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Calistri L, Rastrelli V, Nardi C, Maraghelli D, Vidali S, Pietragalla M, Colagrande S. Imaging of the chemotherapy-induced hepatic damage: Yellow liver, blue liver, and pseudocirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:7866-7893. [PMID: 35046618 PMCID: PMC8678821 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i46.7866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the major drug-metabolizing and drug-detoxifying organ. Many drugs can cause liver damage through various mechanisms; however, the liver response to injury includes a relatively narrow spectrum of alterations that, regardless of the cause, are represented by phlogosis, oxidative stress and necrosis. The combination of these alterations mainly results in three radiological findings: vascular alterations, structural changes and metabolic function reduction. Chemotherapy has changed in recent decades in terms of the drugs, protocols and duration, allowing patients a longer life expectancy. As a consequence, we are currently observing an increase in chemotherapy-associated liver injury patterns once considered unusual. Recognizing this form of damage in an early stage is crucial for reconsidering the therapy regimen and thus avoiding severe complications. In this frontier article, we analyze the role of imaging in detecting some of these pathological patterns, such as pseudocirrhosis, “yellow liver” due to chemotherapy-associated steatosis-steatohepatitis, and “blue liver”, including sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, veno-occlusive disease and peliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Calistri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Vieri Rastrelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Cosimo Nardi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Davide Maraghelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Sofia Vidali
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Michele Pietragalla
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Stefano Colagrande
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence 50134, Italy
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Real M, Barnhill MS, Higley C, Rosenberg J, Lewis JH. Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Highlights of the Recent Literature. Drug Saf 2020; 42:365-387. [PMID: 30343418 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-018-0743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI), herbal-induced liver injury, and herbal and dietary supplement (HDS)-induced liver injury are an important aspect of drug safety. Knowledge regarding responsible drugs, mechanisms, risk factors, and the diagnostic tools to detect liver injury have continued to grow in the past year. This review highlights what we considered the most significant publications from among more than 1800 articles relating to liver injury from medications, herbal products, and dietary supplements in 2017 and 2018. The US Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) prospective study highlighted several areas of ongoing study, including the potential utility of human leukocyte antigens and microRNAs as DILI risk factors and new data on racial differences, the role of alcohol consumption, factors associated with prognosis, and updates on the clinical signatures of autoimmune DILI, thiopurines, and HDS agents. Novel data were also generated from the Spanish and Latin American DILI registries as well as from Chinese and Korean case series. A few new agents causing DILI were added to the growing list in the past 2 years, including sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, as were new aspects of chemotherapy-associated liver injury. A number of cases reported previously described hepatotoxins confirmed via the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM; e.g., norethisterone, methylprednisolone, glatiramer acetate) and/or the DILIN method (e.g., celecoxib, dimethyl fumarate). Additionally, much work centered on elucidating the pathophysiology of DILI, including the importance of bile salt export pumps and immune-mediated mechanisms. Finally, it must be noted that, while hundreds of new studies described DILI in 2017-2018, the quality of such reports must always be addressed. Björnsson reminds us to remain very critical of the data when addressing the future utility of a study, which is why it is so important to adhere to a standardized method such as RUCAM when determining DILI causality. While drug-induced hepatotoxicity remains a diagnosis of exclusion, the diverse array of publications that appeared in 2017 and 2018 provided important advances in our understanding of DILI, paving the way for our improved ability to make a more definitive diagnosis and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Real
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michele S Barnhill
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cory Higley
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jessica Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James H Lewis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
