Effects of aerobic exercise on lipid profiles and high molecular weight adiponectin in Japanese workers

Effect of Exercise Training on Some Anti-Inflammatory Adipokines, High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, and Clinical Outcomes in Sedentary Adults With Metabolic Syndrome

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic interval training and resistance training on anti-inflammatory adipokines, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and clinical outcomes in sedentary men with metabolic syndrome.

METHODS

A total of 33 sedentary men with metabolic syndrome (age: 46.2 ± 4.6 years; body mass index: 35.4 ± 1.9 kg.m2) were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: aerobic interval training (n = 12), resistance training (n = 10), or control (n = 11). Participants in the exercise groups completed a 12-week training program, 3 sessions per week, while those in the control group maintained their sedentary lifestyle. The levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), omentin-1, adiponectin, lipid profiles, blood pressure, glucose metabolism, body composition, and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) were measured at baseline and after the intervention.

RESULTS

Both aerobic interval training and resistance training significantly improved the levels of omentin-1 and adiponectin, as well as reduced inflammation, as indicated by a decrease in hs-CRP levels. Exercise training also led to significant improvements in lipid profiles, blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and body composition. Specifically, the aerobic interval training group had significantly greater increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and VO2peak, as well as greater reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol compared to the resistance training group.

CONCLUSION

Exercise training, particularly aerobic interval training and resistance training, can be an effective non-pharmacological intervention for managing inflammation and improving cardiovascular health in metabolic syndrome patients.

Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Serum Adiponectin Concentrations in Children and Adolescents with Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Serum adiponectin plays a vital role in various physiological processes, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-apoptotic and pro-angiogenic activities. Any abnormalities in its concentration can lead to adverse health outcomes, particularly in children and adolescents. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate factors influencing serum adiponectin concentrations in this population. The primary objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the impact of aerobic exercise on serum adiponectin concentrations in children and adolescents with obesity. To achieve this, a comprehensive literature search was conducted up to January 2023, utilising five databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library and Clinicaltrial.gov. The inclusion criteria involved studies that focused solely on aerobic exercise as an intervention for children and adolescents with obesity. Only studies that reported outcome indicators related to serum adiponectin were considered for analysis. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias (ROB) assessment tool, and statistical analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4.1 analysis software. This meta-analysis incorporated data from eight trials, involving a total of 272 subjects. The results demonstrated that aerobic training significantly increased serum adiponectin concentrations [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.33 to 1.37; I2 = 0%; p = 0.001] in children and adolescents with obesity when compared to non-exercise controls. Furthermore, the magnitude of this effect appears to be influenced by the intensity of aerobic exercise, with higher-intensity aerobic exercise resulting in greater increases in serum adiponectin concentrations.

The Effect of Curcumin Supplementation and Aerobic Training on Anthropometric Indices, Serum Lipid Profiles, C-Reactive Protein and Insulin Resistance in Overweight Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to investigate the effects of curcumin supplementation alone and in combination with aerobic training on body composition, glycemic variables, serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid profiles in overweight women.

METHODS

In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 40 healthy sedentary overweight females (aged 30-45 years with body mass index [BMI] of 25-30 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 subjects each: curcumin supplementation (Cur), placebo (Pla), placebo+aerobic training (Pla+Tra), curcumin supplementation+aerobic training (Cur+Tra). Curcumin or placebo capsules (500 mg/day) were administered for 8 weeks.

RESULTS

During the intervention, Cur group showed significant reductions in weight, BMI and fasting blood glucose level; Cur+Tra group decreased waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, serum insulin level, low-density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein ratio, and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio and increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The between-groups analysis indicated increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the Cur and Cur+Tra groups compared to the Pla group. The estimated marginal means of serum CRP were significantly higher in Pla+Tra group than in the Cur and Cur+Tra groups.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that the combination of curcumin supplementation with aerobic training more effectively improves glycemic and lipidemic statuses than curcumin supplementation or aerobic training alone.

Effects of exercise training on serum preptin, undercarboxylated osteocalcin and high molecular weight adiponectin in adults with metabolic syndrome

NEW FINDINGS

What is the central question of this study? Are the advantages of aerobic interval exercise, resistance exercise and concurrent exercise on the metabolic profile mediated in part through preptin and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN)? What is the main finding and its importance? Glucose was significantly lowered after concurrent exercise and aerobic interval exercise, but serum preptin and insulin were significantly lowered in all three training groups. By contrast, ucOCN and high molecular weight adiponectin increased significantly in all three training groups. These findings support the possible cross-talk between bone, pancreatic β-cells and energy metabolism in humans and suggest that preptin and ucOCN may potentially serve as markers of exercise-induced improvement of metabolism.

