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Insel G, Yilmaz G, Hazi F, Artan N. Model-based evaluation of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in aerobic granular sludge systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:124780-124789. [PMID: 36645591 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25252-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A lab-scale granular sludge sequencing batch reactor (G-SBR) system was operated using synthetic wastewater. The total nitrogen removal efficiency of 85% was obtained together with the achievement of complete total phosphorus removal with average granule diameter of 400 µm. Dual-step nitrification and denitrification model with fixed biofilm thickness was used for performance analysis. The denitrification mode only contributed to TN removal with 25% which can be calculated with process stoichiometry. The remaining nitrogen removal could be explained by simulating simultaneous nitrification and denitrification which was responsible for 75% denitrification during aerobic period. In addition, low NO3- concentration at the beginning of the fill period provided advantage for securing a prolonged anaerobic period for enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). The model parameters of boundary layer thickness (zBL = 50 µm) and half-saturation of O2 for nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (KO2,NOB = 0.5 gO2/m3) were tuned to fit NO2 and NO3 profiles in SBR cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güçlü Insel
- Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulsum Yilmaz
- Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ferenc Hazi
- Dynamita, 2015 Route d'Aiglun, Sigale, France
| | - Nazik Artan
- Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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Enhancing treatability of tannery wastewater by integrated process of electrocoagulation and fungal via using RSM in an economic perspective. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Saxena G, Chandra R, Bharagava RN. Environmental Pollution, Toxicity Profile and Treatment Approaches for Tannery Wastewater and Its Chemical Pollutants. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 240:31-69. [PMID: 26795766 DOI: 10.1007/398_2015_5009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Leather industries are key contributors in the economy of many developing countries, but unfortunately they are facing serious challenges from the public and governments due to the associated environmental pollution. There is a public outcry against the industry due to the discharge of potentially toxic wastewater having alkaline pH, dark brown colour, unpleasant odour, high biological and chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids and a mixture of organic and inorganic pollutants. Various environment protection agencies have prioritized several chemicals as hazardous and restricted their use in leather processing however; many of these chemicals are used and discharged in wastewater. Therefore, it is imperative to adequately treat/detoxify the tannery wastewater for environmental safety. This paper provides a detail review on the environmental pollution and toxicity profile of tannery wastewater and chemicals. Furthermore, the status and advances in the existing treatment approaches used for the treatment and/or detoxification of tannery wastewater at both laboratory and pilot/industrial scale have been reviewed. In addition, the emerging treatment approaches alone or in combination with biological treatment approaches have also been considered. Moreover, the limitations of existing and emerging treatment approaches have been summarized and potential areas for further investigations have been discussed. In addition, the clean technologies for waste minimization, control and management are also discussed. Finally, the international legislation scenario on discharge limits for tannery wastewater and chemicals has also been discussed country wise with discharge standards for pollution prevention due to tannery wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Saxena
- Laboratory for Bioremediation and Metagenomic Research (LBMR), Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), School for Environmental Sciences (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Chandra
- Environmental Microbiology Section, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Naresh Bharagava
- Laboratory for Bioremediation and Metagenomic Research (LBMR), Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), School for Environmental Sciences (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Tomar S, Gupta SK. Investigating the role of co-substrate–substrate ratio and filter media on the performance of anammox hybrid reactor treating nitrogen rich wastewater. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 121:310-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tomar S, Gupta SK, Mishra BK. Performance evaluation of the anammox hybrid reactor seeded with mixed inoculum sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 37:1065-1076. [PMID: 26411578 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Long startup and poor granulation are the major bottlenecks in field-scale application of the anammox (ANaerobic AMMonium OXidation) process. In the present study, the anammox process was investigated in a modified anammox hybrid reactor (AHR) inoculated with mixed seed culture (anoxic and activated sludge). The startup study delineated four distinct phases, i.e. cell lysis, lag phase, activity elevation and stationary phase. Use of mixed seed culture at influent [Formula: see text] ratio (1:1) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1 d led to early startup of the anammox process. The removal efficiencies of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] during acclimation were found to be 94.3% and 96.4%, respectively, at nitrogen loading rate (NLR) of 0.35 kg N/m(3) d. Pearson correlation analysis dictated strong and positive correlation of HRT and sludge retention time (SRT) with nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) while NLR and sludge loading rate (SLR) were negatively correlated. Attached growth system (AGS) in AHR contributed an additional 11% ammonium removal and reduced the sludge washout rate by 29%. Mass balance of nitrogen revealed that the major fraction (74.1%) of input nitrogen was converted into N2 gas indicating higher substrate conversion efficiency of anammox biomass. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) study of biomass indicated the presence of heterogeneous population of cocci and rod-shaped bacteria of average diameter varying from 1.2 to 1.5 mm. Owing to the features of early start-up, ability to retain high biomass and consistently higher NRE, hybrid reactor configuration seeded with mixed culture offers noble strategy for cultivation of well-compacted anammox granules for field-scale installation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Tomar
