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Castellar JAC, Popartan LA, Pucher B, Pineda-Martos R, Hecht K, Katsou E, Nika CE, Junge R, Langergraber G, Atanasova N, Comas J, Monclús H, Pueyo-Ros J. What does it take to renature cities? An expert-based analysis of barriers and strategies for the implementation of nature-based solutions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120385. [PMID: 38382435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
This paper uses an expert-based methodology to survey the barriers and strategies related to the implementation of nature-based solutions (NBS). The ambition of the paper is to offer a bird's eye overview of the difficulties encountered by NBS deployment and ways to overcome them. With a wide participation of 80 experts from COST Action Circular City, we identify barriers specific to 35 pre-defined NBS of the following four categories: Vertical Greening Systems and Green Roofs; Food and Biomass Production; Rainwater Management; and Remediation, Treatment, and Recovery. The research sheds light on how a major interdisciplinary - yet predominantly technically-oriented - community of scientists and practitioners views this important topic. Overall, the most relevant barriers are related to technological complexity, lack of skilled staff and training programs and the lack of awareness that NBS is an option. Our results highlight concerns related to post implementation issues, especially operation and maintenance, which subsequently affect social acceptance. The paper identifies a "chain" effect across barriers, meaning that one barrier can affect the existence or the relevance of other barriers. In terms of strategies, most of them target governance, information, and education aspects, despite the predominantly technical expertise of the participants. The study innovates with respect to state-of-the-art research by showing a fine-grained connection between barriers, strategies and individual NBS and categories, a level of detail which is not encountered in any other study to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana A C Castellar
- University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; CETAQUA, Water Technology Centre, Crta. Esplugues, 75 08940, Cornellà de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucia Alexandra Popartan
- LEQUIA, Institute of the Environment, Universitat de Girona, c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bernhard Pucher
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rocío Pineda-Martos
- University of Seville, School of Agricultural Engineering (ETSIA), Department of Aerospace Engineering and Fluid Mechanics, Urban Greening and Biosystems Engineering Research Group (NatUrIB), Ctra. de Utrera, km.1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Katharina Hecht
- Department of Biology/Department of Real Estate & Campus, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Evina Katsou
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge Campus, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Chrysanthi Elisabeth Nika
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge Campus, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Ranka Junge
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grüntal, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Günter Langergraber
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nataša Atanasova
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, Jamova 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Joaquim Comas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; LEQUIA, Institute of the Environment, Universitat de Girona, c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hèctor Monclús
- LEQUIA, Institute of the Environment, Universitat de Girona, c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Pueyo-Ros
- University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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Malinowski P, Dąbrowski W, Karolinczak B. Application of New Filling Material Based on Combined Heat and Power Waste for Sewage Treatment in Constructed Wetlands. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:389. [PMID: 38255557 PMCID: PMC10821246 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The filling of constructed wetlands (CWs) affects the efficiency of sewage treatment and proper operation. Mineral aggregates are most often used as filling materials. Significant environmental burdens from mineral mining operations justify the search for waste fill. This study aimed to determine the possibility of increasing the efficiency of CW by using a Certyd aggregate as a new filling. Certyd is produced in the sintering process of coal ash, a waste from combined heat and power (CHP) plant operation. Comprehensive two-year studies were conducted using two real-scale subsurface vertical flow (SS VF) CWs supplied with domestic sewage. One bed was filled with a Certyd and the other was filled with appropriate fractions of a mineral aggregate. Both beds worked in parallel, and to compare their effectiveness, account seasonality was taken into account. The SS-VF Certyd-filled bed achieved an average efficiency of 88.0% for biological oxygen demand (BOD5), 80.2% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 80.4% for suspended solids (SSs), 80.2 for ammonia nitrogen (N-NH4), 72.2% for total nitrogen (TN), and 55.3% for total phosphorus (TP), while the gravel-filled bed achieved 84.5%, 77.0%, 86.9%, 74.2%, 69.4%, and 57.8% for the whole research period, respectively. A higher effect of the removed unit load was achieved in the bed filled with Certyd (36.2 g BOD5 m-2 d-1, 50.0 g COD m-2 d-1, 5.88 g SS m-2 d-1, 7.1 g TN m-2 d-1, 7.9 g N-NH4 m-2 d-1, 0.79 g TP m-2 d-1) compared to the gravel-filled bed (34.7 g BOD5 m-2 d-1, 47.0 g COD, 6.35 g SS m-2 d-1, 6.9 g TN m-2 d-1, 7.3 g m-2 d-1 N-NH4, 0.83 g TP m-2 d-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Malinowski
- Department of Statistics and Medical Informatics, Medical University of Bialystok, 37 Szpitalna St., 15-295 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Dąbrowski
- Faculty of Building and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska St. 45E, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
| | - Beata Karolinczak
- Faculty of Building Services Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 20 Nowowiejska St., 00-653 Warsaw, Poland;
