1
|
Chai G, Wang D, Shan J, Jiang C, Yang Z, Liu E, Meng H, Wang H, Wang Z, Qin L, Xi J, Ma Y, Li H, Qian Y, Li J, Lin Y. Accumulation of high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon impacted the performance and microbial ecology of bioretention systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134314. [PMID: 35292274 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioretention has been considered as an effective management practice for urban stormwater in the removal of pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, the accumulation of high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs in bioretention systems and their potential impact on the pollutants removal performance and microbial ecology are still not fully understood. In this study, comparisons of treatment effectiveness, enzyme activity and microbial community in bioretention systems with different types of media amendments were carried out at different spiking levels of pyrene (PYR). The results showed that the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen in the bioretention systems were negatively impacted by the PYR levels. The relative activities of soil dehydrogenase and urease were increasingly inhibited by the elevated PYR level, indicating the declining microbial activity regarding organic matter decomposition. The spiking of PYR negatively affected microbial diversity, and distinct time- and influent-dependent changes in microbial communities were observed. The relative abundance of PAH-degrading microorganisms increased in PYR-spiked systems, while the abundance of nitrifiers decreased. The addition of media amendments was beneficial for the enrichment of microorganisms that are more resistant to PYR-related stress, therefore elevating the COD concentration removal rate by ∼50%. This study gives new insight into the multifaceted impacts of HMW PAH accumulation on microbial fingerprinting and enzyme activities, which may provide guidance on better stormwater management practices via bioretention in terms of improved system longevity and performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Chai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Dongqi Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China; State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China
| | - Jiaqi Shan
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Chunbo Jiang
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Zhangjie Yang
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Enyu Liu
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Haiyu Meng
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Lu Qin
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Jiayao Xi
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Yuenan Ma
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Huaien Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China; State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China
| | - Yishi Qian
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Jiake Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China; State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China.
| | - Yishan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang F, Fu D, Zevenbergen C, Rene ER. A comprehensive review on the long-term performance of stormwater biofiltration systems (SBS): Operational challenges and future directions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:113956. [PMID: 34700085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater biofiltration systems (SBS) are a popular technology for mitigating the negative effects of urbanization on the hydrological processes and water quality in urban areas. However, little is known about SBS's long-term performance in actual field conditions. The findings of a review of the scientific literature on the long-term performance of SBS are presented in this paper. The findings show that only a few studies have investigated the performance of SBS and its change over time, and that the results of laboratory and field experiments differed due to the presence of plants, regular maintenance, and some uncertain environmental factors. Based on the existing knowledge gaps in this field, the main challenges observed was the lack of long-term field data series, and the existing mathematical models are not able to accurately forecast the long-term performance of SBS. This could be owing to the difficulties in monitoring activities, the high costs involved and the unpredictability around the operational timeframe. Future study should concentrate on the implementation of simulation and modeling-based research in pilot and full-scale SBS, and the inclusion of new performance indicators should be considered as a priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feikai Yang
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Centre for Future Cities, Nanjing, 210096, China; IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, P. O. Box 3015, 2611DA, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Gebouw 23, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Dafang Fu
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Centre for Future Cities, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Chris Zevenbergen
- IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, P. O. Box 3015, 2611DA, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Gebouw 23, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Eldon R Rene