ABSTRACT

Preptin is a peptide hormone that plays an important role in the development of obesity by regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN) is also linked to the regulation of body energy in that it modulates fat and glucose metabolism. This research aimed to examine the impact of aerobic interval, resistance and concurrent exercise on serum preptin, ucOCN and high molecular weight adiponectin (HMW-APN) in obese adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Forty-four obese men with MetS were randomized to receive aerobic interval exercise (AIEX, n = 10), resistance exercise (REX, n = 10), or concurrent aerobic interval and resistance exercise (CEX, n = 10), or to act as a non-exercise control (CON, n = 10) three times a week for 12 weeks. Preptin was reduced more after AIEX and CEX than after REX (89.1% and 87.1% versus 9.6%; P = 0.028 and 0.030, respectively). ucOCN increased significantly only in the CEX (27.5%, P = 0.009) and AIEX (25%, P = 0.025) groups, but HMW-APN increased significantly in all three training groups (AIEX 145.1%, P < 0.001; CEX 137%, P < 0.001; and REX 59.8%, P = 0.041). After the intervention, the improvement of peak oxygen uptake ( V ̇ O 2 peak ) in the AIEX group (73%) was greater than in the CEX (29.3%) and REX (3.8%) groups. On the other hand, CEX exhibited a greater reduction in glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index and HbA1c than did AIEX and REX. Our study indicates that the reduction in glucose after exercise training (especially AIEX and CEX) may be, somewhat, linked to decreased preptin and raised ucOCN and HMW-APN.

Visceral obesity and chronic pain: effect of a 4-week rehabilitation program on adipokines and insulin resistance

Obesity and chronic pain are two major diseases of the 21th century. Our principal objective was to investigate the effects of a 4-week rehabilitation program on adiponectin and leptin concentrations, and insulin resistance, in patients with abdominal obesity and chronic pain syndrome. Our secondary objectives were to investigate the effects of this program on pain, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and maximal oxygen consumption (VO_2max) and to compare changes in VO_2max between patients with or without insulin resistance. Among a consecutive sample of 128 patients with abdominal obesity hospitalized for rehabilitation for a chronic pain syndrome, 111 completed the protocol, which was a 4-week rehabilitation program including 6 hr of rehabilitation per day, 5 days per week, in a referral center of rehabilitation. This prospective cohort study compared clinical (BMI, waist circumference, VO_2max, pain) and biological measures (concentrations of adiponectin, leptin and insulin, score of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA]) before and after the program. Plasma leptin, adiponectin and insulin concentrations (P<0.0001) and score of HOMA (P=0.0002) had decreased significantly by the end of the 4 weeks. Pain, BMI and waist circumference decreased significantly, and VO_2max improved significantly (P=0.0001). Patients with insulin resistance had less improvement of their aerobic condition at the end of the 4 weeks (P<0.002). The rehabilitation program decreases the concentration of leptin, and improves insulin sensitivity in patients with chronic pain and visceral obesity. Aerobic recovery was worse for patients with insulin resistance than other patients.

Effects of Organized Physical Activity on Selected Health Indices among Women Older than 55 Years

The main aim of this study was to determine health benefits among women older than 55 years who participated in organized, group-based physical activity (OPA). Thirty-five women aged 65.0 ± 7.3 years volunteered for this study. The classical and nonclassical cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors were measured before and after a 2-week OPA camp in a remote location and 3 months of OPA. Self-guided physical activity was analyzed 18 months after OPA. Two-week effects included significant decreases in body mass index, waist and hip circumferences, resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and resting heart rate, improved exercise capacity (EC), improved low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), cholesterol, and other atherogenic lipid indices (ALI), and a reduction in 10-year estimated risk of death from CVD. Three-month effects included a further decrease in systolic BP, improvements in EC and HDL-C, and maintenance of lower levels of ALI, as well as lower CVD risk. The implementation of the OPA programme had a positive impact on somatic features, exercise capacity, biochemical indices, and risk for death from CVD. The presented programme can be regarded as an effective element of primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases among women older than 55 years.

Effect of hypoxic training on inflammatory and metabolic risk factors: a crossover study in healthy subjects

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of hypoxic physical exercise on metabolic syndrome (MS) risk markers and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) and to compare its effects on preperitoneal fat, arterial stiffness, and several blood parameters related to MS to those of a control group who trained under normoxic conditions. Fourteen healthy men were examined. Participants performed treadmill exercise 3 days per week for 4 weeks, under either normobaric hypoxic or normobaric normoxic conditions, for 50 min (including a 5-min warm-up and 5-min cool down) after a 30-min rest period. Exercise was performed at a heart rate (HR) corresponding to 60% of the HR at each individual's maximum oxygen uptake. Training under the different environmental conditions was performed 4 months apart to ensure a sufficient washout period. Waist circumference, preperitoneal fat thickness, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, and high-sensitivity CRP after training were significantly lower in the hypoxic group than in the normoxic group. Our results suggest that regular short-term hypoxic training may more effectively reduce arterial stiffness, and thus prevent arteriosclerosis, compared to training performed at a similar exercise intensity under normoxic conditions.

Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans

OBJECTIVE

This study examined whether the combination of alternate day fasting (ADF) plus exercise produces superior changes in body composition and plasma lipid levels when compared to each intervention alone.

DESIGN AND METHODS

Obese subjects (n = 64) were randomized to 1 of 4 groups for 12 weeks: 1) combination (ADF plus endurance exercise), 2) ADF, 3) exercise, or 4) control.

RESULTS

Body weight was reduced (P < 0.05) by 6 ± 4 kg, 3 ± 1 kg, and 1 ± 0 kg in the combination, ADF, and exercise groups, respectively. Fat mass and waist circumference decreased (P < 0.001), while lean mass was retained in the combination group. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol decreased (12 ± 5%, P < 0.05) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased (18 ± 9%, P < 0.05) in the combination group only. LDL particle size increased (P < 0.001) by 4 ± 1 Å and 5 ± 1 Å in the combination and ADF groups, respectively. The proportion of small HDL particles decreased (P < 0.01) in the combination group only.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that the combination produces superior changes in body weight, body composition, and lipid indicators of heart disease risk, when compared to individual treatments.

Beneficial effects by intake of Euphausiacea pacifica on high-fat diet-induced obesity

Obesity is a major health problem showing increased incidence in developed and developing countries. We examined the effect of Euphausia pacifica (E. pacifica) (Pacific Krill) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice. No significant differences were observed in average food intake between the HFD and HFD with E. pacifica group, or the low-fat diet (LFD) and LFD with E. pacifica group for 18 weeks. The increased ratio of body weight in the HFD containing E. pacifica group was significantly reduced, being 10% lower than that with HFD group in the 18th week (HFD, 298.6±18.8% vs. HFD with E. pacifica, 267.8±16.2%; p<0.05), while the ratio for the LFD containing E. pacifica group was reduced by 4% compared with LFD group (LFD, 244.2±11.6% vs. LFD with E. pacifica, 234.1±18.0%). There were no effects of E. pacifica on total cholesterol levels in serum and liver, whereas the supplement of E. pacifica tended to decrease triglyceride levels in the HFD groups. The leptin level in serum was significantly decreased in the HFD group (p<0.01) by E. pacifica. The adipocyte area (1926±1275 μm(2)) in the HFD containing E. pacifica group was significantly reduced by 20% (p<0.001) compared with the HFD group. These results suggested that E. pacifica supplementation in the diet is beneficial for the prevention of HFD-induced obesity.

Eccentric endurance exercise economically improves metabolic and inflammatory risk factors

INTRODUCTION

Exercise is a cornerstone of cardiovascular prevention. Because many individuals are not willing or not able to perform regular exercise, new methods of exercise (like eccentric exercise) are necessary. Eccentric endurance exercise is supposed to be less strenuous than concentric exercise but its effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in relation to energy expenditure are unclear.

METHODS

We randomly allocated 45 healthy sedentary individuals to one of two groups, each hiking upwards or downwards for 2 months, with a crossover for a further 2 months; for the opposite way, a cable car was used. The difference in altitude was 540 metres; the distance was covered between three and five times a week. Energy expenditure was assessed for each hiking period.

RESULTS

Both eccentric and concentric endurance exercise improved glucose tolerance vs. baseline (by 4.1%, p = 0.136; 6.2%, p = 0.023, respectively). Of note, adjustment for energy expenditure per exercise unit (127 ± 22 kcal/unit with eccentric and 442 ± 78 kcal/unit with concentric exercise) revealed a significantly greater improvement of glucose tolerance per kilocalorie spent by eccentric than by concentric exercise (4-times more economical; 0.1123 mg h/dl/kcal vs. 0.0245 mg h/dl/kcal; p = 0.038). Also the decrease of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol per kilocalorie spent was significantly stronger with eccentric exercise (0.0982 mg/dl/kcal vs. 0.0346 mg/dl/kcal, p = 0.014). Serum levels of C-reactive protein and creatine kinase activity were reduced in both groups.

CONCLUSION

Eccentric endurance exercise economically improves glucose tolerance and LDL cholesterol. It therefore is a promising new exercise modality for individuals who are not able to participate in more strenuous exercise regimens.