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Vera-Puerto I, Valdés H, Correa C, Olave J, Pérez V, Arias CA. Variation of the feeding/resting period in modified vertical treatment wetlands (depth, zeolite as medium) employed for treating rural domestic wastewater in tourist areas. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 88:1394-1403. [PMID: 37768743 PMCID: wst_2023_283 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the performance of modified vertical flow treatment wetlands (VF-TWs) in terms of depth and medium to assess the effect of the feeding/resting periods and footprint (FP). The modifications were proposed for treating domestic wastewater in rural areas with flow variations such as tourist sites. The experimental setup included six laboratory-scale VF-TWs: (a) normal (VF-N), bed depth 1.0 m, filled with sand and (b) modified (VF-M), bed depth 0.5 m, filled with sand (upper) and zeolite (bottom, saturated). The operation was divided into three phases (3 months each), varying the feeding/resting period and FP: phase I, 5 d/10 d, 2.6 m2/person-equivalent (PE); phase II, 3.5 d/3.5 d, 1.7 m2/PE; and phase III, only feeding no resting, 0.85 m2/PE. Influent and effluent grab samples were taken every 2 weeks. The results showed effective removal (above 60%) of total solids, organic matter, and pathogens for both VF-N and VF-M. Regarding nutrients, VF-M showed a phosphate removal below 60%, but no consistent removal (15-60%) of total nitrogen. Thus, the results suggest that proposed modifications can be an option to be established in tourist sites, but further work should be conducted to improve and optimize total nitrogen removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Vera-Puerto
- Departamento de Obras Civiles, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile E-mail: ;
| | - Hugo Valdés
- Departamento de Computación e Industrias, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile
| | - Christian Correa
- Departamento de Obras Civiles, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile; Consultora e Ingeniería Ciudad Verde Ltda, Camino a Puertas Negras S/N, Talca, Chile
| | - Jorge Olave
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Recursos Hídricos, Universidad Arturo Prat, Vivar 461-489, Iquique, Chile
| | - Valeria Pérez
- Departamento de Obras Civiles, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile; Departamento de Infraestructura, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile
| | - Carlos A Arias
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Biology, Aarhus University, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark; WATEC Aarhus University Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Wang J, Yu X, Lin H, Wang J, Chen L, Ding Y, Feng S, Zhang J, Ye B, Kan X, Sui Q. The efficiency of full-scale subsurface constructed wetlands with high hydraulic loading rates in removing pharmaceutical and personal care products from secondary effluent. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 451:131095. [PMID: 36889067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs) are usually operated at low hydraulic load rates (HLRs) of < 0.5 m3/m2/d, and can efficiently remove pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from wastewaters. They however often occupy a large area of land, especially when treating the secondary effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in megacities. High-load CWs (HCWs) with an HLR ≥ 1 m3/m2/d, requiring smaller land areas, are a good option for urban areas. However, their performance for PPCP removal is not clear. In this study, we evaluated the performance of three full-scale HCWs (HLR: 1.0-1.3 m3/m2/d) to remove 60 PPCPs, and found they had a stable removal performance and a higher areal removal capacity than the previously reported CWs operated at low HLRs. We verified the advantages of HCWs by testing the efficiency of two identical CWs at a low HLR (0.15 m3/m2/d) and a high HLR (1.3 m3/m2/d) fed with the same secondary effluent. The areal removal capacity during the high-HLR operation was 6-9 times higher than that during the low-HLR operation. A high dissolved oxygen content, and low COD and NH4-N concentrations in the secondary effluent were critical for the robust PPCP removal by tertiary treatment HCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xia Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Beijing Enterprises Water Group (BEWG), Beijing 100015, China
| | - Jiusi Wang
- The Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson Engineering Technologies Laboratory (CETL), Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Liping Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yanzhou Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuai Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Beibei Ye
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiping Kan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qian Sui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Büttner O, Jawitz JW, Birk S, Borchardt D. Why wastewater treatment fails to protect stream ecosystems in Europe. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118382. [PMID: 35413560 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is significant debate about why less than half of European rivers and streams are in good ecological status, despite decades of intense regulatory efforts. Of the multiple stressors that are recognized as potential contributors to stream degradation, we focus on discharge from 26,500 European wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). We tested the hypothesis that stream ecological status degradation across Europe is related to the local intensity of wastewater discharge, with an expected stream-order (ω) dependence based on the scaling laws that govern receiving stream networks. We found that ecological status in streams (ω≤3) declined consistently with increasing urban wastewater discharge fraction of stream flow (UDF) across river types and basins. In contrast, ecological status in larger rivers (ω≥4) was not related to UDF. From a continental-scale logistic regression model (accuracy 86%) we identified an ecologically critical threshold UDF = 6.5% ± 0.5. This is exceeded by more than one third of WWTPs in Europe, mostly discharging into smaller streams. Our results suggest that new receiving water-specific strategies for wastewater management are needed to achieve good ecological status in smaller streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Büttner
- Department Aquatic Ecosystems Analysis and Management, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Germany.
