center for Global Health, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS D-68, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Lissette Reyes
- Health Area of Santa Rosa, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, 3-45, 6a Avenida 3, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Wences Arvelo
- Division of Global Health Protection, CDC Regional Office for Central America, Guatemala, Center for Global Health, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS D-68, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Anna J Blackstock
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS A-38, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Kim A Lindblade
- Division of Global Health Protection, CDC Regional Office for Central America, Guatemala, Center for Global Health, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS D-68, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sharon L Roy
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS A-38, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Giannakis S. Analogies and differences among bacterial and viral disinfection by the photo-Fenton process at neutral pH: a mini review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:27676-27692. [PMID: 29255985 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, the photo-Fenton process has been established as an effective, green alternative to chemical disinfection of waters and wastewaters. Microorganisms' inactivation is the latest success story in the application of this process at near-neutral pH, albeit without clearly elucidated inactivation mechanisms. In this review, the main pathways of the combined photo-Fenton process against the most frequent pathogen models (Escherichia coli for bacteria and MS2 bacteriophage for viruses) are analyzed. Firstly, the action of solar light is described and the specific inactivation mechanisms in bacteria (internal photo-Fenton) and viruses (genome damage) are presented. The contribution of the external pathways due to the potential presence of organic matter in generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their effects on microorganism inactivation are discussed. Afterwards, the effects of the gradual addition of Fe and H2O2 are assessed and the differences among bacterial and viral inactivation are highlighted. As a final step, the simultaneous addition of both reagents induces the photo-Fenton in the bulk, focusing on the differences induced by the homogeneous or heterogeneous fraction of the process and the variation among the two respective targets. This work exploits the accumulated evidence on the mechanisms of bacterial inactivation and the scarce ones towards viral targets, aiming to bridge this knowledge gap and make possible the further application of the photo-Fenton process in the field of water/wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Giannakis
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Garkusheva N, Matafonova G, Tsenter I, Beck S, Batoev V, Linden K. Simultaneous atrazine degradation and E. coli inactivation by simulated solar photo-Fenton-like process using persulfate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:849-855. [PMID: 28448750 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1312188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluated the feasibility of a photo-Fenton-like process using persulfate (PS) and ferrous iron (Fe2+) under simulated solar radiation for degrading the herbicide atrazine (ATZ, 6-Chloro-N-ethyl-N'-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) and inactivating E. coli. Milli Q water, lake water, and diluted wastewater effluents were spiked both simultaneously and separately with ATZ (4 mg/L) and E. coli (105 CFU/mL), and exposed to treatment. A method for determining the average irradiance throughout the water media in the UV(A+B) range of the Xe lamp emission was developed for bench-scale experiments. These values were used to calculate the UV(A+B) fluences and the solar UV(A+B) energy doses per unit of volume (QUV(A+B), kJ/L). The obtained kinetic data were presented versus energy dose. Treatment of lake water at near-neutral pH was ineffective via the photo-Fenton-like process, attaining only 20% ATZ removal and 1-log reduction of E. coli. In Milli Q water and wastewater, the complete degradation of ATZ in the absence of bacteria was observed at an average energy dose of 1.5 kJ/L (60 min), while in the presence of cells the degradation efficiency was ∼60%. When ATZ was present, E. coli inactivation was also affected in Milli Q water, with 1.4-log reduction (93%) at a dose of 1.6 kJ/L (60 min), whereas in wastewater complete inactivation was achieved at a lower dose of 1.3 kJ/L (45 min). The energy requirements on a QUV(A+B) basis for simultaneous 90% ATZ removal and 99.99% E. coli inactivation in Milli Q water and wastewater were shown to be less than 10 kJ/L. This suggests the solar/PS/Fe2+ system is promising for simultaneous treatment and disinfection of wastewater effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Garkusheva
- a Laboratory of Engineering Ecology , Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Ulan-Ude , Russia
| | - Galina Matafonova
- a Laboratory of Engineering Ecology , Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Ulan-Ude , Russia
| | - Irina Tsenter
- a Laboratory of Engineering Ecology , Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Ulan-Ude , Russia
| | - Sara Beck
- b Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering , University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder , Colorado , USA
| | - Valeriy Batoev
- a Laboratory of Engineering Ecology , Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Ulan-Ude , Russia
| | - Karl Linden
- b Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering , University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder , Colorado , USA
