1
|
Umene R, Nakamura Y, Wu CH, Muta K, Nishino T, Inoue T. Induction of tetraspanin 13 contributes to the synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation in macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 665:187-194. [PMID: 37163939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of peripheral inflammation. Sympathetic nervous activation stimulates inflammatory gene expression and cytokines, whereas parasympathetic nervous activation suppresses the production of inflammatory cytokines by immune cells. However, most studies on the relationship between the autonomic nervous system and immune processes have analyzed a single branch of the autonomic nerves in isolation. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on macrophages, which are controlled by autonomic regulation. Macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce TNF-α. Then, the effects of β2 adrenergic receptor and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation on TNF-α production were assessed using concentration-dependent assays. RNA-seq data were also used to identify genes whose expression was enhanced by parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation. The simultaneous activation of β2 adrenergic receptors and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors suppressed LPS-induced TNF-α production in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, simultaneous activation of these receptors had synergistic anti-inflammatory effects and induced Tspan13 expression, thereby contributing to anti-inflammatory mechanisms in macrophages. Our study revealed the synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation of macrophages. Our results suggest that targeting both sympathetic and parasympathetic signaling is a promising therapeutic approach for inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Umene
- Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuna Nakamura
- Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Chia-Hsien Wu
- Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kumiko Muta
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nishino
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gaskell SK, Burgell R, Wiklendt L, Dinning PG, Costa RJS. Impact of exercise duration on gastrointestinal function and symptoms. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:160-171. [PMID: 36476157 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00393.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the impact of exercise duration on gastrointestinal functional responses and gastrointestinal symptoms (GISs) in response to differing exercise durations. Endurance runners (n = 16) completed three trials on separate occasions, randomized to 1 h (1-H), 2 h (2-H), and 3 h (3-H) of running at 60% V̇o2max in temperate ambient temperature. Orocecal transit time (OCTT) was determined by lactulose challenge, with concomitant breath hydrogen (H2) determination. Gastric slow wave activity was recorded using cutaneous electrogastrography (cEGG) before and after exertion. GIS was determined using a modified visual analog scale (mVAS). OCTT response was classified as very slow on all trials (∼93-101 min) with no trial difference observed (P = 0.895). Bradygastria increased postexercise on all trials (means ± SD: 1-H: 10.9 ± 11.7%, 2-H: 6.2 ± 9.8%, and 3-H: 13.2 ± 21.4%; P < 0.05). A reduction in the normal gastric slow wave activity (2-4 cycles/min) was observed postexercise on 1-H only (-10.8 ± 17.6%; P = 0.039). GIS incidence and gut discomfort was higher on 2-H (81% and 12 counts) and 3-H (81% and 18 counts), compared with 1-H (69% and 6 counts) (P = 0.038 and P = 0.006, respectively). Severity of gut discomfort, total-GIS, upper-GIS, and lower-GIS increased during exercise on all trials (P < 0.05). Steady-state exercise in temperate ambient conditions for 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h instigates perturbations in gastric slow wave activity compared with rest and hampers OCTT, potentially explaining the incidence and severity on exercise-associated GIS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercise stress per se appears to instigate perturbations to gastric myoelectrical activity, resulting in an increase in bradygastria frequency, inferring a reduction in gastric motility. The perturbations to gastrointestinal functional responses instigated by exercise per se, likely contribute to the high incidence and severity level of exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms. Cutaneous electrogastrography is not commonly used in exercise gastroenterology research, however, may be a useful aid in providing an overall depiction of gastrointestinal function. Particularly relating to gastrointestinal motility and concerning gastroparesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Gaskell
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Burgell
- Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Prahan, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Health, Prahan, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lukasz Wiklendt
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Phil G Dinning
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.,Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ricardo J S Costa
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Does exertional heat stress impact gastrointestinal function and symptoms? J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:960-967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
4
|
Timing of Nutrient Ingestion after Mild to Moderate Cycling Exercise Does Not Affect Gastric Emptying Rate in Humans. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072118. [PMID: 32708893 PMCID: PMC7400912 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of carbohydrate drink ingestion timing on gastrointestinal tract blood flow and motility after mild cycling exercise. Eight healthy participants were randomly assigned to ingest a liquid solution with 75 g glucose at either 5 min (PE-5) or 30 min (PE-30) after a single bout of leg cycling exercise according to target heart rate (approximately 120 beats/min). As the control trial (Con), participants ingested the same liquid solution without exercise. Celiac artery blood flow (BF), superior mesenteric artery BF, and gastric emptying rate were assessed by ultrasonography before and for 60 min after ingesting the glucose solution. Blood lactate, glucose, and plasma insulin were also measured at baseline and for 60 min after ingesting the glucose solution. Celiac artery BF significantly decreased from resting baseline immediately after exercise in both the PE-5 and PE-30 trials, and then returned to resting baseline just before the ingestion of glucose solution in the PE-30 trial. After ingesting the glucose solution, changes in celiac artery BF, superior mesenteric artery BF, % gastric emptying rate, blood lactate, blood glucose, and plasma insulin were not significantly different among the three trials. The timing of nutrient ingestion after mild exercise does not seem to impact the subsequent gastrointestinal motility, blood flow, and glycemic responses.