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hermawan AA, Teh KL, Talei A, Chua LHC. Accumulation of heavy metals in stormwater biofiltration systems augmented with zeolite and fly ash. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 297:113298. [PMID: 34280854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of high levels of heavy metals into the environment is of concern due to its toxicity to aquatic life and potential human health impacts. Biofiltration systems have been used in urban environments to address nutrient contamination, but there is also evidence that such systems can be effective in reducing heavy metals concentration in stormwater. However, the accumulation pattern of heavy metals and lifespan of such systems, which are important in engineering design, have not been thoroughly explored. This study investigated the accumulation patterns of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe), which are common in urban runoff, in non-vegetated filtration columns using three different types of filter media, namely sand (S), and mixtures of sand with fly ash (sand-fly ash mix, SF), and with zeolite (sand-zeolite mix, SZ). The columns were assessed in terms of infiltration rate, the mass of heavy metals accumulation at different depths, and formation of crust layer (schmutzdecke) at the surface. The results show that most of the heavy metals accumulated at the top 5-10 cm of the filter media. However, Zn was found adsorbed to a depth of 15 cm in S and SZ columns, while Mn and Fe were present in column S throughout the entire 30 cm depth of the filter media. The presence especially of Zn, Mn, and Fe in the deeper portions of the filter media before the top 5 cm layer reached its maximum adsorption capacity, hints that transport to the deeper layers is not necessarily dependent on saturation of the upper layers for these heavy metals. SF accumulated heavy metals most at the top 5 cm of the filter media layer, and retained twice the mass of heavy metals in the crust layer, compared to S and SZ columns. SF also yielded the lowest value of infiltration rate of 31 mm/h. Considering both metals accumulation and clogging potential of the filter media, the periodic maintenance of these systems is suggested to be approximately between 1.5 and 3 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Aditya Hermawan
- Discipline of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Kok Leong Teh
- Discipline of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Amin Talei
- Discipline of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Lloyd H C Chua
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3220, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Costello DM, Hartung EW, Stoll JT, Jefferson AJ. Bioretention cell age and construction style influence stormwater pollutant dynamics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:135597. [PMID: 31791787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In urbanized landscapes, green infrastructure is proposed as a method for using relatively small plots of land to manage stormwater and protect receiving ecosystems from pollutants. Bioretention cells can infiltrate stormwater from roads and parking lots, and as stormwater passed through the soils, metals can be removed. Metal removal and storage has been demonstrated in laboratory media columns and field-scale test cells, but we have an incomplete understanding of metal removal and accumulation in aging bioretention cells in the field. We surveyed 25 bioretention cells (0-7 years of service) for soil physicochemistry to determine which characteristics related to soil metal (Cu, Pb, and Zn) concentrations. We collected soil cores and treated them with simulated stormwater to measure potential rates of metal removal under different metal and salt concentrations. Older bioretention cells had higher Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in soil, which indicates accumulation and storage over time. The oldest cells had metal concentrations that were not a risk to human health but which approached screening thresholds for potential impairment of plants. Soil organic matter content (OM) was positively associated with metal concentrations which highlights the importance of OM in the functioning of cells. Retrofit bioretention cells were younger with less OM and more clay than cells built concurrently with new parking lot construction (i.e., de novo), but after 2.7 years of service, soil OM was similar between retrofit and de novo builds. Soil cores from de novo bioretention cells retained more stormwater metals than soil cores from retrofit cells, and this was likely due to differences in soil OM. Elevated road salt in stormwater was associated with less effective metal removal and leaching of Zn from soils. Overall, these data suggest that management (e.g., salting) and design (e.g., construction) decisions can greatly influence metal removal function of bioretention cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Costello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
| | - Erik W Hartung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Jordyn T Stoll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ashoori N, Teixido M, Spahr S, LeFevre GH, Sedlak DL, Luthy RG. Evaluation of pilot-scale biochar-amended woodchip bioreactors to remove nitrate, metals, and trace organic contaminants from urban stormwater runoff. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 154:1-11. [PMID: 30763870 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater is increasingly being valued as a freshwater resource in arid regions and can provide opportunities for beneficial reuse via aquifer recharge if adequate pollutant removal can be achieved. We envision a multi-unit operation approach to capture, treat, and recharge (CTR) stormwater using low energy, cost-effective technologies appropriate for larger magnitude, less frequent events. Herein, we tested nutrient, metal, and trace organic contaminant removal of a pilot-scale CTR system in the laboratory using biochar-amended woodchip bioreactors following eight months of aging under field conditions with exposure to real stormwater. Replicate columns with woodchips and biochar (33% by weight), woodchips and straw, or woodchips only were operated with continuous, saturated flow for eight months using water from a watershed that drained an urban area consisting of residential housing and parks in Sonoma, California. After aging, columns were challenged for five months by continuous exposure to synthetic stormwater amended with 50 μg L-1 of six trace organic contaminants (i.e., fipronil, diuron, 1H-benzotriazole, atrazine, 2,4-D, and TCEP) and five metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) frequently detected in stormwater in order to replicate the treatment unit operation of a CTR system. Throughout