- a Department of Environmental Science & Engineering , Indian School of Mines , Dhanbad , India
| | - Sunil Kumar Gupta
- a Department of Environmental Science & Engineering , Indian School of Mines , Dhanbad , India
| | - Brijesh Kumar Mishra
- a Department of Environmental Science & Engineering , Indian School of Mines , Dhanbad , India
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A new mathematical model for nitrogen gas production with special emphasis on the role of attached growth media in anammox hybrid reactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9245-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lofrano G, Meriç S, Zengin GE, Orhon D. Chemical and biological treatment technologies for leather tannery chemicals and wastewaters: a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 461-462:265-281. [PMID: 23735721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the leather tanning industry is known to be one of the leading economic sectors in many countries, there has been an increasing environmental concern regarding the release of various recalcitrant pollutants in tannery wastewater. It has been shown that biological processes are presently known as the most environmental friendly but inefficient for removal of recalcitrant organics and micro-pollutants in tannery wastewater. Hence emerging technologies such as advanced oxidation processes and membrane processes have been attempted as integrative to biological treatment for this sense. This paper, as the-state-of-the-art, attempts to revise the over world trends of treatment technologies and advances for pollution prevention from tannery chemicals and wastewater. It can be elucidated that according to less extent advances in wastewater minimization as well as in leather production technology and chemicals substitution, biological and chemical treatment processes have been progressively studied. However, there has not been a full scale application yet of those emerging technologies using advanced oxidation although some of them proved good achievements to remove xenobiotics present in tannery wastewater. It can be noted that advanced oxidation technologies integrated with biological processes will remain in the agenda of the decision makers and water sector to apply the best prevention solution for the future tanneries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Lofrano
- Department of Environment, Waste Division, Salerno Province, via Mauri, 61-84132 Salerno, Italy.
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Katipoglu-Yazan T, Ubay Cokgor E, Insel G, Orhon D. Is ammonification the rate limiting step for nitrification kinetics? BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 114:117-125. [PMID: 22464417 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated relative magnitude of hydrolysis and ammonification by separate analysis of ammonia release and nitrification mechanisms. A peptone mixture was used as substrate in two parallel experiments seeded with nitrifying biomass conducted with and without nitrification inhibitor. Results were evaluated by means of model analysis of the ammonia and the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) profiles. A dual hydrolysis mechanism with maximum rate coefficients of 6.3 and 0.5/day characterized the peptone mixture and a kinetic balance was established for the ammonia release mechanism with a corresponding ammonification rate of 0.08 m(3)/g COD day. The experiments also showed a low soluble ammonia nitrogen generation that was rapidly depleted, confirming the existence of ammonification. These rate coefficients were verified using model calibration of the OUR profile related to simultaneous carbon removal and nitrification. Results indicated that ammonification would not be rate limiting for wastewaters such as domestic sewage, with lower hydrolysis kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Katipoglu-Yazan
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Yildiz Töre G, Insel G, Ubay Cokgör E, Ferlier E, Kabdaşli I, Orhon D. Pollution profile and biodegradation characteristics of fur-suede processing effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2011; 32:1151-1162. [PMID: 21882567 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2010.529465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of stream segregation on the biodegradation characteristics of wastewaters generated by fur-suede processing. It was conducted on a plant located in an organized industrial district in Turkey. A detailed in-plant analysis of the process profile and the resulting pollution profile in terms of significant parameters indicated the characteristics of a strong wastewater with a maximum total COD of 4285 mg L(-1), despite the excessive wastewater generation of 205 m3 (ton skin)(-1). Respirometric analysis by model calibration yielded slow biodegradation kinetics and showed that around 50% of the particulate organics were utilized at a rate similar to that of endogenous respiration. A similar analysis on the segregated wastewater streams suggested that biodegradation of the plant effluent is controlled largely by the initial washing/pickling operations. The effect of other effluent streams was not significant due to their relatively low contribution to the overall organic load. The respirometric tests showed that the biodegradation kinetics of the joint treatment plant influent of the district were substantially improved and exhibited typical levels reported for tannery wastewater, so that the inhibitory impact was suppressed to a great extent by dilution and mixing with effluents of the other plants. The chemical treatment step in the joint treatment plant removed the majority of the particulate organics so that 80% of the available COD was utilized in the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) test, a ratio quite compatible with the biodegradable COD fractions of tannery wastewater. Consequently, process kinetics and especially the hydrolysis rate appeared to be significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Yildiz Töre
- Namik Kemal University, Environmental Engineering Division, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