Collapse
|
5
|
Timing of post-resistance exercise nutrient ingestion: effects on gastric emptying and glucose and amino acid responses in humans. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:995-1005. [PMID: 30221611 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518002398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of post-resistance exercise protein ingestion timing on the rate of gastric emptying (GE) and blood glucose (BG) and plasma branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) responses. In all, eleven healthy participants randomly ingested 400 ml of a nutrient-rich drink containing 12 g carbohydrates and 20 g protein at rest (Con), at 5 min (post-exercise (PE)-5) or at 30 min (PE-30) after a single bout of strenuous resistance exercises. The first and second sets comprised ten repetitions at 50 % of each participant's one-repetition maximum (1RM). The third, fourth and fifth sets comprised ten repetitions at 75 % of 1RM, and the sixth set involved repeated repetitions until exhaustion. Following ingestion of the nutrient-rich drink, we assessed the GE rate using 13C-sodium acetate breath test and evaluated two parameters according to the T max-calc (time when the recovery per hour is maximised), which is a standard analytical method, and T 1/2 (time when the total cumulative dose of [13CO2] reaches one-half). T max-calc and T 1/2 were slower for the PE-5 condition than for either the PE-30 or Con condition (T max-calc; Con: 53 (sd 7) min, PE-5: 83 (sd 16) min, PE-30: 62 (sd 9) min, T 1/2; Con: 91 (sd 7) min, PE-5: 113 (sd 21) min, PE-30: 91 (sd 11) min, P<0·05). BG and BCAA responses were also slower for the PE-5 condition than for either the PE-30 or Con condition. Ingesting nutrients immediately after strenuous resistance exercise acutely delayed GE, which affected BG and plasma BCAA levels in blood circulation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kashima H, Harada N, Miyamoto K, Fujimoto M, Fujita C, Endo MY, Kobayashi T, Miura A, Fukuba Y. Timing of postexercise carbohydrate-protein supplementation: roles of gastrointestinal blood flow and mucosal cell damage on gastric emptying in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:606-613. [PMID: 28596270 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00247.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that protein ingestion immediately after exercise greatly stimulates muscle protein synthesis during the postexercise recovery phase. However, immediately after strenuous exercise, the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa is frequently injured by hypoperfusion in the organ/tissue, possibly resulting in impaired GI function (e.g., gastric emptying; GE). The aim of this study was to examine the effect of GI blood flow on the GE rate. Eight healthy young subjects performed an intermittent supramaximal cycling exercise for 30 min, which consisted of a 120% V̇o2peak for 20 s, followed by 20 W for 40 s. The subjects ingested 300 ml of a nutrient drink containing carbohydrate-protein at either 5 min postexercise in one trial (PE-5) or 30 min postexercise in another trial (PE-30). In the control trial (Con), the subjects ingested the same drink without exercise. The celiac artery blood flow (CABF) and superior mesenteric artery blood flow (SMABF) and GE rate were assessed by ultrasonography. Before drink ingestion in PE-5, CABF significantly decreased from baseline, whereas in PE-30, it returned to baseline. Following drink ingestion in PE-5, CABF did not change from baseline, but it significantly increased in PE-30 and Con. SMABF increased significantly later in PE-5 than in PE-30 and Con. The GE rate was consistently slower in PE-5 than in PE-30 and Con. In conclusion, the CABF response after exercise seems to modulate the subsequent GE rate and SMABF response.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A carbohydrate-protein drink was ingested at either 5 min (i.e., profoundly decreased celiac artery blood flow; CABF) or 30 min (i.e., already recovered CABF) postexercise. In the 5-min postexercise trial, the gastric emptying (GE) rate and superior mesenteric artery blood flow (SMABF) response were slower than those in the 30-min postexercise trial. The GE rate and SMABF response may be altered depending on the postexercise CABF response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kashima