the eight-month aging and five-month challenge experiment, nitrate concentrations were below the detection limit after treatment (i.e., <0.05 mg N L-1). The removal efficiencies for metals in all treatments were >80% for Ni, Cu, Cd, and Pb. For Zn, about 50% removal occurred in the woodchip-biochar systems while the other systems achieved about 20% removal. No breakthrough of the trace organic compounds was observed in any biochar-containing columns. Woodchip columns without biochar removed approximately 99% of influent atrazine and 90% of influent fipronil, but exhibited relatively rapid breakthrough of TCEP, 2,4-D, 1H-benzotriazole, and diuron. The addition of straw to the woodchip columns provided no significant benefit compared to woodchips alone. Due to the lack of breakthrough of trace organics in the biochar-woodchip columns, we estimated column breakthrough with a diffusion-limited sorption model. Results of the model indicate breakthrough for the trace organics would occur between 10,000 and 32,000 pore volumes. Under ideal conditions this could be equivalent to decades of service, assuming failure by other processes (e.g., clogging, biofouling) does not occur. These results indicate that multiple contaminants can be removed in woodchip-biochar reactors employed in stormwater treatment systems with suitable flow control and that the removal of trace organic contaminants is enhanced significantly by addition of biochar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Negin Ashoori
- Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marc Teixido
- Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Spahr
- Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gregory H LeFevre
- Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering and IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - David L Sedlak
- Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Richard G Luthy
- Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Performance Assessment of a Laboratory Scale Prototype Biofiltration System in Tropical Region. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11071947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biofiltration systems, as one of the best management practices, have good potentials to improve stormwater quality and hydrology of urban catchments. While biofiltration systems are well-studied in developed countries, the majority of those studies are conducted for temperate climate and there is a lack of lab-scale and field-scale studies on such systems under tropical conditions. This paper focuses on the performance of a lab-scale prototype biofiltration systems in stormwater retention efficiency as well as pollutants removal (including heavy metals and nutrients) from synthetic stormwater reproducing tropical rainfall events. A three-layer sand-based filter media with two different native plants including Pedilanthus tithymaloides and Cyperus alternifolius was selected for this study. Results showed that the system with Cyperus has a better stormwater retention capacity compared to the one with Pedilanthus. In addition, the observed infiltration rate in Cyperus and Pedilanthus were 338 mm/h and 267 mm/h, respectively. The better hydraulic performance in the system with Cyperus was attributed to the deeper and more extensive root penetration of this plant (as deep as 800 mm) compared to Pedilanthus (as deep as 250 mm). While both systems failed to perform well in removing total nitrogen, they performed significantly better in removing total phosphorus (Cyperus and Pedilanthus removed 67.3% and 62.5% of total phosphorus, respectively). The statistical analysis of results showed that the top 100 mm layer of filter media is the main contributor to total phosphorus removal. However, no major differences were observed between the two systems in phosphorus removal. Moreover, both systems were also capable of removing the available heavy metals (i.e., Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) as the removal efficiencies exceeded 90%, except for Fe (76%). Similar to phosphorus, it was concluded that the top layer is the major contributor to the heavy metals removal. Overall, the biofiltration system using Cyperus was found to be a successful system for operating under tropical conditions.
Collapse
|
7
|
Simultaneous Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Roadway Stormwater Runoff Using Different Filter Media in Column Studies. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10091160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stormwater runoff from roadways often contains a variety of contaminants such as heavy metals, which can adversely impact receiving waters. The filter media in stormwater filtration/infiltration systems play a significant role in the simultaneous removal of multiple pollutants. In this study, the capacity of five filter media—natural quartz sand (QS), sandy soil (SS) and three mineral-based technical filter media (TF-I, TF-II and TF-III)—to adsorb heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) frequently detected in stormwater, as well as remobilization due to de-icing salt (NaCl), were evaluated in column experiments. The column breakthrough data were used to predict lifespan of the filter media. Column experiment operated under high hydraulic load showed that all technical filters and sandy soil achieved >97%, 94% and >80% of Pb, Cu and Zn load removals, respectively, while natural quartz sand (QS) showed very poor performance. Furthermore, treatment of synthetic stormwater by the soil and technical filter media met the requirements of the Austrian regulation regarding maximum effluent concentrations and minimum removal efficiencies for groundwater protection. The results showed that application of NaCl had only a minor impact on the remobilization of heavy metals from the soil and technical filter media, while the largest release of metals was observed from the QS column. Breakthrough analysis indicated that load removal efficiencies at column exhaustion (SS, TF-I, TF-II and TF-III) were >95% for Cu and Pb and 80–97% for Zn. Based on the adsorption capacities, filtration systems could be sized to 0.4 to 1% (TF-I, TF-II and TF-III) and 3.5% (SS) of their impervious catchment area and predicated lifespan of each filter media was at least 35, 36, 41 and 29 years for SS, TF-I, TF-II and TF-III, respectively. The findings of this study demonstrate that soil—based and technical filter media are effective in removing heavy metals and can be utilized in full-stormwater filtration systems.