| | - James W Jawitz
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sebastian Birk
- Facultyof Biology, Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dietrich Borchardt
- Department Aquatic Ecosystems Analysis and Management, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Germany
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Reclamation of Treated Wastewater for Irrigation in Chile: Perspectives of the Current State and Challenges. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reclamation of treated wastewater is considered a viable option for reducing the agricultural and national water deficit, especially in Mediterranean-type and arid climatic conditions. Given that Chile is a country around 40% of whose territory is classified as semi-arid and desert and 20% as Mediterranean, with serious water scarcity problems, and which uses a great deal of the resource in agricultural irrigation, the present paper offers perspectives on the current state of treated wastewater reuse and considers challenges to improving the development of water reclamation for irrigation in Chile as a case study. The methods followed included a systematic literature review to answer two important questions: (a) What is the state of reclamation of treated wastewater for irrigation in Chile? and (b) What criteria/parameters determine the feasibility of reclaiming treated wastewater for irrigation in Chile? The results showed that Chile has been affected by climate change in a short time: a megadrought has occurred over the last ten years, increasing the necessity for the country to secure alternative water sources for irrigation. The country has advanced greatly in wastewater treatment coverage, achieving almost 100% in urban areas, with technologies that can produce quality water as a new water source for irrigation. However, the lack of regulations and limited frameworks could explain the low direct reuse at present—below 1% of total flow. Regarding challenges, the necessity of updates to Chile’s institutional and legal frameworks, besides the inclusion of rural communities and the study of emerging contaminants, will be discussed. By these means, it will be possible to more efficiently utilize recycled wastewater as a new source for irrigation in this country.
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Multistage Constructed Wetland in the Treatment of Greywater under Tropical Conditions: Performance, Operation, and Maintenance. RECYCLING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling6040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Greywater (GW) can be separated in different fractions where the kitchen component might be included. Constructed wetland (CW) systems are commonly used for the onsite treatment of GW, and the fraction treated might impact the performance, operation, and maintenance. These aspects are still poorly explored in the literature and are of importance for a proper design and system sustainability. In this study, a multi-stage household-scale CW system composed of a horizontal flow (HF), followed by a vertical flow (VF) unit, was monitored over 1330 days, focusing on different GW fractions and hydraulic and organic loading rates. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was ~50% lower without the kitchen sink component (GWL) in the system inlet, while no drop was observed in the chemical oxygen demand (COD). Treatment with the GWL component caused a sudden drop in the hydraulic loading rate applied at the HF-CW (~114 to 35 mm per day) and the VF-CW (~230 to 70 mm per day). Even when the HF-CW received ~90 gCOD m−2 per day (GW), the multistage system reached a COD removal of 90%. The lower BOD load when treating GWL avoids clogging and decreases the frequency of maintenance. These variables can be used for the optimal design and operation of a CW, contributing with empirical data to CW guidelines in Brazil, and could additionally be expanded for application in other countries with similar climates.