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| | - Nao Harada
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| | - Kanae Miyamoto
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| | - Masaki Fujimoto
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| | - Chiaki Fujita
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| | - Masako Yamaoka Endo
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| | - Toshio Kobayashi
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akira Miura
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuba
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Costa RJS, Snipe RMJ, Kitic CM, Gibson PR. Systematic review: exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome-implications for health and intestinal disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 46:246-265. [PMID: 28589631 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome" refers to disturbances of gastrointestinal integrity and function that are common features of strenuous exercise. AIM To systematically review the literature to establish the impact of acute exercise on markers of gastrointestinal integrity and function in healthy populations and those with chronic gastrointestinal conditions. METHODS Search literature using five databases (PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science, SPORTSdiscus, and Ovid Medline) to review publications that focused on the impact of acute exercise on markers of gastrointestinal injury, permeability, endotoxaemia, motility and malabsorption in healthy populations and populations with gastrointestinal diseases/disorders. RESULTS As exercise intensity and duration increases, there is considerable evidence for increases in indices of intestinal injury, permeability and endotoxaemia, together with impairment of gastric emptying, slowing of small intestinal transit and malabsorption. The addition of heat stress and running mode appears to exacerbate these markers of gastrointestinal disturbance. Exercise stress of ≥2 hours at 60% VO2max appears to be the threshold whereby significant gastrointestinal perturbations manifest, irrespective of fitness status. Gastrointestinal symptoms, referable to upper- and lower-gastrointestinal tract, are common and a limiting factor in prolonged strenuous exercise. While there is evidence for health benefits of moderate exercise in patients with inflammatory bowel disease or functional gastrointestinal disorders, the safety of more strenuous exercise has not been established. CONCLUSIONS Strenuous exercise has a major reversible impact on gastrointestinal integrity and function of healthy populations. The safety and health implications of prolonged strenuous exercise in patients with chronic gastrointestinal diseases/disorders, while hypothetically worrying, has not been elucidated and requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J S Costa
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - R M J Snipe
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - C M Kitic
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - P R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology- The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen JH, Zhang Q, Liu X, Li Z, Zhang C, Li K, Paul J, Ouyang J, Yu Y, Yu B, Huizinga JD, Chen JD, Luo H. Noninvasive measurements to evaluate the effects of military training on the human autonomic nervous system. ASIAN BIOMED 2017. [DOI: 10.5372/1905-7415.0804.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Chinese university freshmen receive 4-weeks military training that involved moderate to intense physical exercise. Studies have demonstrated heterogeneous effects of exercise on the autonomic nervous system.
Objective: To evaluate the effects of training on the autonomic nervous system noninvasively using electrogastrograms, heart rate variability (HRV), pulse rate, and the sympathetic skin response (SSR).
Methods: Twenty freshmen received all assessments in the fasting state and after a standard meal: (1) one week before the training, (2) at the end of the second week of the training, and (3) one week after the training.