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Hocaoglu SM, Insel G, Cokgor EU, Orhon D. Effect of low dissolved oxygen on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a membrane bioreactor treating black water. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:4333-4340. [PMID: 21239168 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Effect of low dissolved oxygen on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification was evaluated in a membrane bioreactor treating black water. A fully aerobic membrane bioreactor was operated at a sludge age of 60 days under three low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels below 0.5mg/L. It sustained effective simultaneous nitrification/denitrification for the entire observation period. Nitrification was incomplete due to adverse effects of a number of factors such as low DO level, SMPs inhibition, alkalinity limitation, etc. DO impact was more significant on denitrification: Nitrate was fully removed at low DO level but the removal was gradually reduced as DO was increased to 0.5mg/L. Nitrogen removal remained optimal within the DO range of 0.15-0.35 mg/L. Experimental results were calibrated and simulated by model evaluation with the same model coefficients. The model defined improved mass transfer with lower affinity coefficients for oxygen and nitrate as compared to conventional activated sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Murat Hocaoglu
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Environment Institute, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Hocaoglu SM, Orhon D. Fate of proteins and carbohydrates in membrane bioreactor operated at high sludge age. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2010; 45:1101-1108. [PMID: 20560086 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2010.486342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The paper evaluated the fate of proteins and carbohydrates in the course of substrate removal by membrane bioreactor (MBR), which was used for the biological treatment of black and grey water components of a controlled decentralized residential area. The MBRs were operated at a high sludge age of 60 days to better observe the magnitude of soluble residual products. Both groups were detected in the raw wastewater and represented 15% of the soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) content for black water and 9% for grey water. Corresponding ratios in the process effluent were significantly increased to 70% and 24% respectively, indicating that both proteins and carbohydrates were likely to be generated as residual soluble microbial products. Residual soluble organics accumulated in the reactor at much higher levels as compared to the effluent due to cake filtration occurring on the surface of the membrane, entrapping fractions larger than 4-8 nm for proteins, and around 14 nm for carbohydrates. Mass balance showed that proteins and carbohydrates accumulated in the reactor were partially removed due to longer retention and possible acclimation of the biomass. The observed removal rate was much lower for carbohydrates compared with proteins.
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Cokgor EU, Karahan O, Orhon D. The effect of mixing pharmaceutical and tannery wastewaters on the biodegradation characteristics of the effluents. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2008; 156:292-299. [PMID: 18243532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper evaluated the effect of mixing the effluent of a pharmaceutical plant producing acetylsalicylic acid with tannery wastewater, on the biodegradation of the effluents. The evaluation involved the analysis of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR), profiles of each wastewater and the mixture by respirometry. Model calibration using the experimental OUR data identified major COD fractions and associated process kinetics for all samples analyzed. The tannery sample was a plain-settled effluent having a total COD of around 2200 mg/L with a readily biodegradable fraction of 15%. The same fraction was 57% in the pharmaceutical wastewater sample having a much stronger total COD content of 40,435 mg/L. Consequently, mixing of the pharmaceutical effluent with the tannery wastewater up to 38% of the total COD in the mixture increased the readily biodegradable COD fraction but had an inhibitory effect on the biodegradation kinetics. This effect was relatively lower on growth, but quite significant on the hydrolysis of the slowly biodegradable COD decreasing the maximum hydrolysis rate from 2.0 day(-1) to 1.2 day(-1). Model evaluation of the respirometric data, as performed in this study sets a workable protocol for the assessment of the compatibility of different wastewater mixtures for biological treatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Ubay Cokgor
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, ITU Insaat Fakültesi, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Görgün E, Insel G, Artan N, Orhon D. Model evaluation of temperature dependency for carbon and nitrogen removal in a full-scale activated sludge plant treating leather-tanning wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2007; 42:747-56. [PMID: 17474001 DOI: 10.1080/10934520701304427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbon and nitrogen removal performance of a full-scale activated sludge plant treating pre-settled leather tanning wastewater was evaluated under dynamic process temperatures. Emphasis was placed upon observed nitrogen removal depicting a highly variable magnitude with changing process temperatures. As the plant was not specifically designed for this purpose, observed nitrogen removal could be largely attributed to simultaneous nitrification and denitrification presumably occurring at increased process temperatures (T>25 degrees C) and resulting low dissolved oxygen levels (DO<0.5 mgO2/L). Model evaluation using long-term data revealed that the yearly performance of activated sludge reactor could be successfully calibrated by means of temperature dependent parameters associated with nitrification, hydrolysis, ammonification and endogenous decay parameters. In this context, the Arrhenius coefficients of (i) for the maximum autotrophic growth rate, [image omitted]A, (ii) maximum hydrolysis rate, khs and (iii) endogenous heterotrophic decay rate, bH were found to be 1.045, 1.070 and 1.035, respectively. The ammonification rate (ka) defining the degradation of soluble organic nitrogen could not be characterized however via an Arrhenius-type equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Görgün
- Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey.
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