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lucke T, Dierkes C, Boogaard F. Investigation into the long-term stormwater pollution removal efficiency of bioretention systems. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 76:2133-2139. [PMID: 29068342 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the number of bioretention systems installed worldwide. However, there has only been limited research on the long-term effectiveness of these sustainable urban drainage system devices. This paper presents the results of a series of controlled field experiments investigating the pollutant removal efficiency of three, 10-year-old, bio-filtration systems that have been in service in the Sunshine Coast in Australia. The results of this study suggest that the long-term pollution removal performance of these systems may not be as effective as previously thought and further research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry Lucke
- Stormwater Research Group, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, 4556, QLD Australia E-mail:
| | - Carsten Dierkes
- Water Engineering, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, 60318 Germany
| | - Floris Boogaard
- Built Environments, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lucke T, Nichols PWB. The pollution removal and stormwater reduction performance of street-side bioretention basins after ten years in operation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 536:784-792. [PMID: 26254078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the pollution removal and hydrologic performance of five, 10-year old street-side bioretention systems. The bioretention basins were subjected to a series of simulated rainfall events using synthetic stormwater. Four different pollution concentrations were tested on three of the bioretention basins. The four concentrations tested were: A) no pollution; B) typical Australian urban pollutant loads; C) double the typical pollution loads, and; D) five times the typical pollution loads. Tests were also undertaken to determine the levels of contaminant and heavy metals build-up that occurred in the filter media over the 10 year operational life of the bioretention systems. Although highly variable, the overall hydrological performance of the basins was found to be positive, with all basins attenuating flows, reducing both peak flow rates and total outflow volumes. Total suspended solids removal performance was variable for all tests and no correlation was found between performance and dosage. Total nitrogen (TN) removal was positive for Tests B, C and D. However, the TN removal results for Test A were found to be negative. Total phosphorus (TP) was the only pollutant to be effectively removed from all basins for all four synthetic stormwater tests. The study bioretention basins were found to export pollutants during tests where no pollutants were added to the simulated inflow water (Test A). Heavy metal and hydrocarbon testing undertaken on the bioretention systems found that the pollution levels of the filter media were still within acceptable limits after 10 years in operation. This field study has shown bioretention basin pollution removal performance to be highly variable and dependant on a range of factors including inflow pollution concentrations, filter media, construction methods and environmental factors. Further research is required in order to fully understand the potential stormwater management benefits of these systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry Lucke
- Stormwater Research Group, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4558, Australia.
| | - Peter W B Nichols
- Stormwater Research Group, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4558, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Review and Research Needs of Bioretention Used for the Treatment of Urban Stormwater. WATER 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/w6041069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
11
|
Feng W, Hatt BE, McCarthy DT, Fletcher TD, Deletic A. Biofilters for stormwater harvesting: understanding the treatment performance of key metals that pose a risk for water use. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:5100-5108. [PMID: 22497642 DOI: 10.1021/es203396f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A large-scale stormwater biofilter column study was conducted to evaluate the impact of design configurations and operating conditions on metal removal for stormwater harvesting and protection of aquatic ecosystems. The following factors were tested over 8 months of operation: vegetation selection (plant species), filter media type, filter media depth, inflow volume (loading rate), and inflow pollutant concentrations. Operational time was also integrated to evaluate treatment performance over time. Vegetation and filter type were found to be significant factors for treatment of metals. A larger filter media depth resulted in increased outflow concentrations of iron, aluminum, chromium, zinc, and lead, likely due to leaching and mobilization of metals within the media. Treatment of all metals except aluminum and iron was generally satisfactory with respect to drinking water quality standards, while all metals met standards for irrigation. However, it was shown that biofilters could be optimized for removal of iron to meet the required drinking water standards. Biofilters were generally shown to be resilient to variations in operating conditions and demonstrated satisfactory removal of metals for stormwater-harvesting purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Feng
- Department of Civil Engineering, Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University, Building 60, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|