Results: (1) The training had a significant effect on meal-induced gastric pacemaker activity. Before the training, a standard meal did not increase the dominant frequency of gastric slow waves, but the frequency increased during and after the training; (2) The preprandial high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), and very low frequency (VLF) components of heart rate variability decreased significantly after the training. The ratio of the LF and HF (LF/HF) of the heart rate variability (HRV) did not significantly change after a meal or training condition. The basal pulse rate did not change. The latencies of the sympathetic skin response (SSR), as measured in the arm muscle, increased in response to the training.
Conclusion: Military training affects meal-induced changes in gastric pacemaker activity, causes a marked reduction of the vagal tone to the heart with maintenance of the vagal-sympathetic balance, and its effects on SSR may reflect a reduction in sympathetic tone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zhixin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Cuizhen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Kongling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jonathan Paul
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jingming Ouyang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yuanjie Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Baoping Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jan D. Huizinga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China, Canada
- Wuhan University from McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - Jiande D.Z. Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, TX, 77550, United States of America
| | - Hesheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Horner KM, Schubert MM, Desbrow B, Byrne NM, King NA. Acute exercise and gastric emptying: a meta-analysis and implications for appetite control. Sports Med 2016; 45:659-78. [PMID: 25398225 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric emptying (GE) could influence exercise-induced changes in appetite and energy intake. GE also could contribute to changes in gastric symptoms and the availability of nutrients during exercise, which will subsequently affect performance. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to determine the effects of acute exercise on GE using a systematic review and meta-analysis. The most common parameters to determine GE were selected, consisting of half-emptying time and volume emptied. Oral-caecal transit time (OCTT) was also examined. DATA SOURCES Research databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, SPORTDiscus) were searched through November 2013 for original studies, abstracts, theses and dissertations that examined the influence of acute exercise on GE. STUDY SELECTION Studies were included if they evaluated GE or OCTT during and/or after exercise and involved a resting control trial. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS Initially, 195 studies were identified. After evaluation of study characteristics and quality and validity, data from 20 studies (35 trials) involving 221 participants (157 men; 52 women; 12 unknown) were extracted for meta-analysis. Random-effects meta-analyses were utilised for the three main outcome variables, and effect sizes (ES) are reported as Hedge's g due to numerous small sample sizes. RESULTS Random-effects modelling revealed non-significant and small/null main effect sizes for volume emptied (ES = 0.195; 95% CI -0.25 to 0.64), half-time (ES = -0.109, 95% CI -0.66 to 0.44) and OCTT (ES = 0.089; 95% CI -0.64 to 0.82). All analyses exhibited significant heterogeneity and numerous variables moderated the results. There was a dose response of exercise intensity; at lower intensities GE was faster, and at high exercise intensities GE was slower. Walking was associated with faster GE and cycling with slower GE. Greater volume of meal/fluid ingested, higher osmolality of beverage and longer exercise duration were also associated with slower GE with exercise. LIMITATIONS The major limitation is that the majority of studies utilised a liquid bolus administered pre-exercise to determine GE; the relationship to post-exercise appetite and energy intake remains unknown. Study populations were also generally active or trained individuals. Furthermore, our review was limited to English language studies and studies that utilised resting control conditions. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that exercise intensity, mode, duration and the nature of meal/fluid ingested all influence GE during and after acute exercise. The relationship of GE parameters with appetite regulation after exercise remains largely unexplored. Further integrative studies combining GE and alterations in gut hormones, as well as in populations such as overweight and obese individuals are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katy M Horner
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
King NA, Horner K, Hills AP, Byrne NM, Wood RE, Bryant E, Caudwell P, Finlayson G, Gibbons C, Hopkins M, Martins C, Blundell JE. The Interaction Between Exercise, Appetite, and Food Intake. Am J Lifestyle Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827613475584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise could indirectly affect body weight by exerting changes on various components of appetite control, including nutrient and taste preferences, meal size and frequency, and the drive to eat. This review summarizes the evidence on how exercise affects appetite and eating behavior and in particular answers the question, “Does exercise induce an increase in food intake to compensate for the increase in energy expenditure?” Evidence will be presented to demonstrate that there is no automatic increase in food intake in response to acute exercise and that the response to repeated exercise is variable. The review will also identify areas of further study required to explain the variability. One limitation with studies that assess the efficacy of exercise as a method of weight control is that only mean data are presented—the individual variability tends to be overlooked. Recent evidence highlights the importance of characterizing the individual variability by demonstrating exercise-induced changes in appetite. Individuals who experience lower than theoretically predicted reductions in body weight can be characterized by hedonic (eg, pleasure) and homeostatic (eg, hunger) features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Anthony King