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Wang R, Yang X. Nestedness theory suggests wetland fragments with large areas and macrophyte diversity benefit waterbirds. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:12651-12664. [PMID: 34594528 PMCID: PMC8462146 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many artificial wetland constructions are currently underway worldwide to compensate for the degradation of natural wetland systems. Researchers face the responsibility of proposing wetland management and species protection strategies to ensure that constructed wetlands positively impact waterbird diversity. Nestedness is a commonly occurring pattern for biotas in fragmented habitats with important implications for conservation; however, only a few studies have focused on seasonal waterbird communities in current artificial wetlands. In this study, we used the nestedness theory for analyzing the annual and seasonal community structures of waterbirds in artificial wetlands at Lake Dianchi (China) to suggest artificial wetland management and waterbird conservation strategies. We carried out three waterbird surveys per month for one year to observe the annual, spring, summer, autumn, and winter waterbird assemblages in 27 lakeside artificial wetland fragments. We used the NeD program to quantify nestedness patterns of waterbirds at the annual and seasonal levels. We also determined Spearman partial correlations to examine the associations of nestedness rank and habitat variables to explore the factors underlying nestedness patterns. We found that annual and all four seasonal waterbird compositions were nested, and selective extinction and habitat nestedness were the main factors governing nestedness. Further, selective colonization was the key driver of nestedness in autumn and winter waterbirds. We suggest that the area of wetland fragments should be as large as possible and that habitat heterogeneity should be maximized to fulfill the conservation needs of different seasonal waterbirds. Furthermore, we suggest that future studies should focus on the least area criterion and that vegetation management of artificial wetland construction should be based on the notion of sustainable development for humans and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and EvolutionKunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
- Institute of Eastern‐Himalaya Biodiversity ResearchDali UniversityDaliChina
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and EvolutionKunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
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Performance Comparison of Vertical Flow Treatment Wetlands Planted with the Ornamental Plant Zantedeschia aethiopica Operated under Arid and Mediterranean Climate Conditions. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13111478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work compares the performance of vertical subsurface flow treatment wetlands (VSSF TWs) for wastewater treatment, planted with Zantedeschia aethiopica (Za), here operated simultaneously under two different climate conditions, arid and Mediterranean. The experimental setup was divided into two treatment lines for each climate condition: three VSSF TWs planted with Schoenplectus californicus (Sc) (VSSF-S), as the control, and three VSSF TWs planted with Zantedeschia aethiopica (Za) (VSSF-Z), as the experimental unit. The four treatment systems were operated at a hydraulic loading rate of 120 mm/d during spring and summer seasons, in two locations, Iquique (Atacama Desert, Chile) and Talca (Central Valley, Chile). The water quality in effluents, plant development, and water balance were used as performance measures. In terms of the water quality, the influents’ characteristics were similar in both climates and classified as “diluted”. For the effluents, in both climate conditions, average COD and TSS effluent concentrations were below 50 mg/L and 15 mg/L, respectively. In both climate conditions, average TN and TP effluent concentrations were below 40 mg/L and 2 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, only total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in effluents to VSSF-Z had a significant effect (p < 0.05) in relation to the climate condition. Regarding plant development, Za showed a lower height growth in both climate conditions, with arid consistently 0.3 m and Mediterranean decreasing from 0.6 m to 0.2 m. However, the physiological conditions of the leaves (measured by chlorophyll content) were not affected during operation time in both climates. Water balance showed that it was not influenced by the climate conditions or plant, with water loss differences below 5%. Therefore, taking into account the water quality and water balance results, Zantedeschia aethiopica can be used in VSSF TWs in a way similar to traditional plants under arid and Mediterranean climates. However, its use has to be carefully considered because lower height could affect the esthetics for its implementation in the VSSF TWs.
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Kataki S, Chatterjee S, Vairale MG, Dwivedi SK, Gupta DK. Constructed wetland, an eco-technology for wastewater treatment: A review on types of wastewater treated and components of the technology (macrophyte, biolfilm and substrate). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 283:111986. [PMID: 33486195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetland (CW) represents an efficient eco-technological conglomerate interweaving water security, energy possibility and environmental protection. In the context of wastewater treatment technologies requiring substantial efficiency at reduced cost, chemical input and low environmental impact, applications of CW is being demonstrated at laboratory and field level with reasonably high contaminant removal efficiency and ecological benefits. However, along with the scope of applications, role of individual wetland component has to be re-emphasized through related research interventions. Hence, this review distinctively explores the concerns for extracting maximum benefit of macrophyte (focusing on interface of pollutant removal, root radial oxygen loss, root iron plaque, endophyte-macrophyte assisted treatment in CW, and prospects of energy harvesting from macrophyte) and role of biofilm (effect on treatment efficiency, composition and factors affecting) in a CW. Another focus of the review is on recent advances and developments in alternative low-cost substrate materials (including conventional type, industrial by-products, organic waste, mineral based and hybrid type) and their effect on target pollutants. The remainder of this review is organized to discuss the concerns of CW with respect to wastewater type (municipal, industrial, agricultural and farm wastewater). Attempt is made to analyze the practical relevance and significance of these aspects incorporating all recent developments in the areas to help making informed decisions about future directions for research and development related to CW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampriti Kataki
- Biodegradation Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Soumya Chatterjee
- Biodegradation Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, Assam, India.