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Rudko SP, Ruecker NJ, Ashbolt NJ, Neumann NF, Hanington PC. Enterobius vermicularis as a Novel Surrogate for the Presence of Helminth Ova in Tertiary Wastewater Treatment Plants. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e00547-17. [PMID: 28341675 PMCID: PMC5440721 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00547-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant effort has gone into assessing the fate and removal of viruses, bacteria, and protozoan parasites during wastewater treatment to provide data addressing potential health risks associated with reuse options. Comparatively less is known about the fate of parasitic worm species ova in these complex systems. It is largely assumed that these helminths settle, are removed with the sludge, and consequently represent a relatively low risk for wastewater reuse applications. However, helminths are a highly diverse group of organisms that display a wide range of physical properties that complicate the application of a single treatment for helminth reduction during wastewater treatment. Moreover, their diverse biological and physical properties make some ova highly resistant to both disinfection (i.e., with chlorine or UV treatment) and physical removal (settling) through the wastewater treatment train, indicating that there may be reason to broaden the scope of our investigations into whether parasitic worm eggs can be identified in treated wastewater. The ubiquitous human parasitic nematode Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) produces small, buoyant ova. Utilizing a novel diagnostic quantitative PCR (qPCR), this study monitored E. vermicularis presence at two full-scale wastewater treatment plants over the course of 8 months and demonstrated incomplete physical removal of E. vermicularis ova through tertiary treatment, with removal efficiencies approximating only 0.5 and 1.6 log10 at the two wastewater treatment plants based on qPCR. These findings demonstrate the need for more-diverse surrogates of helminthic ova to fully assess treatment performance with respect to reclaimed wastewaters.IMPORTANCE Helminths, despite being a diverse and environmentally resistant class of pathogens, are often underestimated and ignored when treatment performance at modern wastewater treatment plants is considered. A one-size-fits-all surrogate for removal of helminth ova may be inappropriate to adequately assess risk and ensure public safety when treated and partially treated wastewaters are encountered. This study argues for the use of human pinworm as a conservative indicator of the presence of helminth ova due to its small size, buoyancy, prevalence in humans, and environmental resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney P Rudko
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Nicholas J Ashbolt
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Environmental Microbiology Program, Alberta Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Norman F Neumann
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Environmental Microbiology Program, Alberta Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Photocatalytic inactivation of highly resistant microorganisms in water: A kinetic approach. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ndounla J, Pulgarin C. Solar light (hv) and H2O2/hv photo-disinfection of natural alkaline water (pH 8.6) in a compound parabolic collector at different day periods in Sahelian region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:17082-17094. [PMID: 26122565 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The photo-disinfection of natural alkaline surface water (pH 8.6 ± 0.3) for drinking purposes was carried out under solar radiation treatments. The enteric bacteria studied were the wild total coliforms/Escherichia coli (10(4) CFU/ml) and Salmonella spp. (10(4) CFU/ml) naturally present in the water. The photo-disinfection of a 25-l water sample was carried out in a solar compound parabolic collector (CPC) in the absence and in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The addition of H2O2 (10 mg/L) to the sample water was sufficient to enhance the photo-disinfection and ensure an irreversible lethal action on the wild enteric bacteria contents of the sample. The inactivation kinetic of the system was significantly enhanced compared to the one carried out without H2O2 addition. The effect of the solar radiation parameters on the efficiency of the photo-disinfection were assessed. The pH has increased during the treatment in all the photo-disinfection processes (hv and H2O2/hv). The Salmonella spp strain has shown the best effective inactivate time in alkaline water than the one recorded under acidic or near-neutral conditions. The evolution of some physico-chemical parameters of the water (turbidity, NO2(-), NO3(-), NH4(+), HPO4(2-), and bicarbonate (HCO3(-))) was monitored during the treatment. Finally, the possible mechanistic process involved during the enteric bacteria inactivation was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ndounla
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering GPAO, Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Laboratoire Eau, Dépollution, Ecosystème et Santé (LEDES), Institut International d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement, 01 BP 594, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - C Pulgarin
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering GPAO, Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Bandala ER, Cossio H, Sánchez-Lopez AD, Córdova F, Peralta-Herández JM, Torres LG. Scaling-up parameters for site restoration process using surfactant-enhanced soil washing coupled with wastewater treatment by Fenton and Fenton-like processes. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2013; 34:363-71. [PMID: 23530350 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2012.696721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Estimation of scaling-up parameters for a site restoration process using a surfactant-enhanced soil washing (SESW) process followed by the application of advanced oxidation processes (Fenton and photo-Fenton) was performed. For the SESW, different parameters were varied and the soil washing efficiency for pesticide (2,4-D) removal assessed. The resulting wastewater was treated using the Fenton reaction in the absence and presence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation for pesticide removal. Results showed that agitation speed of 1550 rpm was preferable for the best pesticide removal from contaminated soil. It was possible to wash contaminated soils with different soil concentrations; however the power drawn was higher as the soil concentration increased. Complete removal of the pesticide and the remaining surfactant was achieved using different reaction conditions. The best degradation conditions were for the photo-Fenton process using [Fe(II)] = 0.3 mM; [H2O2] = 4.0 mM where complete 2,4-D and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) removal was observed after 8 and 10 minutes of reaction, respectively. Further increase in the hydrogen peroxide or iron salt concentration did not show any improvement in the reaction rate. Kinetic parameters, i.e. reaction rate constant and scaling-up parameters, were determined. It was shown that, by coupling both processes (SESW and AOPs), it is possible the restoration of contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick R Bandala
- Grupo de Investigación en Energía y Ambiente, Universidad de Las Américas, Puebla, Mexico.
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