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Katy Horner
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Andrew Peter Hills
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Nuala Mary Byrne
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Rachel Elise Wood
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Eleanor Bryant
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Phillipa Caudwell
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Catherine Gibbons
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Mark Hopkins
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Catia Martins
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - John Edward Blundell
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lin CL, Jung TP, Chuang SW, Duann JR, Lin CT, Chiu TW. Self-adjustments may account for the contradictory correlations between HRV and motion-sickness severity. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 87:70-80. [PMID: 23159509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and the level of motion sickness (MS) induced by simulated tunnel driving. The HRV indices, normalized low frequency (NLF, 0.04-0.15 Hz), normalized high frequency (NHF, 0.15-0.4 Hz), and LF/HF ratio were correlated with the subjectively and continuously rated MS levels of 20 participants. The experimental results showed that for 13 of the subjects, the MS levels positively correlated with the NLF and the LF/HF ratio and negatively correlated with the NHF. The remaining seven subjects had negative correlations between the MS levels and the NLF and the LF/HF ratio and a positive correlation between the MS levels and the NHF. To clarify this contradiction, this study also inspected the effects of subjects' self-adjustments on the correlations between the MS levels and the HRV indices and showed that the variations in the relationship might be attributed to the subjects' self-adjustments, which they used to relieve the discomfort of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ling Lin
- Brain Research Center, University System of Taiwan, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ohmure H, Takada H, Nagayama K, Sakiyama T, Tsubouchi H, Miyawaki S. Mastication Suppresses Initial Gastric Emptying by Modulating Gastric Activity. J Dent Res 2011; 91:293-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034511433847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Because various mastication-related factors influence gastric activity, the functional relationship between mastication and gastric function has not been fully elucidated. To investigate the influence of mastication on gastric emptying and motility, we conducted a randomized trial to compare the effects of mastication on gastric emptying and gastric myoelectrical activity under conditions that excluded the influences of food comminution, taste, and olfaction. A 13C-acetate breath test with electrogastrography and electrocardiography was performed in 14 healthy men who ingested a test meal with or without chewing gum. Autonomic nerve activity was evaluated by fluctuation analysis of heart rate. Gastric emptying was significantly delayed in the ‘ingestion with mastication’ group. Gastric myoelectrical activity was significantly suppressed during mastication and increased gradually in the post-mastication phase. A decrease in the high-frequency power of heart rate variability was observed coincidentally with gastric myoelectrical activity suppression. These findings suggest that initial gastric emptying is suppressed by mastication, and that the suppression is caused by mastication-induced inhibition of gastric activity (UMIN Clinical Trial Registration no. UMIN000005351).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Ohmure
- Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - H. Takada
- Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - K. Nagayama
- Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - T. Sakiyama
- Kagoshima University Medical and Dental Hospital, Division of Endoscopy, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - H. Tsubouchi
- Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Department of Digestive Disease and Lifestyle related Disease, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - S. Miyawaki
- Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang Y, Kondo T, Suzukamo Y, Oouchida Y, Izumi SI. Vagal Nerve Regulation Is Essential for the Increase in Gastric Motility in Response to Mild Exercise. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2010; 222:155-63. [PMID: 20948179 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.222.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University
| | - Takeo Kondo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University
| | - Yoshimi Suzukamo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University
| | - Yutaka Oouchida
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University
| | - Shin-Ichi Izumi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Powers D. Gastrointestinal influence on the electrophysiology of the heart: induction of cardiac arrhythmic episodes by myoelectrical uncoupling within the gut. J Smooth Muscle Res 2009; 45:139-48. [DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.45.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|