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Fujii Y, Doi M, Tsukiyama N, Hattori Y, Ohya K, Shiroma N, Morio K, Morioka T, Aikata H, Shinozaki K, Chayama K. Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome post-treatment with trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) in advanced breast cancer. Int Cancer Conf J 2019; 9:18-23. [PMID: 31950012 DOI: 10.1007/s13691-019-00392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) is an antibody-drug conjugate approved for use in the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Here, we present the cases of two patients with metastatic breast cancer who received T-DM1 monotherapy and developed noncirrhotic portal hypertension (NCPH). Patient 1 presented with ruptured gastric varices at 2 years and 5 months after T-DM1 treatment. Patient 2 presented with intrahepatic portal-hepatic venous shunt at 2 years and 6 months and portal-systemic shunt encephalopathy at 4 years and 11 months after T-DM1 treatment. In both the patients, liver biopsies revealed sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS). T-DM1-induced hepatotoxicity can result from SOS. In long-term administration of T-DM1 the unfavorable events associated with chronic liver circulatory disorder due to SOS, such as NCPH, are concerning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutoshi Fujii
- 1Division of Clinical Oncology, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, 1-5-54 Ujinakanda, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8530 Japan
| | - Mihoko Doi
- 1Division of Clinical Oncology, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, 1-5-54 Ujinakanda, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8530 Japan
| | - Naofumi Tsukiyama
- 1Division of Clinical Oncology, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, 1-5-54 Ujinakanda, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8530 Japan
| | - Yui Hattori
- 2Department of Pathology, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, 1-5-54 Ujinakanda, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8530 Japan
| | - Kazuki Ohya
- 3Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Noriyuki Shiroma
- 4Department of Pathology, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Kei Morio
- 3Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Takehiko Morioka
- 1Division of Clinical Oncology, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, 1-5-54 Ujinakanda, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8530 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aikata
- 3Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Katsunori Shinozaki
- 1Division of Clinical Oncology, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, 1-5-54 Ujinakanda, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8530 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- 3Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
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Hepatic Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome in a Patient With Multiple Myeloma Treated With CyBorD. ACG Case Rep J 2019; 6:e00103. [PMID: 31620512 PMCID: PMC6722380 DOI: 10.14309/crj.0000000000000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) is a life-threatening state generally occurring as a complication of conditioning regimens used for hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Hepatic SOS after a standard dose of chemotherapy in malignancies is rare, and there are only a few cases in pediatric literature. We report a 56-year-old man with multiple myeloma who experienced SOS after being initiated on chemotherapy including cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone, and bortezomib and who experienced a delay in treatment with defibrotide, because it is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for only patients who develop SOS after hematopoietic stem cell transplant.
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Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is constantly changing as new drugs are approved and as new herbals and dietary supplements (HDS) reach the market. The pathologist plays a key role in the evaluation of DILI by classifying and interpreting the histologic findings considering patients' medical history and drug exposure. The liver biopsy findings may suggest alternative explanations of the injury and additional testing that should be performed to exclude non-DILI causes. Recent reports of iatrogenic liver injury are reviewed with attention to immunomodulatory and antineoplastic agents as well as reports of injury associated with HDS use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 2S235, MSC1500, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Cerium oxide nanoparticles: In pursuit of liver protection against doxorubicin-induced injury in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:773-781. [PMID: 29684856 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is considered as a backbone in several chemotherapeutic regimens. Nevertheless, the reported systemic toxicity usually hampers its broad application. Interestingly, Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONPs) depicted promising regenerative antioxidant and hepatoprotective potentials against multiple oxidative stress-induced pathologies. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine either CeONPs would display hepatoprotective properties once concomitantly administered with DOX or not. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n = 10) in a two weeks study: Control (received saline, IP injection thrice a week), CeO (0.5 mg/kg, IP injection once a week), DOX (2.5 mg/kg, IP injections thrice a week) and DOX + CeO (received both treatments). Hepatic toxicity was assessed by histological and ultrastructural studies. In addition, serum transaminases (ALT, AST) and malondialdehyde (MDA), an oxidative stress marker, were evaluated. CeONPs were not only proved to be safe at the proposed dose, but also their concomitant administration with DOX managed to mitigate DOX-induced hepatic insult on both histological and biochemical aspects. Such hepatoprotective behavior was referred to the noticed antioxidant action CeONPs as highlighted by the significant difference in MDA levels.
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