| | - Mohan G Vairale
- Biodegradation Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Sanjai K Dwivedi
- Biodegradation Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Dharmendra K Gupta
- Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Indira Paryavaran Bhavan, New Delhi, India
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Bassani L, Pelissari C, da Silva AR, Sezerino PH. Feeding mode influence on treatment performance of unsaturated and partially saturated vertical flow constructed wetland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142400. [PMID: 33254873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of two different feeding modes on wastewater treatment performance and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of the unsaturated (UVF wetland) and partially saturated (SVF wetland) vertical flow constructed wetlands operated in parallel under subtropical climate for four years. Each wetland had a superficial area of 7.5 m2 and was planted with Typha domingensis. Both units have a filter media depth of 0.75 m, composed by sand (effective diameter of 0.29 mm and uniformity of 4). UVF wetland operated typically unsaturated, while SVF wetland had the bottom part saturated (57% of total depth). Two feeding modes were evaluated for both wetlands. The feeding mode was operated within the limits recommended by the German standard, with a hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 75 mm d-1 and specific pulse volume (SPV) of 19 L m-2 for both wetlands and a specific hydraulic loading rate (SHLR) of 8 and 9 L m-2 min-1 for UVF and SVF wetlands, respectively. Meanwhile, the second feeding mode was applied for both wetlands, being an HLR of 103 mm d-1, 26 L m-2 of SPV, and 4 L m-2 min-1 of SHLR. The load removal efficiency of SVF wetland was higher than the UVF wetland for all parameters and feeding modes. No statistical difference was identified for OCR values between wetlands and feeding mode. The results showed that operating UVF and SVF wetlands with a SHLR around 4 L m-2 min-1 and SPV equal of 26 L m-2 is preferable. This fact could represent a significant reduction in inlet pumping power requirements and also less superficial area requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Bassani
- GESAD - Decentralized Sanitation Research Group, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Catiane Pelissari
- GESAD - Decentralized Sanitation Research Group, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Arieleen Reis da Silva
- GESAD - Decentralized Sanitation Research Group, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Pablo Heleno Sezerino
- GESAD - Decentralized Sanitation Research Group, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
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12
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Kotsia D, Deligianni A, Fyllas NM, Stasinakis AS, Fountoulakis MS. Converting treatment wetlands into "treatment gardens": Use of ornamental plants for greywater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140889. [PMID: 32711317 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the use of constructed wetlands for on-site greywater treatment is a very promising option. The successful application of this nature-based solution at full scale requires public acceptance, economic feasibility and the production of high-quality treated greywater. This work focuses on the use of ornamental plants as vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) vegetation for greywater treatment, aiming to improve aesthetic and acceptability of the system. The performance and economic feasibility of the proposed green technology were examined during a 2-years study. Results show that Pittosporum tobira and Hedera helix can grow in VFCW operating with greywater without any visible symptoms. These species tolerated both drought and flooding conditions, making them ideal for use not only in residential buildings but also in seasonal hotels and holiday homes. In contrast, partial defoliation of Polygala myrtifolia plants was observed during the winter period. High average removal efficiencies were observed for BOD (99%), COD (96%) and TSS (94%) in all examined VFCWs including unplanted beds. Phosphorus removal gradually decreased from 100% during first months of operation to 15% during second year of operation. In addition, total coliforms concentration reduced by 2.2 log units in the effluent of all planted systems, while lower removal efficiency was observed in the absence of plants. The mean concentration of BOD and TSS in the treated greywater met the standards for indoor reuse (<10 mg/L). Cost payback periods for the installation of the proposed technology in a multi-family building, a single house and a hotel in Greece were found 4.7, 16.6 and 2.5 years, respectively. Overall, the "treatment gardens" proposed in this study provide a technically and economically feasible solution for greywater treatment, with the additional benefit of improving the aesthetic of urban, semi-urban and touristic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kotsia
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece
| | - A Deligianni
- Water Resources Management Group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | - N M Fyllas
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece
| | - A S Stasinakis
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece
| | - M S Fountoulakis
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece.
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13
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Recent Advances in the Application, Design, and Operations & Maintenance of Aerated Treatment Wetlands. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12041188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper outlines recent advances in the design, application, and operations and maintenance (O&M) of aerated treatment wetland systems as well as current research trends. We provide the first-ever comprehensive estimate of the number and geographical distribution of aerated treatment wetlands worldwide and review new developments in aerated wetland design and application. This paper also presents and discusses first-hand experiences and challenges with the O&M of full-scale aerated treatment wetland systems, which is an important aspect that is currently not well reported in the literature. Knowledge gaps and suggestions for future research on aerated treatment wetlands are provided.
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14
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Boano F, Caruso A, Costamagna E, Ridolfi L, Fiore S, Demichelis F, Galvão A, Pisoeiro J, Rizzo A, Masi F. A review of nature-based solutions for greywater treatment: Applications, hydraulic design, and environmental benefits. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134731. [PMID: 31822408 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recognizing greywater as a relevant secondary source of water and nutrients represents an important chance for the sustainable management of water resource. In the last two decades, many studies analysed the environmental, economic, and energetic benefits of the reuse of greywater treated by nature-based solutions (NBS). This work reviews existing case studies of traditional constructed wetlands and new integrated technologies (e.g., green roofs and green walls) for greywater treatment and reuse, with a specific focus on their treatment performance as a function of hydraulic operating parameters. The aim of this work is to understand if the application of NBS can represent a valid alternative to conventional treatment technologies, providing quantitative indications for their design. Specifically, indications concerning threshold values of hydraulic design parameters to guarantee high removal performance are suggested. Finally, the existing literature on life cycle analysis of NBS for greywater treatment has been examined, confirming the provided environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Boano
- DIATI (Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy.
| | - Alice Caruso
- DIATI (Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Costamagna
- DIATI (Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Ridolfi
- DIATI (Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Fiore
- DIATI (Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- DIATI (Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Ana Galvão
- CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Pisoeiro
- CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Fabio Masi
- IRIDRA Srl, Via La Marmora 51, 50121 Florence, Italy
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Abstract
Clogging in vertical flow (VF) wetlands is an important process influencing water purification processes. The main contributing factors are the growth of microorganisms within the filter media, the accumulation of suspended solids on top of the wetland, as well as within the filter media. Both processes lead to a decrease of the available pore space, hence changing the soil’s hydraulic properties. This will alter the water flow and cause malfunctioning of the system. This paper summarizes the state of the art of the prevailing physical, biological and chemical processes influencing clogging in VF wetlands. Different design and operational parameters are discussed to give a better understanding on their influence to prevent malfunctioning. Based on a literature review, a detailed overview on experimental as well as modelling studies carried out is presented. The main conclusions are that on the one hand, important insights on clogging processes in VF wetlands have been gained but, on the other hand, design parameters such as intermittent loading operation and the grain size of the filter media are not well represented in those studies. Clogging models use different conceptual approaches ranging from black box models to process based models.
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Pucher B, Langergraber G. Influence of design parameters on the treatment performance of VF wetlands - a simulation study. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2019; 80:265-273. [PMID: 31537762 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The main approach for designing vertical flow (VF) treatment wetlands is based on areal requirements ranging from 2 to 4 m2 per person equivalent (PE). Other design parameters are the granularity of the filter material, filter depth, hydraulic and organic loading rates, loading intervals, amount of single doses as well as the number of openings in the distribution pipes. The influence of these parameters is investigated by running simulations using the HYDRUS Wetland Module for three VF wetlands with different granularity of the filter material (0.06-4 mm, 1-4 mm, and 4-8 mm, respectively). For each VF wetland, simulations are carried out at different temperatures for different organic loading rates, loading intervals and number of distribution points. Using coarser filter material results in reduced removal of pollutants and higher effluent concentrations if VF wetlands are operated under the same conditions. However, the treatment efficiency can be increased by applying more loadings and/or a higher density of the distribution network. For finer filter material, longer loading intervals are suggested to guarantee sufficient aeration of the VF filter between successive loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Pucher
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria E-mail:
| | - Guenter Langergraber
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria E-mail:
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